Kahal - chii ichi? Definition, anoreva zvakafanana,

Mumutauro ano dzimwe nguva akawana shoko fomu Kahal. Izvi ndizvo shure shoko, zvinofadza kuziva? All zvikuru zvinoshamisa kuti shoko iri rinowanikwa chete mupfungwa yokufananidzira. Izvo mitauro anouya Kahal mumutauro ano Russian, zvinorevei?

Kahal - chinhu chiHebheru chekare rinoreva kuungana, kuunganidzwa kwevanhu. Izvi kwatangwa chimiro mumagariro sangano akasimuka pashure pokuparadzwa yevaJudha. The chikuru basa Kahal ndiye Mediation pakati hurumende uye munzanga yechiJudha.

chidzoke

Siyana nemasangano echiJudha kuzivikanwa kubva kare, asi zvikuru vakakwana vechiJudha Kahal yawana muPoland. Yaiva pezana remakore rechi16. Zvino akatora kuumba kunzwisisa zvinotaura Kahal. Tsanangudzo shoko iri rinogona kubudisa shoko "Mediation". The panowanikwa zvionera sangano yakadaro waiva mugumisiro siyanei dzokugara vaJudha vari siyana inoti uye ukama hwavo chaihwo pamwe feudal madzishe.

zvichireva kahal

Kahal - nzanga kubatanidzwa National hwaro. The marapiro kwevaJudha nemamwe marudzi avatungamirira dziite pamberi utsinye vanhu. Saka muJudha akagara hurumende muchina oga - buffer vakashumira kahal therebetween. Izvi zvinoderedza mukana wokuti kukonzera chaiko kana zvinhu zvakakanganisika, akaderedza mukana wokuti kushungurudzwa uye zvichingodaro. kagals All kune yechipiri yezana XIV remakore, akamuka yayo kuzvionera uye vaiva "hurumende mukati ezvinhu."

misha yevaJudha havana pasi zviremera zvemo - vaida kuenda pemasimba epamusoro. Varanda vamambo - vanenge chinzvimbo chinokosha zvapiwa munyika dzose European vaJudha. Mabasa izvi varanda yakanga nokudzorwa chinokosha youmambo mirairo - "Privilege", achiuya Kahal. Izvi zvakaitwa akanga akatakurwa kunze zvakananga, pavaigona kutora chikepe chaienda zviremera zvomunzvimbo. Kagals tinazvo zvizere kuzvionera iri mari, nezvakatongwa, administrative, dzidzo uye zvechitendero.

Financial basa kahal

Chinonyanya kukosha pabasa kwevaJudha vose, nhengo Kahal, - a basa mitero kuna muchivigiro. Kuti aite izvi, mari inounganidzwa kubva munharaunda, uye ipapo aigara akanyorwa nehurumende muchivigiro. Uyezve, Kagan akapikisa mari inokosha zvainanga zvokutsigira chirikadzi uye nherera, murombo kudzidzisa, kutsigira varombo. Part Mari rinokosha mari yakanga chiokomuhomwe uye pfumbamuromo vakuru. Foreman mu kagalom aigona vatore mazakwatira, rakanga omurume rubatsiro kahal vaJudha.

zvaakatonga basa

Full kuzvionera akabvumira kunzanga dzechiJudha pachavo kuzotonga uye kumisa nemhosva kana nepakuchena mhosva. Vaitamba vaJudha kagalom Dayan - nhengo Supreme Council of Kahal, pamwe kodzero vatongi venyika. In chisarudzo chake mhosva rinorambidzwa marangirwo. Nokuti muduku mhosva yokuti munhu rakanaka mari shoma. Nokuti chakakomba infraction Zvirango vaiva kwazvo: koporo kurangwa, kudzingwa munharaunda, uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo, chisarudzo chakaitwa kuuraya mhosva. Nezvakatongwa mabasa musangano iri Kahal aiva simba kuita kudzivirira, kana voruzhinji matare yomupomerwi aiva muJudha.

vezvinhu

Kahal - iri harimboonekwi miganhu Unit, iro chinobatanidza vaJudha rumwe ruwa. Kusonganirana ichi Chaingodiwa kuunganidzwa wehurumende mitero iri musimboti wenyika seboka basa. VaJudha vose vanofanira kupiwa nzvimbo chaiyo yokugara. misha yavo pehurumende kubatana pakati zvakasiyana kagalom. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo chete nemisha vechiJudha vakapararira uye zvakanga zvakaoma kudzora mari aibuda mune Kahal. Kwakasarudzwa kusika kupfuura yakanaka-grained - podkagalkov dzaiimba kahal basa mune imwe nzvimbo uye pasi pake zvakananga.

radi

nyika avo apo kagalom vakanga kunyanya kuwanda, vakaumba pamusoro superstructure imwe mhando pamusoro kagalom - rakatumidzwa Vaad. With shoko rechiHebheru rakashandurwa kuti "Committee".

