Mienzaniso hypotheses. Mienzaniso hypotheses yesayenzi

Pfungwa pfungwa (chiGiriki ὑπόθεσις -. "The hwaro nokufungidzira") riri pfungwa nesayenzi ane chokwadi haina yasimbiswa zvakadaro. Pfungwa inogona nzira musayenzi ruzivo kukura (chiwedzerwa zvekungofungira uye experimental ongororo), uyewo ane chinhu sechivako yesayenzi yechokwadi. Kutanga tsvagai wemuTesitamende Implementation zvimwe mupfungwa remapazi kunoita munhu kuti dziripo kukurukurirana uye chinooneka Kushandurwa vanonzi mudziyo chaiwo zvinhu. kufungidzira muitiro kwokutaura izvi zvinhu hunowedzera yakananga uye akakurukura hunhu.

Nhoroondo pokumuka hypotheses nzira

The chidzoke munhu tsvagai nzira chinoita okutanga padariro kukura kwemasvomhu ruzivo yekare. MuGirisi yekare, masvomhu akashandisa nzira deductive pfungwa kuedza kuti akarongeka uchapupu. nzira iyi yaiva hypotheses uye outputting kwazviri nemigumisiro nokuda Analytical yaanobhadhara. Chinangwa Nzira iyi kuongorora yepakutanga yesayenzi fungidziro. Its Analytical uye chakaita zvokugadzirwa nzira pachavo yakataurwa Plato. In wokutanga danho pfungwa yemhando pasi rokutanga pachisara inonzwisisika dunhu rechipiri Zvakakodzera zviteshi ari nekwekupedzesera. Kana izvi zvichiita, kwokutanga kubvuma kunosimbiswa.

Vari tsvagai nzira naukoznanii yekare zvikuru kushanda mune Isimba rakadini rinogona kubudiswa chimiro, mune dzimwe nzira, mukupera kwezana remakore rechi17. pfungwa atova kutanga kushandiswa yakazvimirira nzira kutsvakurudza. Mukuru kukura uye nokusimbaradza chinzvimbo chavo mukati zvesayenzi cognition pfungwa nzira yakanga mabasa Shona.

Tsvagai mafungiro vana

Nzira kuti idzidziso pakati hypotheses ndeimwe anokosha zvokukura kukura kufunga muvana. Izvi Somuenzaniso, anonyora kwepfungwa Swiss Jean Piaget wake "Kutaura uye achifunga mwana" (1923).

Mienzaniso hypotheses vana dzinogona kuwanika tanga kudzidzisa ari pamakore okutanga chikoro. Somuenzaniso, vana vanogona kukumbirwa kupindura mubvunzo pamusoro apo shiri vanoziva nzira nechokumaodzanyemba. Zvadaro, vana vanotanga hypothesize. Mienzaniso hypotheses, "vanotevera shiri vari makwai avo kare yakadzikiswa kumaodzanyemba pamberi"; "Kutungamirirwa zvinomera uye miti"; "Kunzwa kwoushamwari mhepo," uye zvichingodaro. D. Pakutanga kufunga 6-8 gore mwana akwegura kwakasiyana egocentricity, zvayo kumhedziso, mwana wokutanga vose nezvezvandaifanira mano nzwisisa kururamiswa. Uyewo, kukura munhu tsvagai mafungiro unokubvumira kubvisa pagakava ichi, pave kutsvaka uchapupu mwana zvikapa kururamisirwa vamwe mhinduro dzavo. In ramangwana, yezwi chesekondari, pfungwa rudzi muitiro zvikuru kupfuura kwakatooma uye zvinotora specificity itsva - zvakawanda Abstract, kuvimba Masvomhu nevamwe.

Active mabasa kuva tsvagai mafungiro zvaishandiswa yechinangwa dzichiri vana dzidzo, iyo yakavakwa munyika db Elkonin - VV Davydova.

Zvisinei, pasinei mutauro pfungwa chiri kubvuma pamusoro Links maviri kana kupfuura variables mune imwe akapoteredza uye ari fanira chezvinonhuwira masayendisiti dzidziso.

