The guta mukuru muRussia: pasi. Chii guta Russia ndiyo dangwe?

Munguva yebudiriro hwevanhu vakasimuka misha zvizhinji vakava maguta. Asi nguva yehondo, njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga makatsauka vazhinji vave matongo. We achiripo vamwe vavo. Ndezvipi maguta ekare Russia varipo nhasi? mubvunzo uyu inofarirwa nevakawanda.

zvimwe zvinetso

Dudza guta mukuru munyika kwakaoma chaizvo: havasi kuziva musi kugarwa nheyo. Pachishandiswa mashoko kubva venhoroondo uye kare, musi anogona chete kuona anofungidzirwa. Kuverenga bhuku yaMakoronike, vanyori venhau vanoti taura ichi kana kuti guta, chii munhau nechokuita ayo arimo. Guta rekare Russia vaiva pamazuva akare kupfeka dzimwe mazita. Uye nekuti musi chaiwo waakaberekwa vakati kuvakwa, dzimwe nguva havazivi. Asi ichi ndicho maguta akawanda ekare. Panewo pamutemo mashoko nezvezuva nheyo, saka hapana dambudziko kuziva makore enhoroondo nzvimbo.

Kuongorora kare anoreva Nikon Chronicle, zvakanyorwa mune XVI remakore. Vadzidza mashoko kubva mumabhuku Arabic, izvo ndeyemunguva X remakore. Zvinobatsira muMharidzo uye nhoroondo basa iri - "The zvakaedza yakapfuura Years". Hazvina kumisa basa uye matongo vari kuchera uye kubatsira kuona maguta akawanda ekare Russia. List kuchinja, pane zvinhu zviri masonry masvingo, pavements, iyo kupa zvakawanda pfungwa dzekare. Nhasi ndiro Veliky Novgorod, Staraya Ladoga, Smolensk, Moore, muPskov, Derbent, Kerch.

Veliky Novgorod

Nhoroondo kwaita Novgorod Guru achiri kuzivikanwa. Musi chaiwo nheyo dzaro Hapana anoziva. All pamusoro. Asi chokwadi chokuti ndiye chikamu kuguta rekare Russia - ichokwadi. Ngadzirambe musi Novgorod - makore 859. Kubva kwake karenda zera uye kuva guta guru. Nhasi makore 1155. Asi ichi hachisi yakarurama. Handiti, gore nheyo dzaro vaiona zuva anotaurwa zviri Nikon Chronicle: panguva ino akafa Novgorod Elder Gostomysl. Naizvozvo guta waradzikwa ipapa.

Nestor sahwira mu "zvakaedza zvekare Years" akanyora pamusoro pamaguta dzekare Russia. The list, rinonzi Laurentian, akataura kuti vasati vasvika Rurik (muna 862) Novgorod kare aripo. We Sapasi, maererano ari Ipatiev Chronicle, kunyange Ilmen vokuSlovenia, uyo akagara pedyo nedziva. Vakatumidza izvozvo pashure pachake - Ilmer. Ivo nheyo guta akaritumidza Novgorod.

Munhau yacho, Veliky Novgorod akata- zviitiko: aiva guta guru Free State zvakare, uye akanga akabatwa Moscow, Swedish uye Levonskimi vatongi. Alexander Nevsky, Muchinda Novgorod, rebuffed nyika yeSweden ari Neva muna 1240 uye Knights of Teutonic Order - muna 1242 panguva Lake Peipus.

Russia guta rekare

Pakati akataura nzvimbo, iyo vanonzi dangwe, pamwe mari zvose uye Staraya Ladoga. Vezvenhau kufambidzana kugarwa urwu VIII remakore. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti guta rino rakaumbwa muna 753. Vanyori venhoroondo vanofunga kuti zvakanga zvichibva Lake Ladoga uye akanzi Rurik kutonga uye akava muchinda wokutanga Russia. Kubva kuchamhembe kweguta vakarwisa vavakidzani uye chivako akatambura kuparadzwa uye moto. Asi muzana remakore rechipfumbamwe hazvina rakapoteredzwa emapuranga masvingo uye ibwe, zvakagadzirwa reraimu, uye rava akasimba kuchamhembe Ladoga nhare - wokutanga kuRussia.

