Golden ducat. Zvinodhura mari Russian. Royal yendarama ducat

Golden ducat ndiyo mari dzaishandiswa yeRussian Empire uye Soviet Union. Panguva dzakasiyana-siyana, iye wakange ane kana mumwe yakaenzana mune rubles. zita iri rakashandiswa muupenyu hwezuva nezuva kubva pakutanga kwezana remakore rechimakumi maviri kureva Banknotes muzvikamu gumi, Somuenzaniso, Hryvnia, rubles, Maeuro nezviratidzo zvichingodaro. Rinobatanidzwa ne kusunungurwa USSR goridhe mari, uremu, zvinhu uye kukura izvo inodzokororwa gumi-ducat Nicholas. Pane imwe shanduro. Zvinonzi raiti rokuti "chidimbu goridhe" rinobva chipauro "ndarama yakaisvonaka", kureva "Red". The matswa shoko pakupedzisira yabatanidza zvinzvimbo zvavo pashure Currency kuchinja zvinhu 1922-1924.

Tsarist Russia

Kare, tsanangudzo "ducat yendarama" rinoshanda chero mari goridhe wokumwe yakagadzirwa kubva yepamusoro chiwanikwa. Vazhinji vavo vakanga sequins uye ducats kubva Netherlands uye Hungary. With Ivan III kuna Peter I pamusoro munharaunda Russia yakagadzirwa rakasiyana goridhe youmambo mari. Vanewo kunzi mari yendarama (somushonga - Cervone), asi avanotarisira kushandiswa somubayiro zviratidzo. On zvigadzirwa izvi raiva gondo mufananidzo uye hafu-urefu asian (dzimwe nguva kaviri-vakananga shiri yaiva kumativi maviri mari).

Pachigaro cheushe Peter I

Pakatanga mashekeri endarama chokuita Implementation ari mari kuchinja. Nzira itsva muripo kurema kwakanga 3,47 magiramu uye mharidzo 986. All hunhu zvakanga zvakafanana muHungary ducat. Uyezve, kwakatangwa kugadzirwa Mari iri mbiri dzegoridhe zvidimbu. uremu hwavo akanga atova 6,94 magiramu.

Mari goridhe Russian yakapiwa muna 1701. Pakutanga, 118 makopi dzakabudiswa. Vakanga rinoshandiswa zvikuru kwema vatengesi mhiri kwemakungwa.

Golden ducat 1907 (musi tsamba yakanyorwa) rinowanikwa mune chete kopi. Akanga ari Vienna Museum kubva kuunganidzwa Biron. Muna 2010, iyi nemamwe chiratidzazvizhinji Zvaifungidzirwa pa zviuru mazana matatu zvemadhora. The Hermitage, unogona kuona imwe rwechokwadi chawo sirivha ducat 1907 Kazhinji pane remakes kwemari iyi, akaita nesirivha mukuru-mugiredhi uye mhangura. kukosha kwavo vanofungidzirwa vanenge 50 zviuru rubles nokuti chigadzirwa hwakanakisisa ezvinhu (XF).

Paitonga Peter youmambo yendarama ducat yakanga yakagadzirwa kubva 1701 kusvika 1716. Pashure paizvozvo, akanga yakatsiviwa mari rubles maviri uye yakaderera kuzorwara. It akaratidza Andrey Pervozvanny - aiva musande aive munyika Russian.

The resumption pamusoro coinage pakati ducats zvakaitika muna 1729 pasi Petro Second. Apo Elizabeth akakwira choumambo, pamusoro mari vaifanira kuisa umboo pamusoro mwedzi, uye dzimwe nguva musi zvisikwa zvavo. Panguva iyo kwaiva nekupesana zvakajeka kupinda mhando mbiri - pamwe mufananidzo St. Andrew kana kuti State Emblem. Secret kudzingirira Dutch ducats akatanga Mint muna 1768. Vakanga chinangwa kufukidza zvinodiwa namambo tumari nendarama mugotenga pamisika dzavatorwa.

Russian egoridhe pamwe Nicholas II

1907 chakaratidza kutanga kwebhuku kupinda riparadzirwe Banknotes itsva chechi rubles gumi. Izvi zvakakonzerwa kuvandudzwa nzira yokuita mapepa. Nokukurumidza chirevo kuti ape makadhi mu rubles gumi 1909 mharidzo gore. Vaiva kushandiswa kusvikira pakutanga October 1922. Exchange nokuti mari itsva iri pana mwero zviuru 10 rubles. 1 Ruble yekare, asi havana midzi. Somugumisiro, takatanga kubudisa shanu-Ruble mari yakakwirira 986 ivhu, iyo gare gare yakanga yava maminitsi 917.