Pfungwa wegadziriro ruzivo yesayenzi

A yesayenzi dzidziso hazvigoni akagadzira nokuda zvakananga inductive zvavo kuti ruzivo nesayenzi. Sezvo murevereri anoshanda pfungwa kutsanangura raora zvimwe zvinhu kana zviitiko. Ndiwo mudariro kuoma munyika zivo yesayenzi. The aitungamirira basa iri reDare kunzwisisa uye zvisingarambiki. The nharo pachavo havana uchapupu zvesayenzi - ndiyo mhedziso chete. chokwadi yavo inogona kutongwa chete panyaya chokwadi kwakavakirwa pamusoro izvo zvavari yakavakirwa. Basa nevatsvakurudzi hazvisi kusarudza kubva siyana empirical chokwadi uye empirical kunanga chinokosha, uye achiedza kupembedza hwesayenzi chokwadi.

Kuwedzera musangano pfungwa empirical data, zvakakodzerawo kusangana misimboti ruzivo yesayenzi saka sezvo rationality, kushanda zvakanaka uye nyore kufunga. The panowanikwa hypotheses imhaka nechokwadi zvinhu, tsanangudzo riri kukamura uchishandisa nyaya zivo yesayenzi. Zvinogona kuitika pamberi zvinotaurwa pamusoro empirical chechetere. Kuti kugadzirisa pagakava ichi zvinokosha kuti sarudza zvimwe hypotheses.

Chaizvo kuti hypotheses

Nokuti kuti pfungwa iri rinonyanya kwakavakirwa imwe kubvuma (achifanotaura), kunofanira kurangarirwa kuti ichi hachisi zvakanaka, uye chakavimbika ruzivo, chokwadi izvo zvichiri kuda kwakaratidza. Zvisinei, chinofanira kufukidza zvose zvinobatanidzwa chokuita nzvimbo iyi nesayenzi. Sezvataona ne R. Carnap, kana mutsvakurudzi kunoratidza kuti nzou chinhu chakanakisisa kushambira, zvino hatisi kutaura pamusoro chete chaiyo nzou, izvo aigona kuona munzvimbo inochengeterwa mhuka. Muchiitiko ichi pane imwe nyaya Chirungu zviri (ari Aristotelian mupfungwa - akawanda zvirevo), kureva, tiri kutaura pamusoro kirasi yose nzou.

Pfungwa codifies yaivapo chokwadi uye inofanotaura matsva. Saka, kana isu funga mienzaniso hypotheses mune zvesayenzi, tinogona kusiyanisa mashoko quantum pfungwa pamusoro Planck, raparurwa navo pakutanga kwezana remakore rechimakumi maviri. pfungwa Izvi zvaizoitawo zvakazoita kuti kuwanikwa munzvimbo dzakadai quantum Vanamakanika, quantum electrodynamics, uye vamwe.

The chikuru ehupfumi ari pfungwa

Pakupedzisira, chero pfungwa anofanira kuwana kana nokusimbisa kana zvinonzwisisika achinyatsoramba. Nokudaro, tiri kubata zvakafanana ehupfumi ane yesayenzi yechokwadi sezvo verifiability uye falsifiability.

The ongororo kwacho nechinangwa pave chokwadi ruzivo kuburikidza yokuedzwa ravo empirical, pakwakanga akasimbisa pfungwa kudzidza. Muenzaniso maatomu dzidziso Democritus. Uyewo, munhu anofanira kusiyanisa zvekungofungira zvingafananidzwe pasi empirical yekuedzwa, uye avo vari, nhungamiro untestable. Saka, mashoko okuti: "Olya anoda Vasya" - haana pakutanga amenable kuti ongororo, apo mashoko okuti: "Olga anoti anoda Vasya" - zvinogona verifiable.

Verifiability kunogonawo kuva zvisina kunanga, kana mhedziso kunobva inferences kubva kodzero rukasimbiswa chokwadi.

