Superstring dzidziso dzakakurumbira mutauro Dummies

Superstring pfungwa, mumutauro dzakakurumbira, ndizvo zvose sezvo yakatarwa kuti vibrating tambo nesimba - hungiso. Ndivo hwaro hwezvisikwa. Pfungwa rinotsanangura vamwe zvinhu - branes. zvinhu zvose munyika yedu rine vibrations une hungiso uye branes. A dzinongoitika mugumisiro dzidziso kurondedzerwa regiravhiti. Ndokusaka masayendisiti anodavira kuti rine kiyi kubatana regiravhiti nevamwe mukukurukurirana.

Pfungwa iri kukudziridzwa

Dzidziso yacho vabatane munda, superstring dzidziso - evasingatombonamati akarongeka. Kufanana zvose zvenyama pfungwa, zviri inobva equations kuti anogona kududzira imwe nzira.

Nhasi, hapana anonyatsoziva chii chichava kwokupedzisira shanduro dzidziso iyi. The masayendisiti vane panzvimbo kujeka pfungwa dzayo nevakawanda okunze, asi hapana munhu achiri kukwira kwokupedzisira mukana wokuti vanhu vanga rwaizoparidzwa achivharwa vose superstring dzidziso uye kuedza haasati kukwanisa ngaadarowo (kunyange kuramba zvakare). Yefizikisi ndakasika itsanangudzo shanduro mukana wokuti vanhu vanga, asi Parizvino haritsananguri zvikuru zvakasikwa.

Superstring dzidziso nokuti beginners

In pfungwa pfungwa shanu dzinokosha.

1. Superstring dzidziso anofungidzira kuti zvose midziyo yedu nyika dzine vibrating tambo nesimba uye membranes.
2. Anoedza kuti ayananise talk relativity (giravhiti) pamwe quantum wefizikisi.
3. Superstring dzidziso achaita nokusangana yose inokosha mauto muchadenga.
4. pfungwa iyi anofanotaura kubatana itsva, supersymmetry, pakati maviri marudzi vangasimudzira akasiyana nezvimedu, bosons uye fermions.
5. Pfungwa rinotsanangura dzinoverengeka dzokuwedzera, kazhinji unobservable kukura muchadenga.

Akaya uye branes

Kana pfungwa rakamuka kwema1970, simba tambo mairi vaionekwa 1-dimensional zvinhu - hungiso. Shoko "rimwe-dimensional" anoratidza kuti tambo ane divi rimwe chete, urefu, kusiyana Somuenzaniso, sikweya, iro rine nokureba nokukwirira.

Izvi superstring dzidziso rinokamukana kupinda mhando mbiri - yakavharwa uye akazaruka. Open tambo ane mazano kuti havasi uchikurukura mumwe, apo namahwindo tambo iri loop pasina yakazaruka miromo. Somugumisiro, zvakanzi vakawana kuti hungiso izvi, hungiso anonzi wokutanga mhando, pachena 5 marudzi inokosha mukukurukurirana.

Kutaurirana kwavatori dzinobva tambo kugona kubatanidza uye kugoverana mazano avo. Sezvo kumigumo une hungiso yakazaruka anogona kuuya pamwe chete kuti aumbe yakavharwa, hazvibviri kuvaka dzidziso superstrings, kwete kusanganisira thick tambo.

Izvi zvakaratidza kukosha sezvo hungiso namahwindo vane ehupfumi kuti inofungidzirwa wefizikisi kuti aigona kutsanangura negiravhiti. Nemamwe mashoko, masayendisiti akaona kuti superstring dzidziso, pane kutsanangura nyaya inoramba vanogona kutsanangura maitiro avo uye simba regiravhiti.

Papera makore zvakanzi yakawanikwa kuti, kuwedzera pane udimbwa, uye zvimwe zvinokosha dzidziso. Vanogona sechinoitika machira kana brane. Akaya chinogona kubatanidzwa navo mumwe kana mativi.

quantum giravhiti

Modern Physics ane mbiri huru yesayenzi mutemo: mukuru dzidziso relativity (GR) uye quantum. Dzinomirira akasiyana zvachose munda sayenzi. Quantum Physics inotaura kupfuura nezvimedu dzinongoitika uye GTR, sezvo mutemo, rinotsanangura hunhu kutambudzwa mapuraneti, mapoka enyeredzi pamwe zvakasikwa yose. Hypotheses kuti edza chokubatanidza kwavari anonzi dzidziso quantum regiravhiti. The kupfuura vaizotibata izvi zvino tambo.

