InotungamirwaSainzi

Mitemo inokosha nhaka unhu, Mendel yakasimbiswa: tsananguro uye mashandiro

Vanhu vane nguva dzose kuziva mitemo nhaka. Nei vana patakafanana nevabereki vavo? Pane imwe ngozi kupararira enhaka zvirwere? Izvi uye nemimwe mibvunzo yakawanda akaramba yakafukidzwa chakavanzika kutozosvikira XIX remakore. Yakanga Mendel akakwanisa kuunganidza zvose zivo vaunganidza panyaya, uyewo akaoma Analytical miedzo kuti asimbise mitemo yakananga.

Mendel mupiro kukudziri- genetics

Mitemo inokosha nhaka unhu - ndidzo mazano maererano vamwe unhu apfuura kubva mubereki zvinenge kuvana vavo. Kuwanika dzavo uye akajeka chokuita yavlya.tsya Gregor Mendel, dzaiimba panyaya dzakawanda kuedza.

The chikuru budiriro yacho musayendisiti - ndiwo uchapupu discrete nehunhu enhaka zvinhu. Nemamwe mashoko, nokuti mumwe inoti unoenderana nechimwe Gene. The mepu yokutanga dzakavakwa zviyo Drosophila. Ekupedzisira chinhu chekare chinhu nokuda nemagene kuedza.

Mendel kwakaita munorumbidzirweiko haigoni dzakanaka, sezvo vachiti, uye masayendisiti dzedu. Saka, yakakurumbira geneticist Resovskii Timofeev yakati kuti Mendel aiva wokutanga vakaperekedza dzinokosha kuedza akapa rondedzero yakarurama mananara kuti kare aivapo nenhanho hypotheses. Saka, zvinogona kunzi piyona ine kwemasvomhu nemafungiro mumunda zvipenyu uye genetics.

vamutangira

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mifananidzo nhaka Mendelian zvinoyemurika hadzina akagadzira ari Vacuum. tsvakurudzo ake kwaibva zvakawanwa vamutangira. Zvinofanira kunyanya kuzivikanwa masayendisiti zvinotevera:

  • J .. Goss vakaperekedza kwakaita pizi, achiyambuka zvirimwa pamwe nezvibereko mavara akasiyana. Zviri nemhaka zvidzidzo izvi mitemo kufanana wokutanga chizvarwa VaNefirimu pazvakawanikwa, uyewo kukwana kutonga. Mendel chete concretized uye akasimbisa pfungwa iyi.
  • Augustin Sarzhe - a murimi uyo akasarudza kuti kuedza ake cucurbits. Paakatanga kudzidza nhaka unhu havasi pamwe uye mumwe nomumwe. Iye ane mashoko kuti hazvina kusanganiswa kupararira maitiro-siyana pamwe chete. Saka, nhodzera Ndinoramba.
  • Naudin aita tsvakurudzo pamusoro akasiyana siyana miti akadai Datura. Aongorora zvakawanikwa, aiona zvakakodzera kutaura pamberi chikuru features, izvo kazhinji kacho kuchatekeshera.

Saka, pakazosvika XIX remakore zvazikamwa mananara zvakadai kutonga, kufanana parudzi wokutanga, uyewo nekutambira vatambi vari combinatorics VaNefirimu. Kunyange zvakadaro, mukuru mukuru regularities yakabereka haana. Ndicho kuongorora iripo mashoko uye kukura rakavimbika nzira kuongorora zviri chikuru kukosha Mendel.