Pfungwa falsification, uyewo, nokupa chigaro falsity iri pfungwa iri nedanho empirical ongororo. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti migumisiro kuedza pfungwa oga haagoni hazviiti - vaida nzira pfungwa kuti pakuzadzisa nokudzidza ruzivo. Kana akadaro ndeyokuti asipo, Kurambwa rokutanga pfungwa hazvibviri.

Pfungwa iri chiedzwa

Zvekungofungira akaisa mberi nenzira muongorori, nokuti experimental kusimbiswa, dzinonzi experimental hypotheses. Muchiitiko chino, havasi hazvo uchifungidzira. VN Druzhinin rinotaura mhando nhatu hypotheses maererano dzakavapo:

1. Tichingotarisa makateyiwa - uchifungidzira kuti (muenzaniso chaiwo) uye vari mberi-akatarira, zvakaipira dzidziso idzi.

2. experimental Research - uyewo kusimbisa (kana agodzivisa) zvakasiyana yokutevedzera chaicho, asi akatorwa sezvikonzero haisi nechakare akagadzira dzidziso uye nzwisisa zvekungofungira mutsvakurudzi ( "Nei handizvo ..?").

3. Empirical hypotheses zvaitwa nemutoo uri chaiyo vakapiwa mhosva. Mienzaniso hypotheses: "Click yemombe mhino, izvozvo nokudzungudza muswe" (Kozma Prutkov). Pashure pokusimbisa pfungwa iri kosi yacho kuedza kwayo anowana mamiriro chokwadi.

Common kune vose experimental pfungwa iri pfuma akadai operatsionaliziruemost, kureva Pfungwa ose hypotheses maererano zvakananga experimental dzokuvhiya. Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, mhando nhatu hypotheses kunogonawo musiyano

• pfungwa yokuti imwe chakajairika (Type A);
• pfungwa imwe kubatana pakati mananara (mhando B);
• pfungwa imwe causal richibatanidza mananara (mhando B).

Mienzaniso mhando A hypotheses:

• Kana pane Chiitiko kuti "iya kuti ngozi" (izwi munzanga zvepfungwa) mu nedanho boka zvekuita?
• Iri Mars pane upenyu?
• kana nokupfuuridzirwa pfungwa nechokure kunobvira?

Uyewo pano zvinosanganisira periodic hurongwa zvine maatomu akafanana Di Mendeleev, pahwaro iyo musayendisiti afanotaura kuvapo asi vanzika panguva zvinhu. Saka, iyi mhando kunosanganisira zvose hypotheses pamusoro chokwadi uye zvakavapo.

Mienzaniso mhando B hypotheses:

• All zviratidzo pfungwa basa kunogona kuderedzwa kuti tsandanyama kufamba (Sechenov).
• Extroverts vane chikuru havi pangozi kupfuura vanonyara.

Saizvozvowo, kwakadai pfungwa zvaizobatsira izvi kana zvimwe kubatana pakati zvakavapo.

Mienzaniso mhando B hypotheses:

• The Centrifugal simba zviyero giravhiti uye kunoderedza kuti razero (KE Tsiolkovsky).
• Kutanga nefurawa injini unyanzvi mwana kutanga unyanzvi noruzivo.

Izvi mhando ndeyokuti akazvimirira uye kubatsirwa variables iri hwaro, ukama pakati pavo, uyewo kwevari zvimwe variables.

Pfungwa, unhu, mvumo

Mienzaniso iyi pfungwa dzinokurukurwa yechinangwa pamutemo ruzivo sechinhu chinhu kwemitemo. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mubvunzo pachayo ndiyo nemamiriro yomurayiro murayiro nyaya gakava vose mumhuri uye wokumwe yesayenzi pfungwa.

Pfungwa mumutemo ari chikamu ndozvakajairwa kuziva zviito ushe ezvinhu, chokwadi, panguva iyo anotanga kushanda.