Zvinozivikanwa kuti Vaad akaita pamusoro munharaunda Lithuania nePoland uye kutaura zvakananga nehurumende. Nokudaro, Seimas, ngaagadzwe mari kuti vaJudha vakamanikidzwa kubhadhara kwegore, uye Vaad yakatuma nhume zvose pamusoro nyika, uyo akawana solvency ane Kagan, uye maererano wakatarwa uyu akasarudza uwandu mari akasuma kagalom. Kana nzvimbo haana kugona shoroma munharaunda, uye Kahal kuwanika kubhadhara zvaidiwa mari, nokuti vakauya pamuShuramiti dzakapfuma. kuparadzirwa Izvi zvakabatsira vaJudha vararame mumamiriro ezvinhu outsinye - nokuti mumwe nomumwe wavo akanzwa kutsigirwa munharaunda.

Educational uye ezvitendero mabasa

Vechitendero chechiJudha mabasa Kagan akapedzisa mu kwerunyararo Zvivako zvechitendero, mhemberero dzechitendero, semichato nemariro, kwerunyararo yekare tsika uye zvichingodaro. The tsika nemirayiro vakatevera rabbi. Panguva kungwara vakuru vemunharaunda zvinopa kosher zvokudya, yaiva zvipatara, nherera uye misha. Chikuru basa rokudzidzisa vaiva: dzidzo yevana uye kuyaruka kuti kare mitemo uye tsika, uye zviri muzvikoro yechipiri dzechitendero.

Internal mamiriro kahal

Kuwanda nhengo bhodhi yechiJudha vanhu 30-40. Foreman Kagan - kazhinji kupfuura rakachengeteka uye anoremekedzwa munzanga, inotungamirwa zvavo nhengo Board Kagan uye aimiririra nevaJudha vakawanda chepamusoro madenderedzwa. Senior Mamaneja yaiva vatungamiriri shanu kana matanhatu (roshey) - exchanges nhengo uye nhatu zvechigarire honorary nhengo - vakadaidzwa vokuTuva. Roshi rave aitonga kagalom, achitora pambiru wehomwe kana sajeni (Parnassus).

Misangano Kagan azaruka - vanobatanidzwa matezo kwete chete, asiwo kusarudzwa vamiririri munharaunda. nhengo dzakadaro kusarudzwa vaisabvumirwa kuvhota, asi nekuda Kagan zano ravo vakasarudzwa. Kusarudzwa kuti bhodhi uye vakanga basa chero munharaunda mapurojekiti - Somuenzaniso, nokuti rudo kana kuti zvakanaka pokugara, chikoro, kana almshouse.

Sunset Jewish Control

Kushatiswa zvinonakisa hupfumi mamiriro ezvinhu kwakaratidzwa Kahal functionality. Zvishoma nezvishoma, nharaunda utungamiri shorted simba pamusoro pachake. The mutoro zvemari iri kuparadzirwa vanoiswa - dzakawanda mitero akabhadhara vanhuwo nhengo munharaunda. Kuudzwa Vagari vakapfuma misha nemisha diki - kuti vakaisa mutoro unorema "wechiJudha" ikwidzwe uye kutsigirwa Kagan hahuna. Long saka vasingagoni kuenda, uye Kahal akatanga dziparare - vaJudha vaifarira kubhadhara mitero nomumwe, asingaoni chimwe Kahal kudzivirira kana patronage.

XIX - XX remakore

Muzana XIX remakore ari Russian Empire akanga atora anoverengeka zvinhu zvainanga evanhu nechekuita mukugarisana vaJudha munyika. Naizvozvo yekudyidzana kushandura mashandiro kuti anoita Kahal. utsanzi Izvi munzira dzakawanda seaiona nevaJudha, asi zvakanga zvisingaiti kuita chinhu - Kahal basa zvishoma ashandiswe neHurumende. Saka, chirevo muna 1804 vaJudha vose vaifanira kunoudza mabhuku veguta - saka tarisa kufamba uye mabasa vaJudha vakatamira vakuru veguta. Muna 1827, nerubatsiro vaiendeswa nokuti hondo ndishande kagals, uye muna 1835 kagals asina pamutemo akadzima. caffeine zvakadai dzinongoita kutambirwa nevaJudha munhuwo: mabhuku mutero vakanga vasina, uye kutambudzwa uori hwakanga kukuru zvokuti akaita uremu kushatirwa munharaunda. Murayiro kwakaitwa zvinhu inorambidza kusangomanikidzira mitero itsva vechiJudha, uyewo mbidzwa Chivatonga kana kuti kurangwa - nezvaakatonga mabasa zvaiendeswa hurumende zviremera zvomunzvimbo. Nokuti kagalom vaiva inodzidzisa uye zvitendero mashandiro chete, achivabvumira kuitisa mhemberero uye kudzidzisa vana vavo maererano nerutendo rwavo. Vakanga akapiwa zvakanaka matumba uye zvipatara varombo.

Sezvo kagals akadaro aivapo pamberi February 1917 chimurenga. Pashure mutemo unokosha vaJudha vakanga vakaenzana vamwe vagere ehurumende uye akagamuchira chete kodzero uye mitoro.

Zvinoreva ano shoko

Parizvino, pfungwa iyi zvinenge harimboshandiswi chaiyo. Asi kutaura yokufananidzira akangoshandisa shoko "Kahal". Anoreva zvakafanana shoko - nokuimba, ruzha kutaura yakawanda vanhu, ruzha, kuvhiringidzika, etc.