Novgorod Republic

In huru dzeRussia ari feudal nguva rakaenderana nechisimba Tatars. Panyaya iyi, pakanga pasina kuzvidzora mune nguva ino rehurumende simba sezvo vakadaro. Kusara yaiva Novgorod feudal zvokuvhoterwa. Zviri pano, kupfuura kumwe munyika, richiratidzwa Chamber kukosha sechinhu Paramende simba. Muna 11-13 emakore. dzinova Chamber rine Nhamba huru zvinhu akaita kuti vaguely akafanana zvemitemo nomuviri yeparamende ezvinhu hurumende.

Novgorod Republic yakaumbwa pamusoro kwenguva yakareba. Pamberi pokugadzwa ehurumende ezvinhu panguva nhoroondo dzakasiyana zvokukura simba meya, muchinda uye veche miviri yakanga pachavo peculiarities ayo. remakore rechi15 statehood chete akawana chokupedzisira chitarisiko. Zvisinei, panguva iyoyo, zvaitika dambudziko iri nevanhu nemasangano.

Craft uye zvokutengeserana zvokuvhoterwa, sezvo mhando sangano simba rehurumende, runoonekwa kuti kusagadzikana uye pfupi marongerwo. Panyaya iyi, paumbwe kwakadai kwemitemo miviri, maererano kare, pasinei panzvimbo yakakwirira nenhanho hweruzhinji, ndiye akafa magumo. Hazvikwanisiki kuti funga chimiro ichi hurumende simba sezvo mitemo munyika yose.

Novgorod Republic akanga kufurirwa zvinoverengeka. Vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanozivikanwa zvikonzero zviviri kuti akakonzera chaiyo urongwa mauto enyika uye magariro.

Chokutanga, Novgorod yekare haana nhaka Rurik. Machinda vakaita pakurwisa yaingopambwa pamusoro muArabhu, zvave kuziva mutero muguta. In Novgorod, simba raiva mumaoko kana meya, kana muchinda. Nzvimbo yeguta simba kukwanisa kakawanda kushandura mutongi. Pakazopera zana remakore rechi11 Novgorod utungamiri enyika akatanga vachishingairira kutamburira kuti "zvinofadza machinda." Mune zvimwe zviitiko kunyange kumisa mutsa "hunyambiri simba." Nokuda kakawanda nokuchinja machinda zvishoma dzakabudirira kwomuchinda landownership hurongwa achitonga ari pasi paNebhukadhinezari. Muna 1126 iri Novgorod maiva kodzero yekusarudza kubva vagari omumaguta zvisinei posadniks. Zvichitevera Mhirizhonga 1136 - vakatanga kusarudzwa uye machinda. Saka, kare pasi machinda Kutarisirwa ikava chinhu akasanangurwa muviri.

Chechipiri, Novgorod ane simba wezvokutengeserana uye mabhizimisi akaturikidzana. upfumi veguta pave yakanaka zvakatipoteredza wokumwe uye mumhuri kutengeserana. In izvi, isu vakaumba zvakakwana simba munzanga strata varidzi (kubva makuru maduku). Kunyanya, boyars dzinounzwa. kirasi iyi kusimbiswa mumaoko ayo ezvematongerwo enyika uye zvoupfumi zvinogona, kungoita thus machinda. Somugumisiro ari Novgorod boyar zvokuvhoterwa inozivikanwa nokuvapo simba oligarchic miviri.

Zvakafanana kukosha socio-enyika paumbwe hurumende ezvinhu hurumende yaiva nenzvimbo nzvimbo yacho. Novgorod Republic yaiva imwe hwakanyatsorwisa vanoshorwa dzinongoitika nharaunda zvakaoma. okunze. Izvi dzinongoita kudziviswa kukura zvokurima (tsika mu Russia). Poor yakazokudziridzwa uye kugadzirwa chingwa. Vazhinji zvirimwa (kusanganisira chingwa) Novgorod raifanira nevaitenga pedyo munzvimbo, kupanana vave rwokugadzira zvinhu uye vaitenga nhumbi kubva West. Saka, nzvimbo vakabatsira kutanga wezvokutengeserana uye raanoziva ukama munzvimbo. Izviwo, zvakaita kuti mukuru (kupfuura Kievan state) upfumi rusununguko uye evanhu kukosha vatengesi uye mhizha, budiriro kwezvivako mumaguta.

The chikuru zvoupfumi chinokonzera ndiko guru, uye kwete nyika. Saka yakaumbwa pasocial marongerwo chaiwo kujairika (nokuti Ages Russia) chimiro bhodhi iri hurumende.

Novgorod Republic kutanga kutengeserana kumaguta evahedheni uye nedzimwe zvemisoro Russian.