Pfungwa pasi pemurairo kutaura zvinhu zvakadai nzvimbo / nguva chiitiko chaiyo chiitiko; nyaya yomumwe imwe ezvinhu; Pakuurayiwa yepamutemo dzemunharaunda kupinda kushanda; hutano yacho, hunobata mukana kuzadziswa kodzero, etc. Muenzaniso kwemitemo hypotheses :. "Mwana vabereki vasingazivikanwi anowanikwa munharaunda yacho Russian Federation, richaitwa mugari wenyika Russian Federation." Nokudaro, yakati zvaiitika uye vaiva nenyaya-chaicho mamiriro. Muchiitiko chino, pane nyore pfungwa. Mune mienzaniso kodzero hypotheses dzakadaro kakawanda. Simple pfungwa kunobva chimwe chiitiko (wechokwadi), umo zvinoda kushanda. Uyewo, pfungwa zvinogona kuoma kana paine ezvinhu maviri kana kupfuura. Uyezve, pane imwe nzira maonero hypotheses richaitirwa chiito akasiyana-siyana, nerechiHebheru mutemo pamwe chete chikonzero kana mumwe.

The unhu nechinangwa asunga kodzero uye nokubatira vechikamu yokupira ukama, chiratidzo zvavo zvichiita uye zvakakodzera maitiro. Sezvo pfungwa, unhu hunogona nyore, kunzwisisa kana humwewo chimiro. In nyore vova nayo kuva mumwe repamutemo nemigumisiro; vari kunzwisisa - anenge maviri kana kupfuura, kuuya panguva iyo kana ari uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa.; mune dzimwe unhu - nezvemigumisiro dzakasiyana hunhu ( "kana-kana").

The mvumo, akavapindurawo, chikamu ndozvakajairwa, zvichiratidza coercive matanho nechokwadi kodzero uye mitoro. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, zvirango chinangwa mhando chaiyo kuita zviri pamutemo. Mumaonero chokwadi marudzi maviri zvirango: zana nechokwadi uye tichishandisa-vamwe. Muchiitiko chokutanga tiri kutaura pamusoro pamutemo migumisiro isina kupa chero zvinotsiva (invalidation, kuchinjwa muridzi, fines uye zvichingodaro. D.). Kana yechipiri inogona kunzi inoverengeka kugadzirisa (somuenzaniso, Criminal Code of Russian Federation, inogona yakanaka kana kusungwa, kukura kwebasa rokuti chirango - Somuenzaniso, kubvira 5 kusvika 10 makore, etc ...). Uyewo, zvirango kungava Zvirango uye pravovosstanovitelnymi.

Kuongororwa kwemitemo hurongwa

Nokudaro, nemamiriro "pfungwa - unhu - mvumo" (mienzaniso kwemitemo) rinogona kuratidzirwa sezvinotevera: pfungwa ( "kana ..") → unhu ( "chinhu ..") → zvirango ( "kana zvikasadaro .."). Asi chaizvoizvo, apo zvose zvinhu zvitatu zviri kwemitemo hadziwanzowaniki. Kuwedzera, tiri kubata maviri nhengo mamiriro, izvo zvinogona kuva marudzi maviri:

1. Mitemo pamutemo mutemo: pfungwa-unhu. Uyewo, unogona kukamurwa ndichisunga inorambidza uye authorizes.

2. kutonga kukudzivirira mutemo: pfungwa-mvumo. Uyewo anogona kuva mhando nhatu: (. Kuona kupatsanura pakati zvirango) nechokwadi, panongova-zvimwe kumwe.

In pfungwa izvi hazvifaniri kuva pakutanga kwemitemo. Meet tsanangudzo mamiriro chinosiyanisa kwemitemo pamunhu zvokudya (dzaona mune rimwe chiito), uyewo huripo mutemo (regai emit hypotheses uye zvirango Dare kuti hukama pasina chokwadi zvikuru).

