Old Russian guta: tsananguro, unhu. The Russian guta rekare: zita

Kubvira pakutanga kwayo Russia yakanga yakakurumbira nokuda misha dzine vakawanda uye akavakirirwa. Aiva rakakurumbira zvakakwana kuti VaViking, uyo akazova naye inowanzonzi nezvavo savakuru necheSalvic nyika "Gardariki" - maguta. Scandinavians akakunda vachisimbisa Slavs, sezvo ivo vakapedza chikamu chikuru choupenyu hwavo vari mugungwa. Zvino tinogona kunzwisisa chii guta Russian yekare uye zvaari inozivikanwa.

zvinokonzera

Hapana chakavanzika kuti murume - evanhu ari. Kurarama nani zvakafanira kuti kuunganidza mumapoka. Uye kana vasati yakadaro "musimboti woupenyu" akava rudzi, ipapo vaitofanira kuwana yakabudirira chinomiririra pamwe kusiya tsika dzoutsinye.

Kutaura zvazviri, kwaita mumaguta hwevanhu saka kuti zvaisagona kudaro. Kubva musha kana musha avo akasiyana rimwe chinokosha - nhare yaichengetedza misha. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, masvingo. Hazvina kubva pashoko "guta" (inosimbisa) uye akaenda shoko "guta".

Paumbwe mumaguta ekare imhaka zvikurukuru kudiwa kudzivirira nevavengi uye ndinosika ane muzinda nokuda hugota. Pashure pezvose, ivo kazhinji aiva "ropa yebhuruu" weRussia. Nokuti vanhu ava, zvaikosha kuti kunzwa wakachengeteka uye kunyaradzwa. Akadirana achienda pano zvose vatengesi navapfuri vesimbi vanoshandura kugarwa kupinda Vachiita upenyu Novgorod, Kiev, Lutsk.

Mukuwedzera, richangobva akasika nemisha akava kunotenga zvakaisvonaka nzvimbo, pano aigona makwai vatengesi pasi pose, zvatinogamuchira vimbiso pasi kudzivirira boka remauto. Nokuda incredible guta kukosha wezvokutengeserana muRussia kazhinji kuvakwa menzizi (akadai Volga kana Dnieper), nekuti panguva iyoyo waterways vaiva zvikuru uye uchitsanya nzira kununura nhumbi. Zvayaiva pamahombekombe erwizi nemisha zvakawandira tamboita.

uwandu hwevanhu

Chokutanga, guta akanga asingakwanisi kurarama pasina mutongi. Yakanga kana muchinda kana ake nemutevedzeri. Chivako yaairarama, yaiva vakapfuma rokunyika pokugara, yakava muzinda mumusha macho. Iye ndokuparura dzakasiyana-siyana pamutemo nyaya uye mitemo.

Chikamu chechipiri guta rekare - Izvi vepamusorosoro - vanhu pedyo muchinda, uye anokwanisa kufurira zvakananga shoko ravo. Vakatora siyana bureaucratic zvepamusoro uye vakagara munzvimbo dzakadaro mupfumi kupfuura zvose, asi kuti vatengesi, asi avo refu panzvimbo imwe kwete kugara. Panguva upenyu hwavo chinhu rwendo kusingaperi.

Uyezve zvakafanira kuyeuka nyanzvi dzokugadzira siyana zvose zvinobvira ounyanzvi hwokugadzira, kubvira Painters uye kupedza mhizha. Kazhinji, dzimba zvivako zvavo zvaiva mukati muguta, uye musangano - shure masvingo panze.

Uye ichangobva mumagakava manera vaiva varimi, havana kurarama kugarwa, uye kugara panyika iyo aiitirwa. In guta Russian yekare avanotarisira kuwira chete nemugwagwa kana pamutemo nyaya.

chechi

Center kweguta yekare - kereke. The Church, riri pamberi huru pachivara, aiva mutambi chaiye. Kupfuura akakura uye akapfuma wakashongedzwa kuvaka, temberi yaiva muzinda simba romudzimu.

The ukava guta, yakawanda machechi akazviratidza mukati maro. Asi hapana akanga kodzero kuva mukuru kupfuura huru uye temberi yokutanga, iyo hunotaurwa yose kugarwa. Knyazhye machechi, yeko chechi uye musha - vose vakanga aiita ruoko kuna huru yomudzimu centre.

A rinokosha akanga reDare dzemamongi, izvo dzimwe nguva akava chaizvoizvo guta mukati guta. Kazhinji akakombwa kugarwa zvachose kunongoda kumativi yakagara mamongi. Zvadaro, temberi huru yaJehovha wemamongi yava nesimba muupenyu kweguta pakunamata.