Nzira basa Mendel raMwari

Mifananidzo nhaka Mendelian zvinoyemurika vakanga akagadzira somugumisiro zvinokosha tsvakurudzo. The musayendisiti mabasa ari sezvinotevera:

  • nhaka unhu hakunganzi pamwe uye mumwe nomumwe;
  • nokuti Kuongororwa pane kusarudza chete zvinhu vanomiririra nouchapupu kusiyana kwemarudzi (zvinokwanisika zvakanyatsojeka kutsanangura mifananidzo nhaka izvi);
  • Zvidzidzo kunge inokosha (Mendel akadzidza vazhinji mhando pizi, dzaiva zvose zvakachena uye dzemasanganiswa, uye ipapo vakayambuka "mwana"), izvo akabvumira kutaura pamusoro zvinhu sezvazviri kwemigumisiro;
  • Shandisa yakarurama quantitative nzira iri kuongorora humboo (kushandisa ruzivo dzidziso mukana, Mendel akaderedza mwero anongoitika zvarakasiya).

Murairo zvakafanana pakati VaNefirimu

Kufunga mitemo nhaka, zvinokosha mari chaiyo kuteerera kufanana wokutanga chizvarwa VaNefirimu. Rakanga yakawanikwa pedyo ruzivo, panguva iyo yakabereka hybridization mubereki siyana pamwe chete achisiyanisa inoti (chimiro, ruvara uye zvichingodaro. D.).

Mendel kwakasarudzwa kuti kuitisa kumwe kuedza musi nemarudzi maviri pizi - nemaruva matsvuku. Somugumisiro, wokutanga-chizvarwa VaNefirimu vakapiwa dzepepuru inflorescences. Saka, paiva chikonzero kutaura pamberi hukuru uye recessive unhu.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti zvakaitika Mendel akanga asiri oga. Akashandisa yokuzvionera vaine dzimwe miti Inflorescence rinoreva, zvitarisiko nemichero, zvakasiyana hunde kukwirira uye dzimwe nzira. Empirically, akakwanisa kuratidza kuti zvose rokutanga kurongeka uye yunifomu VaNefirimu vanoonekwa ne hukuru chinhu.

kukwana kutonga

In taongorora mubvunzo uyu, sezvo mifananidzo nhaka unhu, kuedza yaiitwa sapamazuva zvinomera, uye zvipenyu. Saka, zvakanga vakawana kuti haana nguva dzose zviratidzo vari ukama yokutongwa kwakakwana uye kudzvinyirira. Somuenzaniso, apo huku akayambuka vatema uye chena ruvara aigona kuwana pfumbu mwana. Saka vamwe mbesa sezvo mhando dzepepuru uye chena nemaruva goho wakapiwa rwepingi kwerima guru. Saka, zvinobvira kuchinja wokutanga musimboti, zvichiratidza kuti chokutanga chizvarwa VaNefirimu vachava chete zviratidzo, uye vanogona kuva zvenguva.

kukamurwa zviratidzo

Kuramba kuongorora mitemo nhaka, Mendel akawana zvakakodzera kuisa mashoko kuyambuka maviri chizvarwa chokutanga vana (heterozygous). Somugumisiro, mwana avapo, chikamu waiva hukuru unhu, uye mumwe - a recessive. Kubva ichi tinogona kugumisa kuti zviduku chiratidzo kuchizvarwa rokutanga VaNefirimu hakuiti zvachose, asi chete woutsinye uye zvingaita zvakanaka kuitika mu haizopereri mwana.

rakazvimirira nhaka

mibvunzo yakawanda kuti mitemo nhaka. Kuedza vanobatwawo vanhu Mendel, izvo vakasiyana mumwe akawanda zvinhu. Nokuti mumwe yapfuura mapatani vakachengeta yoga. Asi ikozvino, kutarisa raora zviratidzo, izvozvo akatadza kuziva chero mapatani pakati anofambidzana dzavo. Saka, pane chikonzero kutaura nhaka rusununguko.

kuchena mutemo gametes

Vamwe mifananidzo nhaka yakatangwa Mendel, vaiva evasingatombonamati tsvagai. Tiri kutaura mutemo wakachena gametes randinogara mune chokwadi kuti chete anowana rimwe allele ungatakurwa huri Gene nomubereki shiri.

