Murwiyo uye arambe achirema pamusoro reparafini, muitiro kuti gadziriro yayo

Kwenguva yakareba, vanhu vakaedza kuwana nyore uye nyore kushandisa kunobva kupisa, chiedza uye peturu. Kekutanga sezvo izvi zvaiva zvake matanda uye uswa, gare gare vanhu vakadzidza kuita uye kushandisa peat. Zvadaro vanhu kwakaita chinokosha budiriro mune zvesainzi vakawanda - uye mafuta zvekutepfenyura zvikurukuru, vakatanga kushandisa reparafini.

Zviri musanganiswa Mahydrocarbon dzokubikira ari kudziya 150-250 ° C. Zviri pachena, jikichira, zvinobata moto mvura yaunganidzwa DISTILLATION yemafuta wakaipa. Zvichienderana kubudiswa nzira uye makemikari anoumba mu eparafini zvingasanganisira zvine Mahydrocarbon aliphatic mhando, naphthenic yeimwe, bicyclic yeimwe, akasiyana-siyana netsvina okisijeni, sarufa kana senitrogen zvinhu.

The huru danho iri kushanda mudzimba eparafini chokuita nokugadzirwa muna 1823 godu Refinery chikwata. Uye kubva 1950, apo iye akatanga vanoshingaira kuva turboprop uye kwendege, anotangazve mumwe rwaro, inonzi "ndege mafuta". Rinogadzirirwa uye mumwe uye vamwe mhando mafuta eparafini kubudikidza DISTILLATION. Munguva chikuru mafuta kubudiswa iri yakaidzwa nouipi siyana uye mvura (zvinokosha kuziva kuti arambe achirema kuti eparafini zvishoma arambe achirema mvura). Zvadaro kare akanatsa sezvamunoita iri pasi zvakananga DISTILLATION, umo kubika pfungwa yeHydrocarbon mafuta chakapatsanurwa ukasunungurwa uye residual mafuta.

Paavhareji, neparafini arambe achirema anenge 0,78-0,85 g pa cubic sendimita, uye nokupenya pfungwa anoda kubva 28 kusvika 72 ° C. The arambe achirema pamusoro combustible emura yaishandiswa mudzimba zvinangwa, akaenzana makirogiramu 830 chete cubic meter, uye ayo anopenya pfungwa iri kuda 35-40 ° C. Izvi ndicho zviratidzo. eparafini Density, kushandiswa okuvhenekesa mumigodhi uye mumidziyo maduku makirogiramu 860 paminiti cubic mita. Flashpoint ichi mhando emura angava kusvika 90 ° C. eparafini arambe achirema haasi asingasviki 780 makirogiramu muzana cubic mita. eparafini akadaro zvokushandisa avhiyesheni ivhu subsonic ndege.

By kerosine zvinonzwisiswa munhu arambe achirema ukoshi zvakatemwa kubudikidza nhamba mukanyiwa peturu kusvikira inzwi rayo. Kuona arambe achirema nemvura mafuta vachishandisa pycnometer - mudziyo zvikuru arongera Pakusarudza arambe achirema dzakasiyana-siyana mvura uye zvinhu zvakaoma.

Nokuti ongororo kunoda pycnometer thermostat anokwanisa kuramba tembiricha pa 20 ° C, mumwe Vacuum pombi, mumwe Vacuum desiccator, lämpömittari neparafini. The nzira riri pakuverenga arambe achirema yayo yakakamurwa muzvikamu akawanda. Chokutanga, kushambidzwa kwazvo uye pycnometer kuomeswa pachikero. Zvadaro kukotsira graphite uye pachikero zvakare kwaari. Ipapo chinu dzakadururwa eparafini (hafu vhoriyamu), muriise ari desiccator apo vachengeterwe inenge imwe awa.

In yechipiri Danho kuongorora pycnometer, vanobviswa desiccator uye akazadza zvakakwana Paraffin, akaiswa kuti awa imwe mazai chenguva duku. Pashure imwe nguva mudziyo rinobviswa muchoto uye kuziva vakawanda kwayo. Zvadaro, muna chete pycnometer, asi kutozivikanwa kushambidzwa uye yakaoma akazora, akadurura neparafini uye anoita zvose zvakafanana, asi pasina kuwedzera graphite. Matanho Similar kuitwa nokudurura munhu kwakajairika pycnometer pamwe kwakadonhera mvura.

Eparafini arambe achirema rinowanikwa nokushandisa mutoo: arambe achirema mvura kane musiyano kurema pycnometer pamwe eparafini uye graphite uye vakawanda zvachose chinhu pycnometer, uye mugumisiro yakakamurwa musiyano iri guru pakati pycnometer nemvura uye kurema chinhu pycnometer.

The siyana akabvumira pakati migumisiro mbiri dzakafanana determinations kunze havafaniri kupfuudza 0,01-0,02 g / cm.