Machechi achishingaira yakashongedzwa uye gilded domes akazviratidza kuti chikonzero: vaigona kuonekwa kubva wandei makiromita kure, uye ivo vaiva "akapesanisa chiedza" kuti vafambi uye yakarasika mweya. Temple wake zvokushamisira chaiva kuyeuchidza vanhu kuti upenyu panyika - hapana, uye zvinogona runako Mwari wechokwadi chete, iyo yaiva chechi vaiona.

gedhi

Gate, iyo akavakirirwa mumisha kusvikira vezvikwata mana (the mufundisi), rwakabhadharwa kuna, oddly zvakakwana, chaizvo. Sezvo chete ndima muguta Russian yekare vakanga waimiririra kukuru kwokufananidzira ukoshi: "kuvhura gedhi" zvaireva kupa guta muvengi.

Gates akaedza napo kuti vashongedze uye kuita zvakanakisisa dzinenge imwe napo chikuru kuburikidza iyo vaitasva kumuchinda uye anokudzwa vanhu. Vakanga pakarepo kuvhundutsa mushanyi uye tipupure kuti kubudirira uye kufara veko. A pedza gedhi akanaka akaponesa kana mari kana simba, kazhinji pakugadzira guta ravo rose.

Zvakanga wo kuonekwa panzvimbo tsvene imwe mhando zvinodzivirira kwete chete nemauto yepasi, asi vatsvene. Munzvimbo pamusoro pamasuwo kazhinji dzichengeterwe mifananidzo zhinji, uye kodzero pedyo navo aiva chapero diki, chinangwa rakanga kudzivirira pavanopinda kwaMwari.

okisheni

A nharaunda duku, kazhinji pedyo norwizi (pamusoro muya misha yacho) aiva chinodiwa upenyu zvoupfumi. Old maguta Russian Russia aisagona kurarama pasina hwekutengeserana, umo mukuru wechikoro vaitenga.

Pano, panguva okisheni, ivo vakaiswa uye waburuswa nenhumbi dzavo pano aiva mukuru mutengapwe. Kazhinji, nechekare nomuzvarirwo, kwakaonekwa nepamusika. Kwete imwe apo varimi vakatengesa, uye vapfumi, akasikwa kuti guta vepamusoro nzvimbo ine zvizhinji dzimwe zvinhu, zvishongo zvinodhura. Iye kumiririrwa kwete yokufananidzira uye yechokwadi "Unhu chiratidzo" yawo. Kuti kutengeserana zvaiita kunzwisisa kuti kugarwa mupfumi, nokuti mushambadzi haringamiri simbe kana pasina kubatsira.

neimba

The ndiye zviremera zvehurumende vakanga redzimba muchinda kana gavhuna. Zvakanga chete nzvimbo dzokugara mutongi, asiwo administrative chivakwa. Pano kuti vagadzirise siyana nomutemo nyaya pakutongwa, yakanga kuenda kuhondo vasati kuenda. Yaiva chikamu dzakavakirirwa kwazvo nzvimbo muguta, iro rine kuchengetedzwa chivanze, apo vaifanira kuuya achimhanya vose vagere munyika chiitiko reuto kutyisidzira.

Around mumakamuri mutongi kushoma akapfuma Knights musha. Kakawanda, ivo vakaitwa namatanda, kusiyana imba yomuchinda, uyo nezvaaigona ari masonry. Old maguta Russian vakanga architecturally vakapfuma anoonga panogara kwamachinda, vakaedza vashongedze imba yako napo uye kuratidza upfumi.

Vanhuwo zvavo uyewo vanogara ari oga-nyaya imwe emapuranga dzimba kana vakaungana mumatumba, izvo kazhinji vakamira chaizvo peguta.

Kusimbaradza

Sezvambotaurwa, guta rekare Russian mamiriro dzakasikwa, pakutanga, kuti adzivirire vanhu. Kuti aite izvi, isu tave akarongwa kusimbisa.

Pakutanga, masvingo zvakaitwa namatanda, asi pamusoro nguva yakawanda uye kakawanda akazviratidza ibwe kuzvidzivirira. Zviri pachena kuti "mafaro" akadaro nezvaaigona machinda dzakapfuma chete. Kusimbisa akasikwa kubva rinorema pointy pamusoro matanda, akadana harpoons. Shoko yakadai raireva taundi riri mutauro Russian Old.

Kuwedzera rusvingo, rusvingo yevhu vakadzivirira kugarwa. Kazhinji, vakawanda misha akazviratidza kare zvinobatsira inokosha pfungwa. Nomumapani guta kuti pfupi (kune wokutanga muchiuto kurwa), asi nekuti kazhinji vanenge inobva kumusoro pfungwa. Tinogona kutaura kuti isu hatizivi chinhu pamusoro chakaipa akavakirirwa nemisha nokuti pakarepo akanyangarika pachiso chenyika.

marongerwo

For ano, ita mhirizhonga chaizvo uye dzinovhiringidza nemisha, mharidzo iyi - guta Russian yekare. nhare, inova musha vakawanda vacho chaizvoizvo aiva nounyanzvi uye zvakarurama vaisa panze, savanhu zvinosiyana chisikigo pachacho.