Munguva Mendel vasina hwokugadzira nzira kusimbisa pfungwa iyi. Zvisinei, musayendisiti akakwanisa kuzoumba mutsara. Chaizvoizvo Its kunoratidzwa chokuti munguva paumbwe VaNefirimu enhaka zvatariswa zvinochengeterwa mudura kuchinja chimiro, uye hazvipindiri.

zvinokosha ezvinhu

Dzinza rako - sayenzi kuti kudzidza mitemo nhaka. Mendel akaita rakakura ayo kukura, wakati akakurukura chikuru nzvimbo panyaya. Zvisinei, kuti vanomhanya, unofanira zvinoenderana ezvinhu anotevera zvinokosha:

  • yepakutanga siyana kunge homozygous;
  • alternativeness zviratidzo;
  • chete ndingangokuvara inotungamirwa zvakasiyana alleles vari chemasanganiswa;
  • izvo akaenzana chinhanho kubva gametes;
  • kana gametes muchangosangana vasanganiswa randomly;
  • zygotes ne zvakasiyana mubatanidzwa majini zvakafanana musoro;
  • nhamba yevanhu vezera wechipiri inofanira kuva kwakakwana rokubata zvabuda vakawana nguva dzose;
  • kuratidza zviratidzo havafaniri kuva novimba simba nechitarisiko ezvinhu.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti Data vanotaurwa anoenderana zvikuru zvipenyu, kusanganisira murume.

Mifananidzo nhaka unhu muvanhu

Pasinei chokwadi kuti pakutanga havawanzoiti majini Misimboti chirimwa muenzaniso, mhuka uye vanhu, ivo zvakare kushanda. Zvinokosha kutaura kwemarudzi aya nhaka:

  • Autosomal rave - chikuru nhaka unhu kuti vemunyika kuburikidza autosomes. Panyaya iyi, iyo phenotype vangava zvakasimba akaratidza, uye nepaburi kuchioneka. In kwakadai nhaka mukana wokuti mwana zvemamiriro allele kubva mubereki 50%.
  • Autosomal recessive - nhaka yechipiri zviratidzo nechokuita autosomes. The chirwere kunoratidzwa homozygotes, sezvamakaropafadzwa vose alleles vanokanganiswa.
  • Chikuru X-chokuita mhando kunosanganisira tama hukuru unhu deterministic magene. Panyaya iyi, chirwere vakadzi kuitika kaviri kakawanda kupfuura vanhu.
  • X-yakabatana Recessive Type - nhaka kunoitika panguva simba chinhu. Chirwere kana zvayo nomumwe zvinhu munogara richiratidzwa womukomana, uye vakadzi - oga homozygous mamiriro.

zvinhu pfungwa

Kuti tinzwisise sei mifananidzo nhaka unhu basa Mendel uye zvimwe nemagene pezvakaitwa vanofanira kudzidza dzinokosha tsanangudzo uye pfungwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvinotevera:

  • Hune chinhu - the koshesa chikabviswa iyo anoita sezvo kusarudza ezvinhu uye anovanza kukura Gene recessive.
  • Recessive unhu - maitiro, iyo nhaka, asi asingadi kuita zvinokosha.
  • Homozygote - diploid munhu kana sero okutodza kuti ane sero imwechete majini.
  • Heterozygote - diploids kana masero aunopiwa cleavage uye ane alleles zvakasiyana mukati chete Gene.
  • Allele - ichi ndechimwe dzimwe nzira zviratidzo, riri pane imwe nzvimbo pamusoro chromosome uye dzinoratidzwa rakasiyana nucleotide kutevedzana.
  • Allele - peya majini kuti dziri munzvimbo imwe nzvimbo pamusoro homologous okutodza uye kudzora dzimwe unhu.
  • Non-allelic majini dziri pamusoro dzakasiyana-siyana okutodza uye vane basa kuratidzwa zviratidzo zvakasiyana-siyana.

mhedziso

Mendel akagadzira nekusimba mitemo inokosha nhaka. tsananguro dzavo anopiwa ari muenzaniso zvinomera uye zvishoma nyore. Asi tsika, zviri akanaka kune vose zvipenyu.

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