Closed shinda dzinoenderana maitiro regiravhiti. Zvikurukuru, vane ehupfumi graviton PARTICIPLE dzakatakura negiravhiti pakati zvinhu.

Ndakabatana mauto

Tambo dzidziso kuedza kubatanidza masimba mana - remagetsi, simba uye simba nemauto zvenyukireya, nerukudzo - kupinda chimwe. Munyika yedu, vanoratidza pachavo sezvo ina mananara, asi tambo theorists vanodavira kuti mukutanga muchadenga, kana paiva kusimba mukuru wevakuru simba, vose vehondo izvi zvinorondedzerwa ne tambo, kuwadzana nomumwe.

supersymmetry

nezvimedu All zvose zvinogona rakakamurwa mhando mbiri: bosons uye fermions. Tambo dzidziso anofungidzira kuti pane ukama pakati pavo, aizivikanwa supersymmetry. Kana supersymmetry nerimwe boson uye fermion anofanira kurarama neimwe fermion - boson. Zvinosuruvarisa experimentally Kuvapo inoramba yakadaro haina yasimbiswa.

Supersymmetry chinhu kwemasvomhu ukama pakati okunze muviri equations. Akawanikwa mune imwe nzvimbo ine wefizikisi uye chikumbiro chacho kwakaita kuti renaming pakati dzidziso supersymmetry tambo (kana superstring dzidziso, nemutauro dzakakurumbira) mu pema1970.

Mumwe zvakanakira supersymmetry ndechokuti nyore mukana wokuti vanhu vanga kwazvo, vachibvumira kubvisa zvimwe variables. Pasina supersymmetry equations dzinotungamirira mumuviri kuzvipokanidza, akadai kukosha kusingaperi uye zvekufungidzira simba mumatunhu.

Sezvo masayendisiti haana akaona PARTICIPLE nezvacho supersymmetry, kuchiri pfungwa. yefizikisi Vazhinji vanodavira kuti chikonzero ichi - kudiwa chinokosha yakawanda simba, iyo chokuita chinozivikanwa kurema Einstein kuti mukana wokuti vanhu vanga E = mc ^2. nezvimedu izvi zvinogona kuvapo mukutanga zvakasikwa, asi sezvarakadzidziswa dzaserera, uye mushure Big Bang, simba kupararira, inoramba aya vakatamira yakaderera simba nhanho.

Nemamwe mashoko, parukungiso kuzunguza tsandanyama sezvo mukuru simba nezvimedu vakarasikirwa simba, iyo akavaita zvinhu hwakaderera vibration.

Vatsvakurudzi aitarisira kuti muchadenga pakuongorora kana kuedza PARTICIPLE accelerators vanosimbisa pfungwa, kuona vamwe supersymmetric zvinhu pamwe yakakwirira simba.

mamwe zvokuyera

Other kwemasvomhu mugumisiro tambo dzidziso ndechokuti musoro munyika, nhamba kuyerwa mukuru matatu. Pari zvino pane tsanangudzo maviri ichi:

1. Zvimwe kuyerwa (nhanhatu vavo) kunge akapeta, kana, mune mazwi ose tambo yokuti compactified kune kusimba duku kukura, kunzwisisa ndiani hahuzombobudiriri.
2. Takanga rakabayirwa 3-dimensional brane, uye zvimwe kukura wedzera mberi uye havasi yatiinayo.

An nzvimbo inokosha kutsvakurudza pakati theorists ndiyo kwemasvomhu Modelling sei zvimwe zvinzvimbo izvi zvinogona chokuita edu pachedu. Recent zvabuda kufungidzira kuti masayendisiti nokukurumidza kukwanisa kuona izvi zvokuwedzera kukura (kana kuti zviripo) ari kuuya kuedza, sezvo vave kupfuura kare kutarisirwa.

kunzwisisa chinangwa

Chinangwa vakatsvaka nemasayendisiti kuferefeta superstrings - "Pfungwa zvose", kureva rimwe wenyama pfungwa kuti panguva chaipo rinotsanangura zvose panyama chokwadi ... Kana vakabudirira, zvinogona kujekesa mibvunzo yakawanda pamusoro maumbirwo zvakasikwa.

Tsanangudzo yacho uye vakawanda

Chimwe chikuru mabasa pakutsvakurudza ano - kutsvaka mhinduro chaiyo inoramba.

