Echinoderms mhuka: tsananguro, zita, Photo

Echinoderms - rudzi mhuka. Havagoni kuenzaniswa mu mamiriro kune mamwe marudzi. Pakuonekwa hwemhuka chakafanana ruva, nyeredzi, wemagaka, bhora, uye zvichingodaro. N.

History of kudzidza

VaGiriki vekare akavapa zita "echinoderms." Vamiriri ichi mhando kare anofarira munhu. Nhoroondo chidzidzo kwakabatana, kunyanya mazita Aristotle uye Pliny; uye mugore rechi18 uye mukuvamba kwezana remakore rechi19 vakanga vadzidza zvakawanda anozivikanwa masayendisiti (Lamarck, Linnaeus, Klein, Cuvier). Kunyange zvakadaro, zoologists vakawanda panguva ipi correlated pamwe coelenterates, kana nehonye. I. I. Mechnikov, musayendisiti Russian, vakaona kuti vane ukama kishechnozhabernymi. Vomunondo akaratidza kuti zvinenge izvi wakabatana zvakafanana vamiririri chordates.

The siyana echinoderms

Munguva yedu, yakawana kuti echinoderms - mhuka kuti muri boka zvikuru kwazvo akarongeka invertebrates - kuti deuterostome. Vakaonekwa Pasi makore anopfuura mamiriyoni 520 apfuura. Zvakasaririra echinoderms zvinowanika sediments enzvimbo kusvika mangwanani yeCambrian. Izvi mhando zvinosanganisira anenge 5000 marudzi.

Echinoderms - mhuka gungwa, pasi, akawanda iri yepachena-zvipenyu. Ishoma vari vasiyana pasi uchishandisa chaiyo hunde. Mitumbi zvipenyu akawanda riri pamusoro 5-mwaranzi, asi avo nhamba mune dzimwe mhuka. Zvinozivikanwa kuti madzitateguru echinoderm aiva bilateral symmetry, umo mazuvano nhaka vakasununguka-kushambira mazana.

zvemukati mamiriro

The vamiririri echinoderms ari subcutaneous connective rukoko nezvechinhu chimwe marangwanda rinoumbwa calcareous matete uye tsono, minzwa, etc. N. On muviri pamusoro. Sezvakaitika chordates, zvinenge izvi yechipiri muviri mhango chakaumbwa kuparadzana pakati intestinal mesoderm mumasaga. Gastropor munguva kukura kwavo vashoma kana tinoshandurirwa horo. Panyaya iyi, muromo mazana akaumba patsva.

Echinoderms mhuka vane kweropa hurongwa. Kunyange zvakadaro inhalation vakava zvikuru simba kana haazovipo. Zvakakodzera zvishoma kurondedzera zvimwe zviratidzo echinoderms. In mhuka idzi, hapana inokosha nhengo kuti excretion. Asi chinyakare tsinga kuti zvinenge inotifadza. Riri pamwe ari Epidermis y kana epithelium invaginates mukati muviri.

zvekunze mamiriro

Echinoderms zvinhu zvinofanira vaisanganisa kubudikidza zvaiva kwokunze maumbirwo zvipenyu izvi. Chokunze epithelium huru chikamu echinoderms (gungwa wemagaka Kunze) ane cilia iyo pave kuitika mvura. Vane basa zvokudya, gasi Exchange uye nokuchenesa muviri kubva mumatope. Mabutiro echinoderms vane siyana kenza (kukonzera sokupenya uye zvinokuvadza), uye pigments, iyo kupa zvinoshamisa ruvara kuti mhuka idzi.

Skeletal zvinhu mu Starfish - calcareous mahwendefa, izvo akarongwa longitudinal mumitsara, kazhinji pamwe spines, hunoshamisa panze. muviri urchin kuti runochengetedzwa calcareous nevamwe. Inoitwa munhevedzano ndiro, zvakasimba interconnected, pamwe refu tsono, agere pamusoro pavo. At gungwa wemagaka vari calcareous muviri, ayo akapararira pakati ganda ravo. The marangwanda ezvinhu zvipenyu izvi pamusoro mumhuri mavambo.

Musculature uye ambulacral hurongwa

Musculature yemhuka idzi akapa tsandanyama rinoparadza uye munhu tsandanyama. Akaumba kwazvo, kusvikira chinjwa mumwe kana imwe mhuka. In dzakawanda mhando echinoderms ambulacral hurongwa anoshanda kubata, kufamba, uye vamwe gungwa urchins uye gungwa maruva rakagadzirirwa kufema. Utachiona ava vakaparadzana, vaona kukura munhu metamorphosis pakati dukutu.

kupatsanura pakati echinoderms

Kune 5 makirasi echinoderms: pfava, Starfish, gungwa urchins, gungwa maruva uye Holothurians. Type rakakamurwa subtypes maviri: ichifambira zvakasununguka echinoderms akapa nyeredzi pfava, holothurians, gungwa urchins uye Starfish, uye zvakabatanidzwa - gungwa maruva, uyewo mamwe makirasi nokutsakatika. Unonzi pamusoro zviuru zvitanhatu marudzi ano, uye zvakare pamusoro kaviri sezvo vazhinji nokutsakatika. echinoderms All imhuka zvomumvura kuti kurarama chete mumvura munyu.