An nzira nzira

Pakati pezana nemipfumbamwe remakore vakatanga chemindi mari kubhadhara Platinum (anonziwo chena goridhe zvidimbu). Rakanga kupfuura zvinodhura mari Russian munguva. Safunga Pakutanga, mushonga uri nyore: ne 1827, kuRussia papfuma Raishamisa matura Platinum, iyo iri rakatorwa kubva Ural placers. Zvakanga zvokuti zvakananga kutengeswa inokosha simbi anongotaura collapses kumusika, ndokusaka kwakasarudzwa kusunungura ducats chena wechiGeorgian. Pfungwa dzava kugadzira kuti Platinum mari vaiva Count Kankrin. Coins kubva kwakafumuka 97% of simbi yakagadzirwa 1828 kusvika 1845 gore. Kana ichi dzawanika mumasangano matatu, matanhatu navaviri rubles - zvisinganyanyi kuitika mu Russia. chitarisiko wavo nokuti kuti hubudirire nekusimbisa, nebefu saizi akasarudzwa sezvo kare kwokutanga kugadzirwa 25 masendi makumi mashanu emadhora uye kuonga. Saka, ichi Vhoriyamu simbi, uye akanga dzinoongororwa pana 3, 6, 12 rubles.

Kokutanga muupenyu currency of muripo zvinoreva zviri zvinenge zvachose rinoumbwa Platinum. Previous mari vakanga rinoumbwa anokosha simbi, asi chete ari tenzi chiwanikwa kuti mhangura kana goridhe pa chitsotsi.

Soviet Russia

Mumakore okutanga pashure pokugadzwa simba Soviet paiva Kuparara mari ino uye kukurumidza kukura mitengo. chivimbo chavagari haana kushandisa chero "Kerensky manotsi" kana "manotsi Soviet," kana Duma mari kana youmambo makadhi. The sangano Wokutanga akaberekwa muna 1922. The Exchange akanga kuitwa nhamba 1:10 000. Somugumisiro, izvozvo akakwanisa kuronga mari hurongwa, asi kuti kurega mitengo - kwete. Vakwikwidzi regumi Congress of RCP (b) akasarudza kusunungura yakagadzikana mari Soviet. Chokwadi, takakurukura pamusoro itsva mari rokuremekedza. Rinopa kutiza yekare uye kusuma mikana mitsva - "echimurenga". Somuenzaniso, vanhu Commissariat revashandi ambopiwa kugoverwa kuzodana currency yacho "federalist." Amutsvaka uye tsika mazita - a Ruble, ducat, ari Hryvnia. Zvisinei, nokuti kuti hryvnya akadana zvokurarama muripo, akanga rinoparadzirwa munharaunda Ukraine, uye Ruble chokuita yesirivha Ruble, kwakasarudzwa kuti zita mari itsva tsaru - mari goridhe. Vagari akavatora nechivimbo. Chikonzero chaiva chokuti mari goridhe kunonzwisiswa sezvo isiri mari kuchengeteka, uye kwete senzira kurapwa. Vakawanda vakanga tichitarisira kuti aizova vakatsinhanisa bepa mari goridhe, asi hurumende chiito pamusoro vakasununguka kuchinjana kwemashoko uye haana kuzviratidza. Kunyange zvakadaro, pepa egoridhe achishingaira achinja pane zvinodhura mari Russian, ndiEzekieri. Dzimwe nguva, wokutanga kunyange vachitova overpaid nokuda zvivanakire okuchengetera dzavo uye liquidity. Nemhaka mudanga Gengi tenner Hurumende akapiwa simba muzinda nokuda nekutumirwa kwemauto of New Economic Policy (NEP).

vachisimbisa nzvimbo

Muna 1923, mugove ducats iri zvachose guru mari yakawedzera kubva matatu kusvika makumi masere muzana. Two mari yakazoshanduka kushanda munyika. Nokudaro, State Bank akazivisa mutsva zuva nezuva zvazvingava tenner. Izvi zvakapa yakaorera pokutangira zvokufungidzirwa uye anoita pakuonekwa nezvinetso kukura zveupfumi uye dzaishandiswa mabasa. With chervonets Kufamba nguva vakatanga kushandisa kunyanya muguta. Kumaruwa, zvinogona kutenga varimi dzakapfuma chete, nepo vanhuwo zvavo zvakanga prohibitively zvinodhura. Panguva iyoyo paiva pfungwa kuti kutengeswa nhumbi manotsi Soviet - ndiwo kuvamirira, saka zvokurima zvigadzirwa mitengo zvakawedzera, uye sumo dzavo muguta akaramba. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, paiva chechipiri dhinominesheni rubles (1: 100).

