Guta rekare muRussia yekare: mazita, dzidzo uye kukura

Kazhinji munhoroondo Eastern Europe, izvo yaigarwa Slavs, kutanga kuongorora kuvambwa Kievan Rus. Maererano pamutemo dzidziso, ichi ndicho chokutanga mamiriro munyika idzi, iyo yaizivikanwa munyika naye vaionekwa uye kuremekedzwa vatongi. Mumwe pashure pomumwe, pane maguta ekare muRussia yekare, uye izvi anomiswa chete chete nechisimba eMongolia. With nechisimba mapoka achipinda yokukanganwa, uye hurumende pachayo, ichiparara pakati vazukuru machinda mazhinji. Asi tichataura pamusoro ichatonga zvine mbiri yake, vachaudza chii aiva maguta ekare Russia.

A zvishoma pamusoro nyika

Shoko rokuti "Ancient Russia" kazhinji kunzi ezvinhu vakabatana kumativi Kiev, izvo aripo kubva rechipfumbamwe kusvika pakati nematatu emakore. Kutaura zvazviri, kwaiva mubatanidzwa ukuru, pamwe vanhu kumabvazuva Slavs, akaisa kuna Grand Duke. Union wakaitwa ndima yakakura, aiva pachake uto raro (the kukupfura), akasimbisa kwemitemo.

Kana guta rekare muna Rus yekare chiKristu, vakatanga kushingaira kuvakwa nematombo mutemberi. The chitendero itsva mberi akasimbisa simba muchinda Kiev uye akwanise noukama vavatorwa mutemo pamwe nyika dzokuEurope, kuvandudzwa nemagariro ukama Byzantium uye dzimwe zvikuru dzakabudirira.

Gardarika

The chidzoke mumaguta mu Russia yekare aiva nedutu hunhu. Pasina muna nemabhuku emabasa Western Gardarika kunonzi, kureva nyika maguta. Kubva zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa kudanana kubva IX-X emakore zvinozivikanwa kuti 24 maguta makuru, asi tinogona kufungidzira kuti vainge vakawanda. Mazita nemisha aya yemanyorero necheSalvic. Somuenzaniso, Novgorod, Vyshgorod, Beloozero, Przemysl. Pakazopera regumi namaviri remakore, basa mumaguta Russia yekare yakanga zvechokwadi kunokosha: paitova 238, vakanga akavakirirwa zvakanaka, vaiva nzvimbo enyika, zvokutengeserana, dzidzo uye tsika.

Marongerwo zvechadenga misha pamazuva akare

City muna Russia yekare - kugarwa ichi, icho akanyatsosarudzwa nzvimbo. Nharaunda inofanira wakasununguka tichitaura kudzivirira. Pachikomo, sezvo mutemo, muna dhipatimendi murwizi, yakavakwa akavakirirwa chikamu (Kremlin). Kugara dzimba dzakanga dziri pedyo norwizi, kana pamapani, zvakanzi, pamusoro mupendero. Saka, guta Russia rekare raiva nechepakati chikamu - wenhare, anodzivirirwa zvakanaka, uye zvinobatsira, asi zvishoma rakachengeteka zvokutengeserana uye ndege zvidimbu. A gare gare misha duku kuitika namafuro kana pamapani.

guta rekare muRussia yekare yakavakwa kwete dombo, kufanana akawanda misha iri Western Europe panguva, uye zvakaitwa namatanda. Nokudaro akasvika rechiito "kuderedza" guta pane kuvaka. Nokusimbaradza mechidziro vakaumba chindori emapuranga cherogi cabins vakazara pasi. Get mukati zvakanga chete zvinogoneka nepagedhi.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti Rus yekare inonzi guta nzvimbo kwete chete, asi fenzi, rusvingo nhare. Kuwedzera wenhare, iyo dzimba zvivako huru (Cathedral Square, chezvipo, muraibhurari), uye zvokutengeserana uye handicraft muzvina akanga hazvo kuchinjanisa nzvimbo uye chikoro.