Tambo dzidziso akatanga kuva pfungwa achirondedzera zvacho zvakadai hadrons, siyana dzakakwirira vibrational inoti zviri parukungiso. In Formulations dzakawanda ano, nyaya, kuchengetwa muchadenga chedu mugumisiro vibration une hungiso uye branes pamwe yakadereresa simba. The vibrations rumwe mukuru-simba nezvimedu, iyo zvino munyika yedu tiri havapo.

The vakawanda izvi zvokutanga nezvimedu chinoratidza sei parukungiso uye branes compactified zvakapombwa yokuwedzera kukura. Somuenzaniso, mune itsanangudzo zvavari kana kuputirwa chimiro doughnut, inonzi mathematicians uye yefizikisi torus tambo anogona nejira chimiro ichi nenzira mbiri:

• loop pfupi kuburikidza pakati torus;
• refu loop kumativi yose rokunze sekamufarenzi yacho torus.

The pfupi loop chinhu chiedza PARTICIPLE, uye vakawanda - kwazvo. Kana iwe putira tambo akapoteredza toroidal compactified kuyera nokuumbwa itsva zvinhu negurumwandira zvakasiyana.

Superstring dzidziso zvishoma uye zvakajeka, anongoti uye Washington rinotsanangura yezwi yakareba vakawanda. Rakabhuroka chipimo zvakaoma zvikuru torus, asi pfungwa naivowo kushanda.

Zvinoita kunyange zvichiita, kunyange zvakaoma kufungidzira kuti netambo Achiputira kuti torus nenzira mbiri panguva imwe chete, iyo kuchaguma imwe PARTICIPLE ane zvakasiyana guru. Branes kunogonawo putira zvokuwedzera kukura, nokusika mikana zvakatonyanya.

Definition of nzvimbo uye nguva

Mushanduro superstring dzidziso yakayerwa collapses, achivaita unobservable panguva kuitika pamwero kwemichina kukura zhinji.

Parizvino hazvisi pachena kana tambo yokuti vaigona kutsanangura chinokosha chimiro nzvimbo uye nguva pane zvaakaita Einstein. It miganhu ndiwo colour kuti kukurukurirana une hungiso uye akazvimirira pfungwa chaiko havana.

We kupa tsananguro, asina kunyorwa kwenyaya chose, chokuita nokuzvininipisa nzvimbo-nguva sezvo rinobva pakati yaipedzerwa zvose tambo mukukurukurirana.

Izvi hazvirevi kusangana maonero mamwe yefizikisi kuti kwaita kuti kutsoropodza pfungwa. Yemakwikwi Dzidziso loop quantum regiravhiti Sepokutangira achishandisa quantization nzvimbo uye nguva. Vamwe vanodavira kuti pakupedzisira zvichava chete yakasiyana kusvika kune vose zvakafanana inokosha pfungwa.

Quantization regiravhiti

The chikuru budiriro pamusoro pfungwa iyi, kana yasimbiswa, kuchava quantum dzidziso regiravhiti. tsananguro Current regiravhiti vakawanda relativity dzisingapindirani quantum wefizikisi. Last, nokuisa rairambidzwa kwemaitiro nezvimedu duku, apo vachiedza kuongorora zvose mune chaizvo pamwero muduku kunotungamirira kuzvipokanidza.

Kubatanidzwa Mauto

Pari, yefizikisi vanozivikanwa mana anokosha ravarwi giravhiti, remagetsi, simba uye simba renyukireya mukukurukurirana. Kubva tambo dzidziso inoreva kuti zvose zvadzaimboita kuratidzwa chete.

Maererano pfungwa iyi, sezvo zvinhu zvose zvakasikwa mangwanani dzaserera mushure guru bang, ndiko chete kusakarongeka vakakamukana kupinda zvakasiyana uchishandisa nhasi.

Kuedza dzakakwirira simba nokusingaperi unotipa kuwana pamwe mauto aya, kunyange kuedza aya kure ruzivo rwokugadzira kukura.

shanu zvokusarudza

Pashure superstring chimurenga muna 1984, kukura kwakaitika pane imwe kwokupisa kumhanya. Somugumisiro, pane imwe pfungwa akatendeuka mashanu, unonzi mhando I, IIA, IIB, HO, IYE, imwe neimwe iyo inorondedzera zvinenge chose nyika yedu, asi kwete kusvika pakuguma.

