Ndeipi chaivo hurongwa? Biological hurongwa: features, zvivako, sangano

Pfungwa multi-chechetere hurongwa upenyu sangano - mumwe kiyi nyaya iri nesayenzi yemazuva ano. All zvoutachiona zvinhu, maererano naye, vakabatanidzwa pachishandiswa zvimwe zvatariswa uye hwepedyo uye akaronga mune imwe hierarchical hurongwa. zvinotaurwa Similar ndivo nokudenga yose zvakasikwa zvavo. Kujairirana chokuti vakadaro utachiona gadziriro, zvakanaka kutanga tsanangudzo huru pfungwa.

nzwisisika dzidziso

Basic Pfungwa dzakaiswa ari pakati rokupedzisira remakore kubudikidza Ludwig of Bertalanffy. Ndiye akakurukura mukuru dzidziso hurongwa. Rinotaura zvose zvinhu zvakasikwa uye vanhu. Pfungwa rinozivisa zvipenyu, zvemagariro, nzvimbo, mumuviri, zveupfumi uye zvimwe nehurongwa kuti zvinobatana mumapoka makuru matatu: a Microcosm, macrocosm uye megaworld. Wokutanga ndiwo zvepakutanga nezvimedu uye maatomu kuti wechipiri - zvose kubva mamorekuru kuti makondinendi uye nyanza, wechitatu - nzvimbo zvinhu. Macrocosm uye zvinosanganisira zvipenyu enyika.

The pfungwa

System - mubatanidzwa nhengo dzinobva zvimwe ukama, vamwe mabasa pasi. The sangano chivakwa zvakadai, somunhu mutemo, chinosanganisira anoverengeka akarayira siyana. Muchiitiko ichi nechimwe chine maatomu akafanana kunogona zvishoma yepamusoro hurongwa hurongwa. An chinokosha pfuma yesangano yakadaro: yose iri qualitatively rakasiyana Verengai vanhu vose yenhengo dzayo. System - hausingori pakati zvechadenga okunze, rine itsva unhu imwe mhando.

All zvinhu zvenyika mhenyu akafanana hurongwa. Uye unhu, zvichibva tichienzanisa wandei okunze, ndiye kuratidzwa itsva upenyu.

yakazaruka

Kunzwisisa kuti vakadaro utachiona gadziriro, zvinoda rondedzero imwe pfuma yakafanana hurongwa. kudyidzana uku pamwe zvakatipoteredza. In pfungwa, sangano raJehovha chaivo gadziriro anogona kunge namahwindo kana rakashama. On musayendisiti tsika Hapana zvakazara akanyudzwa chivako. Chero mupenyu hurongwa nguva interacts pamwe zvakatipoteredza kuburikidza vamwe Semi-pamuganhu membrane. Masero - nayo bilipidnaya Kamudzira kubva nzvimbo yemapurisa - chifukidzo. Social hurongwa ikashandiswa pachishandiswa mitemo kana dzakananga ukama vanhu.

Zvakaratidza, mhinduro yomubvunzo wokuti, "Chii chaivo hurongwa" rinogona muchidimbu sezvinotevera: kuva tinyanye kusakarongeka masero mapenyu, iyo yakavakwa imwe hierarchical kuitira uye wakashama kunosiyana madhigirii, kuchinjana pamwe zvakatipoteredza.

umboo

All nevamwe maitiro pezvivako izvi - zvose zvinodiwa vakasiyana zvisina upenyu zvakasikwa. Tinokumbira zviratidzo zvoutachiona enyika nerondedzero wavo muchidimbu:

1. A chete mushonga akakura. All dzinongoitika zvinhu zvakavakwa zvakafanana mamorekuru. Zvisinei kurarama nyaya sezvo zvinokosha zvinosanganisira kabhoni, senitrogen, okisijeni, uye rehydrogen.
2. Muviri pamwe zvakatipoteredza. Ndiyo kubudirana pachena wegadziriro inorondedzerwa pfuma. Mumwe kuratidzwa kwayo - the volatility pezvivako dzakadaro.
3. Self-kuberekana (kubereka).
4. Nhodzera - pfuma kuchinjwa zviri marongerwo uye kushanda nezvizvarwa.
5. Variability - kuwana pfuma munguva upenyu hutsva zvinhu uye unyanzvi.
6. Kukura. Tinotungamirirwa kusingarapiki chinja. Govera nomumwe uye nhoroondo kukura zvipenyu mugadziriro, akadana ontogeny uye phylogeny, ukuwo.
7. Kushatirwa (hunenge Taxis) - pfuma kupindura mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira uye zvakatipoteredza chinja.
8. Discrete. Chero mhenyu Hurongwa rine yoga asi kuwirirana zvinhu wezvamatongerwe hierarchical marongerwo.
9. Kuzvidzora. Kune dzakawanda zvigadziriswe kuramba homeostasis, zvikaita kuti apone hurongwa. Kuzvidzora kunobva panheyo kunaka dzinovaka.
10. Rhythmicity. Kusimbisa uye simba pamusoro pezvakaitwa siyana panguva nenguva.

Kwevari sangano zvoutachiona gadziriro

zvivako izvi zviri kuramba chero pavaipfuura hierarchical mamiriro. Basic kwevari sangano zvoutachiona gadziriro Munokudzwa nani zvemasanga, sezvo chinhu wavo anogona kugoverwa akawanda zvinoriumba. Kazhinji, kutaura pamusoro muzvikamu zvina akanyatsorongwa ichi:

• samolecular nemagene chechetere;
• Makuriro chechetere;
• uwandu hwevanhu-howa chechetere;
• biogeocenotic chechetere.