Mai maguta Russian

Zvinonzi mune epithet iyi paakavapa rakakura venhoroondo chimvuramabwe mamiriro. Guta guru reRussia yekare yaiva guta Kiev - yakanaka uye kwazvo nyore tichitaura nzvimbo. Vanhu vaigara munharaunda iyi kare 15-20 zviuru. Makore akapfuura. The kunozivikanwa Prince Kyi, muvambi mumusha, zvimwe akararama panguva Chernyakhov tsika. "Veles Book" inoti kuti aiva munhu womunyika South reBaltic uye akararama nehasha pakati pezana remakore rechipiri. Asi nheyo wenhare yakatanga kusvika panobva muSitiya nguva kuti overlaps nemashoko Herodotus cobble pamwe chete. Zvichida Polyansky Prince haana kuisa guta, uye chete akasimbisa uye nezva. Academician Rybakov akati kuti Kiev rakaumbwa Papera, muna 5-6 remakore, apo Slavs aishingaira vakawanda nzvimbo pamusoro Dnieper uye Danube, mberi kune muBalkan Peninsula.

The chidzoke mumaguta muRussia yekare mushure Kiev akanga yepanyama, sezvo ari akavakirirwa masvingo vanhu vanonzwa vakachengeteka. Asi panguva mambakwedza yeminda renyika guta kupinda Khazar Khanate. Uyezve, McDermott akasangana Byzantine pamambo, anofungidzirwa pamwe Anastasia. About anotonga chimvuramabwe namarudzi muvambi afa harizivikanwi. History anotaura chete mazita okupedzisira vatongi vaviri pamberi vasvike VaViking. Oleg ouprofita pasina ropa vakabata Kiev, akariita guta rake, kusundwa muArabhu, wakarwadzisa Khazar Khanate akaenda pamusoro kunogumbura pamusoro Constantinople.

Golden nguva Kiev

Movies Oleg uye mutsivi wake, Igor uye Svyatoslav ari AKASHINGA haana pave kukura muguta. miganhu yayo havana kuwedzerwa kubvira Kia, asi rwakaramba yamambo akamira, dzakavakwa vechihedheni uye machechi echiKristu. Nokuti nzvimbo urongwa vazarura Prince Vladimir, uye pashure kubhabhatidzwa Rus 'ukure ibwe rutumba pazvikomo ekare vamwari rakaparadzwa pasi. Under Yaroslav akavaka St. Sophia Cathedral uye Golden Gate, uye Kiev kwakaita nharaunda uye vagari vemo kwakawedzera kakawanda. Nokukurumidza dzichiri Crafts, kubudiswa, dzidzo. Cities in Ancient Russia anova vachiwedzera, asi chimvuramabwe Kyi achiri mutariri. Nhasi, ari nechepakati chikamu Ukrainian guta kuona zvivako yakavakwa ichatonga zvine mbiri ehurumende.

Zvinokwezva wokuUkraine guru

guta rekare muRussia yekare dzakanga dzakanaka chaizvo. Uye Zvechokwadi, guta guru hapana anosara. Nhasi, mapurani Zvivako iyoyo ape mukana kupa kubwinya Kiev. Zvikuru zvinotyisa - Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, yakavambwa mumongi Anthony muna 1051. The kunzwisisa ine ibwe netemberi akashongedzwa murals, masero, mapako pevhu, dzakavakirirwa shongwe. Gate Golden akavaka pasi Yaroslav vachenjeri - rakasiyana chiyeuchidzo kuzvidzivirira mapurani. Nhasi kune miziyamu mukati uye kumativi muzvivako yakakamurwa Square, apo inomira shongwe zvomuchinda. Zvakakodzera kushanyira yakakurumbira St. Sophia Cathedral (1037), St. Mikayeri Cathedral Vydubychi wemamonk (XI -. XII remakore) (. Zvose XII remakore), Cyril, Gate Trinity Church, Church of Muponesi musi Berestove.

Veliky Novgorod

Major Maguta Ancient Russia - harisi chete Stolny Kiev. Hazvina akanaka uye Novgorod, izvo hwaponeswa kusvikira nhasi, nokuti akanga asina kuzununguswa nokuda eMongolia. Naizvozvo, kuti asimbise basa rinokosha munhoroondo musha, zita pamutemo nezviremera vakawedzera chivakashure "Great".