Chii maguta ekare Russia anogona kuiswa nhamba imwe chete Ladoga uye Novgorod? Ndizvo Smolensk. In yenhau nayo rinotaurwawo 862. Kuburikidza nahwo, sezvo kuburikidza Ladoga, kupfuura munhu anozivikanwa nzira "kubva Varangians nevaGiriki". Smolensk akava Moscow paaizvidzivirira uye hwevaPeresia hondo dzakawanda uye hondo. Achiri vakachengetedzwa zvimedu masvingo nenhare, iyo yakavakwa muna XVI remakore uye kunoonekwa sechinhu chishamiso nhare unyanzvi nguva.

Moore - hapana muduku kupfuura guta rekare, iro yakabuda akapotsa panguva imwe chete Smolensk. guta rino rava kunzi saka kubva kurudzi Muroma, Finno-Ugric mavambo. Ake anopenya inoendeswa kumabvazuva kwaiva kuramba mungozi yokurwiswa. The Volga-Kama Bulgars, kuti wechiTatar-eMongolia. Izvi maguta ekare kuti Russia sezvo Moore, vakatambudzika zvikuru chakaparadzwa uye emakore hapana akaita. Chete muzana remakore rechigumi nemana, yakanga akadzorerwa, uye pakutanga XV remakore, Moore ateerera Moscow.

The guta rekare hazviperi, sei zvakadzama nhoroondo yacho, saka vazhinji nhoroondo nzvimbo: Rostov, Suzdal, Yaroslavl, Vladimir. Asi pane imwe guta riri makore anopfuura 5,000, uye kuchiripo nhasi.

"Darband" - rakamanikana

Hazvinei kuti vanhu vangani vari kuvabvunzeiko chii muRussia guta riri mukuru, ndiye Derbent. Ndiwo muganhu Zimbabwe Dagestan, asi chikamu Russia. Nokudaro Derbent - guta kupfuura yekare Russia. Riri pedyo reCaspian: asi Bottleneck kuti vasara pakati pamahombekombe uye pamakomo eCaucasus. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kana paiva kugarwa pamusoro Darband, kwakanga kusino ari Kievan Rus kana Russian Empire. In nemabhuku emabasa Derbent radudzwa kare VI remakore BC. e., asi misha kungoitika kare.

Today akachengetedzwa nhare Naryn-Kala ndiro makore anopfuura 2,500 okuberekwa, uye Juma Mosque, yakavakwa muzana remakore rechisere. Derbent Dagestan pehurumende mukoridho kuburikidza izvo Great Silk Road. Marudzi mazhinji akaedza vatore guta, ivo yaaigara nayo, vakaparadzwa. Panguva yacho nhoroondo refu uye ndakajeka Derbent noruzivo nguva zhinji, uye kuderera. Kuzvidzivirira Shield - nhare kureba 40? Km - rakachengetedzwa kusvikira mazuva edu. UNESCO sangano inokurukura Derbent maguta akawanda ekare Russian.

Crimean kweItari

Asi pane imwe chokwadi chinoita kuti pachake kugadzirisa vayo panyaya iri kukurukurwa: kudzoka kuRussia of Crimean kweItari. Saka, muna pandandanda nzvimbo yekare akawedzera kuguta Kerch.

Riri pamhenderekedzo Strait, nechokumabvazuva Peninsula. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti Kerch yakavambwa makore anopfuura 2600 akapfuura. Guta vakachengetedzwa zvivako yekare, munhoroondo zvinhu. The Kucherwa matongo asimbise makore Kerch, iro rakaumbwa colonists Ancient Greece.

Kutaura chii maguta ekare Russia mune zuva redu, anogona kugara kwenguva yakareba chaizvo: nyika hombe, chaizvo dzinonakidza zvenhoroondo nzvimbo. The chikuru ndechokuti nhoroondo nyika zvakafanira kudzidza uye kuyeuka, uye zvivako kare - kuchengetedza kuzvibereko.