Travel kunyika kure

All zvikuru raidudzwa kwaiva kupinda zvezvimedu zvendarama kumisika yokumwe. Saka, kutanga muna April 1924 ayo Gengi hwakatanga ataurwa pamusoro New York Stock Exchange. Nomwedzi wokutanga, akagara pamwero mukuru wayo dhora parity. In Berlin, London uye akaita zvakawanda neSoviet ndibatsireiwo mari muna 1924-1925 gg. Pakupera 1925 takasarudza mubvunzo Pachikamu wayo Vienna Stock Exchange. Nepo ducat kare pamutemo vataurwa Shanghai, Tehran, Rome, Constantinople, Milan uye Riga. Inogona vakatsinhanisa neunotengwa munyika dzakawanda munyika.

kudzoka kukunda

Muna October, kwakasarudzwa kuti yendarama ducat achabudiswa zvakare pamusoro ndima pamwe papepa. Kukura uye unhu, unoenderana zvizere chete pre-echimurenga gumi-mari. Vasyutinskii - huru medalist chemindi - waiva munyori itsva chakagadzirwa. Saka, musi obverse anofananidzirwa nguvo maoko RSFSR, uye neizvi - murimi-wemukushi. The yokupedzisira chakaitwa Shadr chivezwa, zvino iri Tretyakov Gallery. yendarama ducat nerimwe ( "Murimi," sezvazvakanga dzakakurumbira kunzi) nezvenguva yomusi 1923.

Cash of simbi inokosha vakawanda vaifanira hurumende yeSoviet kuti dzimwe dzaishandiswa kushandiswa. Uyezve, imwe ducat goridhe (mapikicha dzinoturwa munyaya) dzimwe nguva rinoshandiswa senzira mubhadharo munyika. Mari vakanga yakagadzirwa muna guru uye ipapo kupararira mhiri mamiriro.

Kana chete vakatanga kubereka chinodhura mari Russian ndarama, paiva chiitiko chakadai: vamiririri Western akanyatsoramba kugamuchira mari idzi, sezvo vakanga Chirevo Soviet Union. Kugadzirisa kwakawanikwa pakarepo. The hwaro chitsva mari Nicholas vakatora goridhe chidimbu, iyo vatorwa vakatora mirawo. Saka, hurumende yeSoviet vakatanga kutenga zvinhu mitengo izvi vakawanikwa mubhanga manotsi pamwe mufananidzo vakazodzingwa mutongi.

Nguva pashure NEP

Collapsing New Economic Policy uye kutanga kwemaindasitiri kwakaderedza yendarama ducat. mutengo wayo aiva mukati 5.4 rubles por dhora. Zvadaro, iye anoita haichagona dziri kunze. Kuti kubatanidza mari ichaita kuti Ruble hwakasungirirwa kuti bepa rubles gumi. How zvikuru ndicho goridhe ducat muna 1925? Vakamupa rubles gumi. Zvadaro, zvainoreva uye ekisipoti inokosha simbi mari kunze Union rakarambidzwa zvachose.

Muna 1937 makanga akatevedzana chezita kukosha 1, 3, 5 uye 10 ducats. The utsanzi iyoyo - mufananidzo Lenin kurutivi rumwe mari.

Muna 1925 akarwara kushoma chaizvo chiratidzazvizhinji zvemhangura. Nezviyero zvose, unoenderana zvizere nendarama yesimbi yacho. Muna 2008, pagungano Moscow okisheni atenga kuti rubles mamiriyoni mashanu Russian (vanenge zvuru 165 zvemadhora).

yehondo

On vakawanda German-vakagaramo Soviet mundima ducat haana kurega kufamba. rubles gumi akatendera imwe Reichsmark. Gangaidzo ndechokuti pevatsigiri (mapurisa, mayors uye vamwe vanhu collaborated pamwe yechiFascist mauto) muna 1941-1943. Vakanga kuripira Soviet "paitonga Stalin" Ruble 1937 kusunungurwa nemifananidzo nevaya akarwa vaNazi uye Red Army vemauto vezvikepe (ava kunzi pfuma manotsi).

pamusoro Soviet ndima mitengo vaiva kuvatumwa muGermany. Izvi imhaka yokuti vaNazi artificially inflated mwero Reichsmark, saka, panguva kusunungurwa musha kubva nechisimba kukosha zvigadzirwa mumusika womunzvimbo akaramba zvinokosha, dzimwe nguva kunyange katatu. chokwadi ichi, Chokwadi, chokwadi panoonekwa vomunzvimbo.