Amazing Castle, akaparadzanisa rwizi Volkhov, rakavakwa muna 859. Asi ichi ndicho Musi apo kugarwa yakatanga anotaurwa zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa. Chronicle anotaura kuti muna 859 vakafa Novgorod Voevoda Gostomysl uye saka Novgorod akasimuka mangwanani, refu asati kudana Rurik pamusoro hugota. Archaeological Zvakafukunurwa dzakaratidza kuti munyika idzi vanhu vakagara remakore rechishanu. Kumabvazuva yaMakoronike remakore rechigumi anotaurwa so-Slaviya (Kubwinya, Sala), mumwe nemagariro nzvimbo yacho Rus. By ichi ndechedu guta Novgorod uye nowakautangira - old taundi Ilmen Slavs. Uyewo, zviri anozivikanwa chete Air Holmgard, guru Gardariki.

Zvakakurukurwa guru Novgorod Republic

Kufanana maguta ose huru Russia yekare, Novgorod akanga muzvikamu. Paiva nharaunda raanoziva-chikwata rwendo, dzinogarwa nzvimbo pasina mumigwagwa, masvingo. Detinets aumbwa kare 1044. Kunze kwake, kusvikira nhasi akaramba mugodhi uye White (Alekseevskaya) shongwe. Mumakore 1045-1050 muguta kuvaka St. Sophia Cathedral, gare gare - Nicholas Dvorischenskogo, St George uye Kuberekwa Musikana.

Kana aumbwa veche Republic, guta Anotumbuka mapurani (ikoko Novgorod pachikoro mapurani). Pfuma vakarasikirwa kodzero kuvaka machechi, asi zvinonzi vobatanidzwa vagari, vatengesi uye vanoitisana. mudzimba dzevanhu, sezvo mutemo, zvakaitwa namatanda dzematombo chete nzvimbo dzokunamatira. Zvinokosha kuziva kuti kunyange panguva iyoyo Novgorod raishanda emapuranga mugero, uye migwagwa vakanga rwakagadzirira namabwe zvinogumbura.

anokudzwa chernihiv

Nokudzidza maguta makuru Russia yekare, tisingatauri Chernigov. Pedyo yazvino kugarwa evanhu aigara 4th chemakore BC. Asi sezvo chimvuramabwe Wakatanga anotaurwa akanyorwa mugore 907. Pashure Hondo hardwood muna 1024 Mstislav mukoma Yaroslava Mudrogo, chernihiv anoita guta rake. Kubvira ipapo ave achishingaira kusimukira, kuwedzera uye ichivakwa. Pano shongwe Ilyinsky uye Eletskii dzemamongi, izvo kwenguva refu nguva yava nzvimbo yomudzimu hugota, ane ndima prostilalas kuna Murom uye Kolomna Tmutarakani.

The nechisimba Tatars akamisa rugare kukura reguta, rakanga rapiswa nemauto Chingizid Mongke muna October 1239. With machinda nguva yazvino yakasvika akawanda mapurani ounyanzvi, uyo, uye vanotanga kuongorora muguta vashanyi. Izvi Muponesi Cathedral (XI muzana.), St. Elias Church, Sts uye Church of nokufungidzira, Yelets Uspensky Monastery (zvose -. XII c), St. Friday Church. Paraskeva (XIII c.). Chinoshamisawo Anthony Cave (XI-XIX c.) Uye Black kuSheori pazvikomo, promenades uye Vasina.

Staraya Ryazan

Paiva neimwe yemauto uko akaridza inokosha basa. Cities muRussia yekare vaiva vazhinji, asi kwete vose waiva muzinda hugota. Ryazan, kuparadzwa zvachose Batu Khan, haana akararamazve. Muna 1778, Pereyaslavl-Ryazan, inova kure kubva kare machinda nemisha ari 50 km, akapiwa zita idzva - Ryazan, asi kurishandisa pamwe chivakashure "New". Matongo ekare Castle nhasi muri zvikuru venhau uye vematongo. zvisaririra zviri masvingo chete kugara anopfuura makumi matanhatu hectares. The matongo kuchengeterwa kunosanganisirawo ungwandangwanda wavarindi boka ravarwi, New Fortress Olga, uyo maigara pedyo All-Russian rodnovercheskoe tsvene.