Starfish

The yakakurumbira mumiririri mhando tiri kuziva ndiye Starfish (mufananidzo wavo akapa pamusoro). mhuka idzi ndezvaJehovha kukirasi Asteroidea. Starfish regai netsaona kuwana zita ravo. In wawo, vazhinji vavo vari vashanu-rwakavakwa nyeredzi kana nePentagon. Zvisinei, pane mhando, uwandu nemwaranzi iyo kusvika makumi mashanu.

Tarisai chii chinhu muviri anonakidza ane Starfish, iyo akapa mapikicha pamusoro! Kana kunoshandurwa, zvinogona kuonekwa kuti underside ari matanda vari mitsara duku tubular makumbo pamwe kubvisa mukombe kuguma. Animal, achivabata, zvinokambaira pamusoro pegungwa, uyewo kukwira tote hukawanika.

echinoderms All vanokwanisa nokukurumidza patsva. Starfish mumwe danda, iyo chakaparadzaniswa mumuviri, zviri zvimwe. Iye pakarepo regenerates, uye muviri mutsva unobuda mairi. Starfish Most kufura dzasara makemikari nyaya. Vanowana navo pasi. Zvokudya zvavo kunosanganisirawo miviri hove uye algae. Zvisinei, dzimwe nhengo Starfish - zvikara kuti kurwisa vanobatwa dzavo (pazvinhu invertebrates). Mushure dzokubudisa akawanikwa, mhuka idzi vari dumped dumbu rake kunze. Saka, kugaya zvimwe dzinodya dzimwe dzinosiya Starfish kuitwa. The mwaranzi yemhuka idzi vane simba zvikuru netsandanyama. Kunoitawo kuti kuvhura nyore clam nebhanhire. Starfish anogona putsa kunyura kana zvakakodzera.

Zvikuru nomukurumbira pakati dzomusango ndiro Acanthasterplanci - korona yeminzwa. Ndicho yakaipisisa muvengi zvomumvura Coral kumboongororwa. Kune vanenge 1500 rudzi mukirasi iyi (mhando echinoderms).

Starfish anogona bereka zvose zvepabonde uye asexually saka (kuberekwa patsva). Vazhinji mhuka idzi - dioecious zvinenge. Muchangosangana zvavakaita mumvura. The muviri nezvechinhu chimwe metamorphosis. Dzimwe nyeredzi gungwa kurarama makore 30.

Zmeehvostki (pfava)

Hadzina chaizvo zvakafanana nyeredzi ndiwo dzakaonda uye refu matanda. In pfava nyeredzi (mhando echinoderms) hepatic hapana zvinoshandiswa, kuti horo uye hindgut. By Mararamiro, vari zvakare zvakafanana Starfish. Hadzina dioecious, asi vanokwanisa zvose patsva uye kuti asexual kubereka. Dzimwe dziri luminous siyana.

zmeehvostok muviri (pfava) anopa sandara Disc ane dhayamita iri masendimita 10. Kubva nayo kubva 5 kana 10 segmented refu matete matanda. Mhuka akashandiswa kwebasa curving mwaranzi nako zvinokambaira pamwe pegungwa. Utachiona uhwu kufamba mu jerks. Ivo kudhonza mberi kwayo mbiri yegwara "nemaoko" uye ipapo payakakurudzirwa akapeta navo shure. Zmeehvostki zvokudya pamusoro detritus uye mhuka duku. nyeredzi pfava kurarama nemuGungwa, sechipanji, korari gungwa urchins. Kune vanenge 2 zviuru marudzi. Mhuka idzi vanozivikanwa kubva Ordovician.

crinoids

Echinoderms imhuka-siyana chaizvo. Mienzaniso crinoids kuti uyewo nhengo iri mhando, vakaisawo pamusoro. Utachiona ava chete pasi. Havana ndakagara mararamiro. Zvinofanira kusimbiswa kuti gungwa maruva - ichi haisi chirimwa, kureva mhuka, pasinei zita ravo. Muviri zvipenyu izvi rine mbiya, kuti hunde uye maoko (brachiolar). Nemaoko vari yakasvinwa zvokudya zvacho kubva mvura. Most mhando ano vakasununguka-akayangarara uye acaulescent.

Besstebelchatye maruva vari zvishoma nezvishoma kukambaira. Vanogona kunyange kushambira mumvura. Zvokudya zvavo ine mhuka duku, plankton, algae residues. Uwandu kwemarudzi vanofungidzirwa pana 6000, iyo iri parizvino kumiririrwa asingasviki 700. mhuka idzi dzave kuzivikanwa kubvira yeCambrian.

