The kwaita hweruzhinji muAthens. The kuchinja Solon uye Cleisthenes

kubudirira dzakawanda dzemazuva ano European yebudiriro kuti chikwereti Girisi yekare. Handiti, kwakaonekwa kokutanga yemitambo, pedagogy, uzivi, mitambo uye, chokwadi, hweruzhinji. The chikuru nzvimbo yakaisvonaka munyika yekare yaiva guta guru nhoroondo Greece ano. Hazvina simba saka kunyanya chikuru pakuzadzisa vanhu vakanga kuberekwa hweruzhinji muAthens.

prehistory

Zvinozivikanwa kuti muGirisi yekare vakatonga policies - guta-mamiriro, iyo guru vaiva Sparta uye Atene. Pane iripo mapoka maviri zvikuru yakakamurwa vomuUmambo - vakundi uye vakundwa, sezvo harina varanda, uye izvi hurumende idzodzo dzakaumbwa nezvinhu akazobatanidzwa norugare nevamwe vavakidzani simba. Pasinei neizvi, pakava nekupesana pamwe kirasi mitsetse, vakakoniwa asi zvinomutsa hasha pakati varombo vakawanda. Nokufamba kwenguva, mukuru kupokana pakati vakakwirira uye Demos akatonyanya raidudzwa. Revolution ari kutanga, izvo zvinogona chete kudzivisa chinokosha amboshandurirwa aripo mamiriro hurongwa.

Solon aiva ani

Ayananise vose kupokanidzana akakwanisa mumwe vamiririri munhu anokudzwa mhuri Kodridov, aimbova yamambo. zita rake rainzi Solon, uye iye akaburuka munhau somumwe nomwe vakachenjera muGirisi yekare. Vasati vapinda zvematongerwo enyika, aizivikanwa kuti vaAtene ive mudetembi wakanakisisa uye anofunga, uye akazova nomukurumbira semunhu anobudirira weuto. The-Gore 594 BC. e., pamusoro makore 34-35, Solon akasarudzwa archon eponymous, t. e. mukuru 9-seboka vatongi, vakamutakudza masimba anoshamisa. Somugumisiro, mashoko somuzivi Solon vagara vakagadzirira shanduko kwako mutemo, uye akabva atanga kuchinja. Pashure mashomanana emakore basa rake rakanga zvakaramba Cleisthenes, uye kuti kutendeuka enyika izvi zvakaita kuti kukura vanhu kwezviuru zvemakore zvaizouya.

Solon kuti kuchinja

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti kuberekwa hweruzhinji muAtene akatanga refu asati Solon. Zvisinei, ndiye akasika mitemo iyo zvazova kuzochera. Kutanga akazivisa sisahfiya, anobva audza zvikwereti zvose, vakaisa mapindu vakadzokera muridzi, uye airambidzwa kutora zvikwereti nezvokudzivirirwa vanhu. Kuwedzera, nokuda vaAtene pfuma vakanga chakatengwa uye vakadzoka vagari mutemo kutengeswa kune imwe nyika. Solon akasiyawo pamwero kunonyanyisa munyika varidzi, kureva. E., No mugari kugona kutenga kwokurangana mhiri mitemo nzvimbo uye kuva muridzi womunda imwe huru.

vakuru vakuru

The soro mamiriro vehurumende muAtene paitonga Solon vaiva reAreyopago, reVanodzika uye yemashekeri. The yokupedzisira yaiva muviri mutsva, uye yaiva nevanhu vana. Kutaura zvazviri, vanotsvakurudza vakawanda vanodavira kuti akanga chitarisiko chake uye raireva kuberekwa hweruzhinji muAthens. The yemashekeri kare achikurudzirawo mitemo yose uye mibvunzo, iyo zvino inokurukurwa National Assembly. Kunyange ipapo Ecclesia muAtene uye dzimwe Greek guta-kare, Solon kana akava nhengo zvechokwadi muviri, uye musangano kakawanda. Uyezve Archon rakapa chirevo maererano iyo panguva kwegakava nomumwe akasununguka anenge asvika zera ruzhinji aifanira kutora achishingaira basa revanhukadzi, zvimwe iye tikatyisidzirwa yezve kodzero dzevanhu.