zvinoshamisa Smolensk

In okumusoro kunosvika of Dnieper iguta rekare uye akanaka kwazvo. Placename Smolensk anodzokera rokuti Smolnya rwizi kana kuti zita worudzi Smolyan. Uyewo angangodaro Castle ainzi mukukudza yokuti akanga avete nzira kubva VaViking kuvaGiriki, uye yaiva nzvimbo vafambi tarred chikepe. Wakatanga anotaurwa "The zvakaedza yakapfuura Years" pana 862 uye anonzi nechepakati mubatanidzwa yemadzinza Krivichy. Ari kurwisa Constantinople Askold uye DIR akafamba Smolensk bato nokuti zvikuru akakomberedzwa. Muna 882 Castle akanga akabatwa Wouprofita Oleg uye vakava rutivi masimba ake.

Muna 1127, guta inova yakawanda Rostislav Mstislavovitch, uyo muna 1146 akarayira yokuvaka Chechi SS Petro naPauro, Smolensk, Chechi Ioanna Bogoslova. Smolensk pamberi Mongol nechisimba runosvika soro yepamusoro. Akatora vanenge 115 hectares, uye pane mugari nevanhu 40 zviuru. Vanhu zviuru masere mudzimba. Horde kubvuta haana akabata chimvuramabwe, izvo akamutendera kuti aponese sezvivako zhinji. Asi sezvo arashikirwa kukosha kwayo uye vakawira pasi vajairira vamwe zvemisoro.

mamwe maguta

Sezvaunogona kuona, yakakwirira madhorobha kusimudzira Russia yekare akavabvumira kuva kwete chete pakati enyika yacho nharaunda, asiwo kumisa dzokumwe ukama nedzimwe nyika. Somuenzaniso, Smolensk aiva noukama hwepedyo Riga uye Novgorod dzaishandiswa ukama rwevanhu kunozivikanwa. Ndezvipi zvimwe nemisha dzaiwanika muRussia?

• Polotsk, riri pamusoro mutero womunhu ari Western Dvina. Nhasi ari munharaunda Belarus uye anodiwa vashanyi. About kwomuchinda nguva nayo noWokumusorosoro St. Sophia Cathedral (zana remakore rechi11, kuparadzwa uye vakavakazve muzana remakore rechi18) uye mukuru ibwe chivakwa munyika - chitarisiko Church (remakore rechi12).
• MuPskov (903 gore).
• Rostov (862).
• Suzdal (862).
• Vladimir (990 gore). Guta vanobatanidzwa Golden Ring kweRussia, rakakurumbira Uspensky uye Dmitrievsky Cathedral, Gate Golden.
• Moore (862), vakapisa pasi panguva Mongol nechisimba, yakavakwazve remakore rechigumi nemana.
• Yaroslavl - guta riri Volga, yakavambwa Yaroslav vachenjeri mukuvamba remakore rechigumi.
• Terebovlya (Galicia-Volyn kweutongi), kutaurwa muguta rokutanga yakatanga kusvika 1097 gore.
• Galich (Galicia-Volyn kweutongi), kutaurwa kutanga kunyorwa yakatanga kusvika 1140 gore. Zvisinei, muna epics pamusoro Duke Stepanovich panoti kuti akanga nani kupfuura Kiev munguva youpenyu them Muromtsa, uye akagamuchira rubhabhatidzo refu asati makore 988.
• Vyshgorod (946 gore). Castle aiva mugove Princess Olga uye nzvimbo yake kufarira. Zviri pano kuti akararama nevarongo mazana matatu, Prince Vladimir asati abhabhatidzwa. Kubva Old Russian yaitonga haana kurarama chivakwa chete.
• Pereyaslavl (ano Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky). Muna 907 akanga wokutanga anotaurwa zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa. Nhasi muguta unogona kuona vakasara masvingo 10-11 emakore.

panzvimbo imwe epilogue

Chokwadi, hatidi zvawanyora ose maguta mbiri Nguva Eastern Slavs munhau. Uye kunyanya kukwanisa kurondedzera navo zvakazara sezvo zvakavakodzera, nokuda shoma kukura nyaya yedu. Asi tinotarisira kuti kumutswa kufarira kudzidza zvekare.