Physics, unobata shanduro tambo yokuti mune tariro yokuwana yechokwadi yezvisikwa payakavakirwa, akasika 5 dzakasiyana siyana nokuzvidzora zvakakwana. Vamwe zvivako zvavo vanoratidza chokwadi wenyika chaiko, vamwe vakanga nhema.

M-dzidziso

Pane musangano muna 1995, ari yefizikisi Edward Witten zvinganaka akashinga mhinduro kuna hypotheses shanu. Zvichienderana kuwanikwa duality, vose vave anokosha zviitiko imwe chete misoro pfungwa anonzi Witten M dzidziso superstrings. Mumwe kiyi pfungwa zvakava brane (chidimbu kubva Kamudzira), zvinokosha zvinhu kuva anopfuura rimwe divi. Kunyange zvazvo munyori haana vakapa zvizere shanduro, iyo haisi kure, kuti M dzidziso superstrings muchidimbu inoumbwa zvinotevera zviri:

• 11-divi (10 kuwedzerazve 1 spatial rwepanyama divi);
• duality, izvo zvinozoita kuti shanu nezvemafambiro achitsanangura chete wenyama chokwadi;
• branes - hungiso, vanopfuura 1 chipimo.

tsvangurudza

Somugumisiro, panzvimbo imwe paiva 10 ⁵⁰⁰ sarudzo. Vamwe yefizikisi yaiva mhaka dambudziko, apo vamwe vakatora Anthropic musimboti, iro rinotsanangura ehupfumi zvakasikwa nokuvapo yedu mariri. Zvazvinosarira kuti kutarisirwa, kana theorists vachawana imwe nzira kufamba superstring dzidziso.

Vamwe kududzira vanoti kuti nyika yedu haisi chete. The okunyanyisa mushanduro dzakawanda kubvumira kuvapo isingaperi uwandu universes, mamwe ane chaiwo makopi edu.

Einstein pfungwa inofanotaura kuvapo kushoma nzvimbo, iyo inonzi wormhole kana Einstein-Rosen zambuko. Panyaya iyi miviri kure nzvimbo akabatanidza ndima pfupi. Superstring dzidziso kunoita kwete chete kuti, asiwo kubatana pakati kure pfungwa dzakafanana nyika. Unogona kunyange dzinofamba pakati universes mitemo yakasiyana pamusoro wefizikisi. Zvisinei, zvimwe sarudzo, apo quantum dzidziso regiravhiti achaita kuti kuvapo kwavo hazviiti.

yefizikisi Vakawanda vanodavira kuti mashoko holographic pfungwa, kana mashoko ose ari vhoriyamu nzvimbo, unoenderana mashoko akanyorwa nechepamusoro, kuchaita pakunzwisisa zvakadzama pfungwa simba tambo.

Vamwe vanodavira kuti superstring dzidziso achibvumira akawanda kuyerwa nguva, zvichizoita kunogona rwendo kuburikidza navo.

Mukuwedzera, muna yechinangwa pfungwa pane imwe nzira kune Big Bang wokuenzanisira, maererano chadenga chedu chaiva mugumisiro kudhumhana pakati branes maviri uye anoenda kuburikidza kudzokororwa Zvinonzi zvisikwa uye kuparadza.

Pakupedzisira mugumo wezvinhu zvose hwagara kubatikana yefizikisi, uye yokupedzisira shanduro tambo dzidziso kunogona kubatsira kuona arambe achirema kwenyaya uye cosmological rusingaperi. Achiziva tsika idzi, cosmologists achakwanisa kuziva kuti zvose zvichava ndizvipete kusvikira, kusvikira rinoputika, zvose zvakatanga zvakare.

Hapana anoziva zvakaipira yesayenzi yechokwadi, chero bedzi rirege kukudziridzwa uye vaedzwa. Einstein, achinyora mukana wokuti vanhu vanga E = mc ^2, aisatarisira kuti kuchatungamirira chidzoke zvombo zvenyukireya. The creators pamusoro quantum wefizikisi havana kuziva kuti zvichaitika hwaro nokuda Laser uye transistor. Uye kunyange zvichigere kuzivikanwa chii vachatitaka evasingatombonamati yokungotaura pfungwa yakadaro, nhoroondo inoratidza zvechokwadi kuti achawana chinhu chinoshamisa.

Kuti uwane mashoko pamusoro pfungwa iyi inogona kuwanikwa mubhuku Endryu Tsimmermana "Super String dzidziso nokuda Dummies."