The kwaita hweruzhinji muAtene (World History): Cleisthenes kuchinja

The yokupedzisira paumbwe zvematongerwo enyika Athens, inobva vakasununguka akaratidza kuda vanhu, kwakaitika mukupera 6 remakore BC. e. The munyori zvinhu zvitsva vakava Cleisthenes, uyo akasarudzwa archon, pamwe chete simba, chii kamwe akapa Solon.

Wakapamura nharaunda Attica 3 District: Athens pacharo, mumhenderekedzo dzegungwa ubvise uye sandara ndima. Mumwe nomumwe wavo, akavapindurawo, muzvikamu 10 Tritt. Kuwedzera kune miganhu, Cleisthenes mutambo nesarudzo kuchinja. Under mitemo itsva dzaiumbwa 10 phyla, raisanganisira vagari vatatu Tritt, mumwe nomumwe County. Anel nominated pakati vanhu 50 kubatanidzwa neDare 500. Nokudaro, Cleisthenes sezvo vakararama akanyora, "shuffled" vaAtene. Izvi zvaireva kuti vava kusarudzwa hurumende dzisiri muganhu kana dzinza anotsanangura, asi kunobva zvatinoda.

Ecclesia pa Klisfene

All zvisarudzo zvinokosha muAtene munguva iyi vanobviswa pamwe achiudza ecclesia, kurovedza muviri zvemitemo, matare uye Executive simba. Huru nyaya chakagadziriswa panguva mukuru People zvakadaro, vaiva:

• Kusarudzwa vakuru;
• chisarudzo kushandura huripo mitemo uye kuitwa vatsva;
• dambudziko pachinhu vagari nomumwe;
• Zvisarudzo anokosha National nyaya chokuita hondo uye norugare, kugumisa zvibvumirano kwomubatanidzwa, imwe zvekushandisa mari pachena kuti, uye vamwe.

An akadzama anofadza: pamberi neimwe "pataidzidza" reVanodzika aitungamirira aifanira yokuturika mapepa guta, achizivisa pamusoro nyaya Aionekwa. Uyezve, kuti tibu- kusasarura reCouncil of 500, phylum mumwe akaita mabasa ayo mukati chete 1 mwedzi kwegore.

geliee

The kwaita hweruzhinji muAtene uye akaratidza chidzoke itsva mhando nzira, iyo uyewo kuva rezvizhinji. Nyaya akagadzirisa vanonzi geliee - vatongi, rwaiumbwa vanhu 6,000. In zvakafanana, paivawo kuAreyopago - dare revakuru, rinoumbwa vairemekedzwa, izvo pamwe veMubatanidzwa kuDemocratic zviremera zvakatanga chisanyanya simba uye kukosha.

dambudziko

Origin uye kukura hweruzhinji muAthens uye kwakaita kuti chidzoke ane Chiitiko zvachose itsva munhoroondo yevanhu. Vakava dambudziko. Kamwechete pagore, ekklesia aifanira kupindura mubvunzo unokosha wokuti: "? Ko Vagari kwevanhu, rinogona kubvuta simba uye vave anodzvinyirira" Kana National Assembly vaidavira kuti munhu akadaro ndiye, kuchava nomumwe musangano nzira yaingowanikwa kuvhota pamusoro Zvaenga. Kana vanokwanisa "ngozi" hweruzhinji, munhu anogamuchira zvikuru mavhoti naro, naro adzingwa polis.

Zvino kuti unoziva sei waiva kuberekwa hweruzhinji muAtene (kuchinja Solon uye Cleisthenes) uye kukwanisa kuenzanisa naro analogue ano.