The Soviet Union akarasikirwa nemari goridhe kusvikira 1947. Vakatsiviwa manotsi itsva denominated mu rubles. ducats gumi akapa mumwe Ruble.

Olympics 1980

State Bank of Soviet Union kubvira 1975 kusvika 1982, yokutanga rakapa mari vakaita ducats mharidzo 1923 pamwe nguvo maoko RSFSR uye misi itsva. kuparadzirwa Total aiva makopi 7.350.000. Mari idzi dzakanga yakagadzirwa pachiitiko Olympic Games muMoscow, asi havana kuva nomutemo nyoro chinzvimbo munharaunda Soviet Union. Vakanga aishandiswa kuitisa yokumwe zvokutengeserana kwema uye kutengeswa kune dzimwe vaenzi.

In mid-1990 Central Bank akatanga kutengesa "Olympic goridhe zvidimbu" sezvo mari mari, uye muna 2001 hurumende sangano vakasarudza kuti vave pamutemo nyoro pamwe sirivha trehrublevkoy "Sobol".

Yakakurumbira scams

chervontsi Soviet vakanga zvakakwana zvakaoma mari uye zvakasiyana dzakakwirira rokutenga simba. Vanowanzoororwa ndokugadzira kuitira yacho upfumi USSR uye zvisiri pamutemo kwema vari mumisika dzavatorwa.

Most zvose munhau iyi vashandi anokudzwa Shell Oil Company, vasingafari nezvaiitika ndechokuti kuti Union zvokurimisa mafuta nemutengo pazasi pamisika avhareji.

Most kazhinji counterfeited bhiri mumasangano chimwe yendarama, nekuti yakanga richiswedera kudivi rimwe chete. A guru kwazvo consignment enhema Bank manotsi vaigona kusungwa muna 1928 muna Murmansk. The pevhu sangano, ugovere yokunyepedzera Banknotes, yakadhindwa muna Germany, zvakanzi amuudza mabha- mushandi Sepalovym. The tsotsi zano rinokosha basa reDare vamwe vaimbova White Guards, kusanganisira Sadaterashvili uye Karumidze. Zvisinei, paitongwa vemhosva rakaitirwa Switzerland uye Germany, umo vakagamuchira rakadzika zvichibvira mitsara. Zvadaro, ruzivo dzavo vakabatsirwa nevaNazi, uyo muHondo Yenyika II yakabva yanyatsobatana Banknotes Soviet Union nedzimwe nyika.

Numismatist kuona

Paitonga Nicholas II yakagadzirwa munhu dzakazara imperials uye poluimperialy, izvo pamusoro nguva zvatsiviwa mari shoma uremu. Uyewo, kujairika yakapiwa kukumbira Russian zvavo mari muna 7.5 uye 15 rubles. Gift dvadtsatipyatirublevki stofrankovye uye egoridhe aende numismatic husiri nyore kuwana. Zvikuru anonyanya aiva munhuwo ducat. It yakabudiswa muna 1898-1911 gg. Zvisinei, kunyange pano pane zvagara: muna 1906 yakagadzirwa youmambo yendarama ducat, mutengo iri parizvino kusvika madhora zviuru gumi mana. Chete 10 maBhaibheri aya dzakabudiswa, ndokusaka vateresi vanoda kurwira kodzero isingawanzowanikwi mari yakadaro.

Vanhu vanoda kudzivirira mari dzavo, kazhinji pamberi kusarudza zvakaoma: angava uchatamisa mari madhora, kana euros, kana kusiya rubles ... Tichifunga kusagadzikana kwezvinhu misika yemari yose, vakawanda vari kufunga dzimwe inivhesitimendi zviridzwa. Somuenzaniso, mari inosimuka ducats goridhe kunyange nokukurumidza, asi zvishoma nezvishoma. Zvisinei, sei kuona nderechokwadi mari? On goridhe youmambo tchervonetses Nicholas II zviri hazvo mintsmeysterskie zviratidzo. Mumutauro wokuGermany münzmeister anonzi munhu anonyatsofarira anokonzera mutoo rakasikwa mari, uye ipapo - nokudzora chemindi. The pamusoro Zviratidzo akaisa pasi musi nyaya, pamusoro gumbo kana muswe gondo, pasi chiratidzo ehurumende kana pamupendero. Ivo Chaiva maviri initials münzmeister. Somuenzaniso, wamambo ducat 1899 nyaya pakataurwa rusarura kuti "FL", nekuti panguva mabasa honorary vakatumirwa Felix Zalemna.

Long-izwi upfumi tumari mumakore mashoma anogona kuunza makumi maviri kana matatu kubva muzana mari negore kuti uchabvuma, kwete zvakaipa.