Funga muenzaniso pfungwa, unhu zvirango munyaya. kutonga pamutemo mutemo, "vana akagwinya uyo zvasvika nemakore 18, vane kutarisira vabereki vavo vakaremara" (Constitution of RF, Part 3, Article 38 ..). Chikamu chokutanga mitemo chokuita akagwinya vana zvasvika makore 18 - ndiko pfungwa. Iye, kufanana pfungwa hunoratidza kuti dzemunharaunda pane ano ezvinhu - pamusoro hurongwa waro kupinda simba. Rairatidza kudiwa kuchengeta vabereki akaremara - unhu unocherekedza imwe basa. Saka, pezvokuvamba kwemitemo panguva iyi ndiyo pfungwa uye unhu - muenzaniso kubatanidzwa dzemunharaunda.

"The Muvaki, isina kukodzera akaita basa, haana kodzero kureva chokwadi kuti mutengi haana kuita kudzora uye pokudzora Implementation wavo, kunze ..." (Civil Code, Part 4, st.748). Mienzaniso hypotheses uye unhu chepasi vasingambooni chakaipa nazvo.

kutonga kukudzivirira mutemo: "Nokuti zvakaipa zvakakonzerwa chiduku pasi pemakore 14 okuberekwa, undosangana vabereki ..." (Civil Code, Part 1, st.1073). mamiriro ichi: pfungwa-mvumo muenzaniso nechokwadi pamutemo dzemunharaunda. Iyi mhando ndiyo chete chaiyo ezvinhu (kukuvadza izvo zvakakonzera minor) pamwe chete chaiyo mvumo (vabereki basa). Pfungwa rokudzivirira mutemo anoratidza kutyora.

Muenzaniso imwe nzira nomutemo dzemunharaunda: "Kubiridzira akaita neboka vanhu achishandisa risati chibvumirano ... anofanira kurohwa yakaisvonaka anosvika zviuru 300 rubles kana mari kana zvimwe mari kuti nguva kusvika 2 years, kana nokuda rokumanikidzirwa nemabasa kuti izwi anosvika 480 maawa ... . "(weCriminal Code, Article 159 2 n ..); "Kubiridzira chakaitwa munhu achishandisa nzvimbo yake yebasa ... anofanira kurohwa faindi 100 zviuru 500 zviuru rubles" (weCriminal Code, art. 159 ya. 3). Saizvozvowo, kubiridzira zviri mubvunzo, mienzaniso hypotheses kwesayenzi, uye izvi kana zvimwe inotsiva basa mhosva idzi - zvirango mienzaniso.

Pfungwa sechikamu mupfungwa tsvakurudzo

Kana totaura mupfungwa kwesainzi, kwakavakirwa nzira yose kwemasvomhu uwandu, ipapo pfungwa iyi inofanira kuenzanirana zvikurukuru zvinodiwa zvakadai zvakajeka uye conciseness. Sezvataona ne EV Sidorenko, nemhaka umboo hypotheses nevatsvakurudzi panguva Masvomhu, Chokwadi, anogamuchira Kunyatsoona zvaakanga awana.

It vakasarudza govera nyika null uye dzimwe Statistical pfungwa. Muchiitiko chokutanga hachisi musiyano pabvunzo chiratidzo, maererano nzira X ₁ -x ₂ = 0. Uyewo, X _1, X ₂ - maitiro tsika izvo kuenzanisa. Saizvozvowo, kana chinangwa chedu pakudzidza - vanoratidza statistically Misiyano pakati zvinokosheswa hunhu kuti tinoda kusaratidza null pfungwa.

In nyaya dzimwe pfungwa inoti musiyano statistically chinokosha. Nokudaro, nzira pfungwa - ndicho mashoko tinovavarira kuratidza. Uyewo, zviri kunzi experimental pfungwa. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mune zvimwe zviitiko muongorori, nekusiyana, vangatsvaka kuratidza null pfungwa kana kunoenderana zvinangwa yetsvakurudzo ake.

Mienzaniso inosanganisira zvinotevera hypotheses mu kwepfungwa:

The null pfungwa (H _0): The zvinoitwa kuwedzera (kudzikira) ari maitiro ari kuchinja kubva mharidzo mumwe vari chero.

The nzira pfungwa (H _1): The zvinoitwa kuwedzera (kudzikira) ari maitiro ari kuchinja kubva mharidzo mumwe hakusi chero.