Ngationgororei navo zvizere.

Molecular nemagene chechetere

macromolecules zvakadai dzakadai mapuroteni, lipids, makabhohaidhiretsi uye nucleic acids vari STRUCTURAL zvenyaya nhengo, asi kubudikidza pachavo havasi chizvarwa upenyu huzere.

Mumwe nomumwe zvinhu izvi anoita mabasa ayo. Makabhohaidhiretsi - ichikonzera simba. Lipids tiri chikamu plasma Kamudzira pakati masero. ndivo zvakare simba nokutengesa. Mapuroteni kuita zvikuru upenyu mabasa. Zvinosanganisira kwemarudzi maviri amino asidhi kuti anogona interleaved chero murayiro. Somugumisiro, pane zvikuru nhamba kwemapurotini anogona kurarama zvakasiyana chaizvo unongotaura. The nucleic acids DNA uye RNA, - hwaro yedzinza.

Macromolecules ikashandiswa kupinda zvivako, achiumba sero organelles: ribosomes, mitochondria, myofibrils, uye zvichingodaro. Vose vane mutoro nokuda zvimwe zvinhu zvipenyu zviratidzo, asi regai kusvika padanho kunzwisisa kuti anogona kunzi upenyu.

Danho rinotevera

Chii zvoutachiona hurongwa ndivo Makuriro chechetere? It zvinenge zvose, kubvira unicellular uye anopera mhuka uye vanhu, uyewo nhengo, nyama uye masero muviri. zvinhu zvose izvi zvinogona sechinoitika nomumwe wevakuru sangano zvoutachiona enyika, asi kuti zvivanakire uye nokuda mitemo rwevanhu, vanobatana.

Cell - zvepakutanga STRUCTURAL chairema sechivako zvipenyu. Iye padanho kunzwisisa kwakaita zvinhu zvipenyu ino, iyo kutanga anooneka sezvo kutanga upenyu. Sezvambotaurwa, zvakawanda nyore hurongwa zvinopa chete zvimwe. Keji ane zvose ehupfumi ose chaivo gadziriro.

Nyama uye nhengo - zvenguva sublevels Makuriro Danho. Shure kwavo zvipuka zvine masero akawanda. It kunoratidzwa mano chinozvimirira, budiriro uye kubereka. chinhu ichi chinosiyanisa wacho uye masero kubva zvomukati uye munyama.

Population, uye maonero

Kubva Danho kuti Danho hunowedzera kuoma utachiona gadziriro. Panguva inotevera pamwero pane marudzi uye vanhu. Chokutanga chine vanhu, inozivikanwa nhaka zvakafanana. dzinoverengeka parameters: Morphology, physiology, genetics, nzvimbo. Uye kupfuura pazvese: zvipenyu zviduku anoumba chimiro, anogona vakasununguka interbreed uye kusiya yakaorera vana.

Boka revanhu anotora rimwe ndima, unonzi dzinogarisana. Kazhinji, zvinonzi akapwanya siyana nenzvimbo zvipingamupinyi. Somugumisiro, chimiro rakakamurwa inoverengeka nekaupenyu voga vanhu. Sezvingatarisirwa, zvinhu zviri disunion kubva navamwe fomu pave kuunganidza chaiyo magene zvinhu. With simba zviratidzo siyana pamusoro vanhu, zvitsva mhando.

zvinhu zvipenyu

In vakuru vakuru kuti vanhu uye marudzi vanofanira kuva munharaunda biogeocoenosis uye Biosphere. Chokutanga chine nevanhu akasiyana marudzi, anoiswa munzvimbo iyoyo. Govera chirimwa, mhuka uye microbial munharaunda. mubatanidzwa wavo mukati chete nzvimbo richanzi biocoenosis. nhanho aya zvoutachiona gadziriro vari dzinoratidzwa hwepedyo vose vanhu.

Mamiriro ezvinhu umo zvinenge zviripo zvachose chokuita navo. The raora izvi zvinhu zvisina upenyu hunhu kwenzvimbo inonzi biotope. Environment uye Nzanga zvipenyu zviri kugara kukurukurirana, pane makopi nyaya uye simba. Naizvozvo biotope uye biocenosis zvabatanidzwa mu biogeocoenosis kana mararamiro. Izvi pamwero zvakare dzinoratidzwa zvose zvaidiwa wevapenyu; ndiye nguva dzose neZvapupu zvakatipoteredza, izvozvo chinotarisirwa panheyo kuzvidzora pezvakaitwa inozviisa zvimwe zvinogara.

At chepamusorosoro pamwero vakuru vakuru anoisa paNyika biosphere - the goko inogarwa nokurarama venyama. Huge kukanganisa ine basa nevanhu kuti kuramba kunounza zvipenyu njodzi.

Ndeipi chaivo hurongwa? Kutaura zvazviri, zviri zvipenyu zvose zvinenge nesu. Man kwakasiyana nemamwe masangano ari biosphere, kukwanisa kuziva, uye nokudaro Redirect uye kuchinja kwayakaita. Kunyange unyanzvi iri Homo sapiens kushanda rinopesana nechisikirwo. Zvisinei, nemhaka tine mukana kuchigadzira.