Mavara akaisvonaka mhando gungwa maruva vanogara kunyanya mumakungwa uye makungwa ose subtropics. Vari kuda siyana pasi pemvura zvinhu. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti ichi mhuka pangozi, asi muna Mesozoic uye Paleozoic nguva, basa ravo mvura mumakungwa uye makungwa zvakanga kwazvo.

Sea wemagaka (sea cucumber)

Utachiona uhwu vanonzi zvakasiyana: sea cucumber, zai capsules kana holothurians. Dzinomirira boka invertebrates zvakadai echinoderms. Pane maonero kuti munhu anodya. Zita yakajairika iri dzinodyiwa gungwa wemagaka - "gungwa gaka". Trepang mined pamwero kuFar East. Panewo muchetura gungwa wemagaka. Izvi vanogamuchira zvinodhaka siyana (semuenzaniso, goloturiin).

Pari anomiririrwa anenge 1.150 mhando sea cucumber. Vamiririri vacho vanokamurwa muzvikwata 6. Silurian - nguva, izvo zvinosanganisira mukuru zvisaririra zviri mugungwa wemagaka.

Utachiona uhwu vakasiyana nevamwe echinoderms, oblong, idenderedzwa kana honye-kufanana chimiro, uyewo rutapudzo pamusoro dermal pfupa, uye kuti havana yakabudikira yakatesvera panyanga dzacho. Mumiromo mhuka idzi akapoteredzwa aureole zvinosanganisira tentacles. Achibatsirwa izvi gungwa wemagaka tora zvokudya. Hadzina pasi, kunyange zvisingawanzoitiki chaizvo, uye vanogara silt (pelagic). Havana ndakagara mararamiro. Sea wemagaka Tidzidze planktonic diki kana silt.

gungwa urchins

mhuka idzi vanogara pasi kana pedyo pasi. Muviri akawanda wavo anenge idenderedzwa, uye ndiwo zai serin'i. dhayamita Its yemakomo kubva 3.2 30 cm. Kunze muviri wakafukidzwa mitsara yakatesvera panyanga dzacho ose calcareous mahwendefa kana tsono. Kazhinji, ndiro riri fixedly zvakabatana mumwe, pova goko (goko batana). goko Izvi haabvumiri kuchinja chimiro mhuka. Nhasi, gungwa urchins, pane vanenge 940 marudzi. Vakawanda kwemarudzi akanga anomirirwa muna Paleozoic. Pari zvino pane 6 makirasi, ukuwo yakatotsakatika - 15.

Sezvo zvokudya, vamwe urchins gungwa kushandiswa zvokudya akafa zvinyama (detritus), apo vamwe ngaarayire kubva pamabwe matope. Mukupera nyaya muromo remhuka riri vakapakata rinokosha dög midziyo inonzi Aristotelian Lantern. In nechitarisiko afanane chibooreso. Dzimwe echinoderms (gungwa urchins) achibatsirwa kwete chete kutsvaka zvokudya, asi yokugadziridza dombo kuburikidza drilling maburi pavo.

Kukosha gungwa urchins

mhuka idzi - chinokosha chimiro zvoutachiona pfuma mugungwa. The kutengeswa inonakidza kunyanya nemharapara mugungwa urchins. In Japan nedzimwe nyika zviri Asia-Pacific nharaunda, ndiko inonaka chigadzirwa. Caviar mhuka idzi rine vakawanda pakugadzira zvinoshingaira zvinhu. Masayendisiti anodavira kuti zvinhu zviri mairi, rinogona kushandiswa kenza sezvo muviri uye prophylactic mumiririri. Uyewo, hunozoita kuti kuipa BP, wakawedzera potency, outputted kubva mumuviri womunhu radionuclides. Zvinonzi vakaratidza kuti kudya mazai zvokudya kunowedzera nemishonga zvirwere, kunobatsira chete zvomudumbu turakiti zvirwere, zvinoderedza zvinokonzerwa nemwaranzi kurapa, anovandudza mashandiro mumasero dzepabonde uye thyroid, kumwoyo.

Tichifunga zviri pamusoro apa, hazvishamisi kuti urchin - gungwa echinoderm, iyo inova nomufambi mundiro. Somuenzaniso, Japanese vagari nerimwe gore uchapedza vanenge 500 matani mazai mhuka zvayo dzinongoitika chimiro, kana sezvo yokuvirisa kuti ndiro. Nenzira, nokushandiswa zvokudya chigadzirwa akabatanidza upenyu zvikuru munyika ino, apo vanhu vanorarama avhareji 89 makore.

Munyaya ino, chete huru echinoderms mhuka dzakanga kukurukurwa. mazita avo, tinotarisira munorangarira. Bvumiranai kuti zvomugungwa akanaka pakutarisika uye hunakidze.