Kutaura zvazviri, guta panguva iyoyo raiva woita chimiro. Pakati, sezvo yave akati, izvozvo akasimuka maviri anokosha nzvimbo: zvokunamata uye zvenyika. Ndiyo huru Cathedral neMachinda wemunda. Around kwavari, Achitsaudzira zononoka, akaenda kumba akapfuma boyars. Saka, wrapping Somuenzaniso, chikomo, guta wakaburuka dzakaderera uye dzakaderera kusvikira masvingo. Inside, yakanga yakakamurwa kupinda "mumugwagwa" uye "migumo", izvo vakayambuka zononoka shinda uye akafamba kubva negedhi huru pakati.

Papera chinguva, pamwe kukura nemisha mu okudhindira, vakanga pakutanga kunze huru zviri namasvingo muganhu, kutanga chisimbiso yechipiri. Zvishoma nezvishoma, pamwe nzira emakore guta rakakura nenzira iyi.

Kiev

Chokwadi, mazuva ano guta guru reUkraine - yakakurumbira guta Russian yekare. Zvinokwanisika kuwana zvinosimbisa ose zvichemo pamusoro apa. Uyezve, inofanira aionekwa wokutanga guru zvechokwadi dzakavakirirwa kugarwa pamusoro munharaunda Slavs.

The guta guru, yakapoteredzwa masvingo, riri pamusoro pegomo, uye mupendero vakabata okudhindira. Imomo, pedyo Dnieper, aiva bargaining. Huru pavanopinda Kiev, ayo chikuru suo - inozivikanwa Gate ane Golden, iyo, sezvo yave akati, akanga asina chete inoshanda, asi kukosha dzvene, zvikuru kuti vari zita rokukudza Constantinople pamasuwo.

The Hagia Sophia yaiva muzinda zvomudzimu kweguta. It vakamukwevera vakasara temberi uye machechi, chaakanga chaizvo, uye runako, uye ukuru.

Nemhaka Kiev ichi kunogona kunzi somunhu akakwana mufananidzo sei guta akatarisa Russian rekare.

Veliky Novgorod

maguta Old yeRussia hazvibviri list, pasina kudoma Great Novgorod. Ichi vazhinji kwavabati centre anoshanda ane chinangwa chinokosha: raiva guta chaizvo "European". Zvinonzi vakadirana pano vamiriri uye vatengesi kubva Old World, sezvo Novgorod akanga ari pakati dzaishandiswa pakutengeserana muEurope uye navamwe Russia.

The chikuru ndechokuti ikozvino tine kuvonga Novgorod - iri husina kuwanda siyana nhoroondo Zvivako zviri mavakirwo Russia yekare. A mukana kuvaona izvozvi, kutenga ndege tikiti, ipapo nekuti Novgorod rakaparadzwa uye akabatwa panguva Mongol joko, asi kubhadhara yakakurisa mutero.

Kuzivikanwa vanonzi "Novgorod Kremlin" kana Novgorod Kremlin. masvingo izvi kare nhare dzokurwa guta guru hwakavimbika. Mukuwedzera, tisingatauri Yaroslav kwakaita Court - nzvimbo akakura Novgorod pamahombekombe ari Volkhov, apo pakanga paine bargaining uye dzimba zvakasiyana siyana shoroma vatengesi. Uyezve, zvinofungirwa kuti akanga aripo, uye akanga akagara yomuchinda, asi kuwana muna Velikiy Novgorod saka kure vakakundikana, zvichida nokuda kwokushayiwa munhoroondo yacho kugarwa Princess rose maitiro akadaro.

Moscow

Nhoroondo maguta ekare, Chokwadi, haugoni kurondedzerwa pasina kuvapo guru pasi nemisha zvakadai, sezvo Moscow. Akanga mukana kukura uye akava musimboti Russia ano kuburikidza kwayo yakasiyana nzvimbo: chokwadi ose makuru kuchamhembe nevezvokutengeserana apfuura naye.

Chokwadi, chikuru nhoroondo kukwezvana yeguta ndiye Kremlin. Ndizvo naye ikozvino kune songaniro wokutanga kutaurwa kweshoko, asi pakutanga raireva munhu "nenhare". Pakutanga, kufanana maguta ose, Moscow kudzivirirwa kwakanga emapuranga uye papfuura akamuka yaizivikanwa kutarira.

The Kremlin ndiyewo chechi chikuru Moscow - Cathedral of kubvuma, iyo anonyatsorayiridzwa vakachengetedzwa nanhasi. chitarisiko Its rinoreva rinosanganisa mavakirwo nguva yaro.

mugumisiro

Vakawanda mazita maguta ekare hadzina gavi asi haana vakatevera chinangwa kuumba pasi pavo. Three zvakakwana kuratidza kuti kuchinja vaiva vanhu Russian paakapa mumusha macho. Uye regai kutaura kuti unhu vakange zvisina kururama, kwete chimiro kuti guta rakanga zvinosiyana nokupukunyuka zvakasikwa. Chirongwa chaiva kupfuura hunoshanda uye, mukuwedzera, pakusika chiratidzo pakati nharaunda, nako akavakirirwa misha vaiva. Ndiani akafanana kuvakwa maguta havachisiri kukosha, asi zvinoita kuti pamusoro mapurani edu nokusingaperi kutaura zvakafanana.