Ngatitii dzinotevedzana kurovedza ezvidzidzo kuderedza kufunganya uyu ichiitwa boka vana vaine siyana mwoyo. kuyerwa chinoratidza vasati uye pashure kudzidziswa purogiramu akaitwa maererano. Zvakakodzera kumisa kana musiyano pakati kuyerwa statistically chinokosha chakarurama. The null pfungwa (H ₀₎ ichava zvinotevera: zvinoderedza mwoyo pamwero muitiro muboka mushure asingashumbi kudzidziswa. Uyewo nzira pfungwa (H ₁₎ icharira sezvo katsika kuderedza padanho mwoyo vari boka pashure kudzidziswa hakusi chero.

Pashure kushanda kunoita kwemasvomhu chokuratidza (semuenzaniso, G-chokuratidza mavanga) mutsvakurudzi anogona kugumisa Statistical kukosha / chisingakoshi of zvichizoita "kusuduruka" pamusoro Muedzo chikabviswa (kufunganya pamwero). Kana indekisi iri statistically chinokosha, izvozvo akabvuma dzimwe pfungwa, uye zero, ukuwo, inobviswa. Zvikasadaro, pamusoro Zvakatosimbisa akagamuchira null pfungwa.

Uyewo zvepfungwa kunogona kuratidzwa kubatana (kuwirirana) pakati maviri kana kupfuura variables, izvo zvinoratidzawo pfungwa kudzidza. muenzaniso:

H _0: ari kuwirirana pakati indekisi yacho wevasungwa kuti mudzidzi kutarisirwa uye wokurarama chokupika kudzora mabasa havana vakasiyana 0.

N _1: ari kuwirirana pakati indekisi yacho wevasungwa kuti mudzidzi kutarisirwa uye wokurarama chokupika kudzora basa iri statistically yakasiyana 0.

Uyezve, mienzaniso hypotheses kwesayenzi muzvidzidzo nepfungwa rinoda Statistical ongororo anogona chokuita kugovera chikabviswa (empirical uye yokungotaura pamwero) uye mwero kusachinja-chinja kuchinja (kana kuenzanisa maitiro maviri, kana avo akanyatsorongwa), uye vamwe.

Pfungwa mu evanhu

Somuenzaniso, kana toreva mudzidzi underperformance chesekondari, zvakakodzera ongorora ayo zvinokonzera. Chii pfungwa iyi, anogona sarudza nyanzvi? AI Kravchenko anopa mienzaniso inotevera hypotheses kana kudzidza:

• Chenhando kudzidzisa vamwe nyaya.
• Zvisingakuvadzi vadzidzi vepayunivhesiti kubva rokudzidzisa muitiro pamusoro okuwedzera mari.
• Low nhanho chourongwa yunivhesiti anorayira kuti kuita uye kuranga yevadzidzi.
• yemakwikwi mari pakugamuchira sangano.

Zvakakosha kuti mienzaniso hypotheses kwesayenzi zvinodiwa kuti zvakajeka uye specificity, achitaura chete zvakananga nyaya pakudzidza. Literacy Pfungwa kuti hypotheses, sezvo mutemo, anosarudza kusarudza kutsvakurudza kuverenga nzira. Izvi ndizvo zvakafanana nokuda kweDzimba hypotheses mune marudzi ose nesayenzi Sociological basa - kana iri pfungwa iri gadziriro misangano kana pfungwa yacho chinyorwa. Muenzaniso yakaderera achievers chesekondari, kana iwe sarudza pfungwa pamusoro inokanganisa Chikamu-nguva basa vadzidzi vanogona kuonekwa gadziriro nzira Vakabvunzurudzwa vacho nyore. Kana kusarudza pfungwa pamusoro kbps madzidzisiro, nyanzvi Ongororo kuti kushandiswa. Zvadaro, kana tiri kutaura mari yemakwikwi selection, zvinokwanisika kuti kushandisa nzira kuwirirana ongororo - nokuenzanisa vadzidzi 'zvedzidzo chokupika nesangano nedzimwe mamiriro ezvinhu rubvumo.