Ndechipi musiyano pakati pemashoko ekushandiswa kwema polysemantic uye mahomoni? Tsanangudzo, mienzaniso

Paunodzidza mutauro weRussia unosangana nemashoko akawanda. Muchikamu chinoti "Vocabulary" pane mazwi anopfuura makumi maviri nemaviri anobvumira kutsanangura matanho akasiyana-siyana mumutauro weRussia. Chinosiyanisa mazwi echiPolismantic kubva pamakoronyms anorondedzerwa gare gare munyaya ino.

Vocabulary

Mashoko echikamu ndicho chikamu chikuru chemitauro. Inoumbwa nezvikwata - mazwi, kuburikidza nazvo zvatinokwanisa kugadzira pfungwa dzedu. Kuita pfungwa dzedu nemazwi, tinoreva kuti aya mazwi anorevei. Tsanangudzo dzakadaro dzemashoko dzakagadzirirwa mumashanduriro.

Chinyorwa chimwe nechimwe chezvinyorwa chinotsanangura mavhopupeti inonzwika yezwi kune ichocho kana chinoshamisa icho chinoratidza. Lexical zvinoreva kubva muzvikamu zvose zvemashoko ezwi zvinoshevedza zvakanyanya, izvo zvinoonekwa sezvakanakira.

Shoko risina chinangwa haringagoni. Uye pano ndinofanira kutaura pamusoro pechinhu ichi muchiRussia: mamwe mazwi ane zvarinoreva (somuenzaniso, bandage, analgin, trolley, zita, etc.), uye kune vamwe kune zvakawanda (somuenzaniso, moto muchoto uye mumvura , Shati yeSleeve uye rwizi, nezvimwewo).

Mashoko asinganzwisisiki mumutauro weRussia mazhinji, kazhinji iwo mazwi, mazita emhuka, mbeu kana zita reimwe basa. Somuenzaniso, syntax, roe deer, birch, neuropathologist. Kana zvose zvakajeka neboka iri, ipapo rechipiri rinogona kukonzera mamwe matambudziko pakugadza: pano zvakakosha kutaura pamusoro pemashoko maviri akasiyana kubva kune mumwe. Ndiwo mazita evanhu vasingazivikanwi uye mazita echirevo.

Mashoko ane chirevo chimwe chinoita kuti zvive nyore kugadzira kutaura kwedu zvakajeka uye zvakajeka. Neimwe boka boka iri rakaoma kunzwisisa: zvinoreva zvinganzwisiswa chete kubva mumamiriro ezvinhu.

Mienzaniso yezvinyorwa zvemashoko nemapurosemantic nekunyatsoongorora zvinoratidza kusiyana kukuru pakati pemapoka aya kubva kune mumwe.

Mashoko mazhinji-anokosha

Apo patinotaura rimwe rwiyo rwakagadzirwa uye zvinhu zvakawanda kana zvinhu zvinoshamisa zvezvinhu zvinoitika zvinosanganiswa mukuziva kwedu, saka tiri kusangana nemashoko akawanda anokoshesa.

Somuenzaniso, neshoko rokuti "nyeredzi" unogona kufungidzira nyeredzi iri mudenga, nyeredzi yemabhizimisi ekuratidzira, starfish.

Mashoko akasiyana-siyana mumutauro wechiRussia anowanzoitika. Aya ndiwo anonyanya kushandiswa, mazwi anowanzoshandiswa. Vanogona kuva nezvirevo zvakawanda. Saka, semuenzaniso, shoko rokuti "enda" mumutsanangudzo weOzhegov rine zvinoreva makumi maviri nematanhatu. Pakati pavo ndezvi: nguva inopera, maawa anoenda (kuratidza nguva), mvura inoenda (inodonha), munhu anofamba (anofamba), jasi rinopinda (rinosvika kumeso), nezvimwewo.

Maitiro ezwi rakagadziriswa ane chinhu chinowanikwa. Somuenzaniso, iyi ndiyo "mutungamiri" weshoko rokuti "mugwagwa": mugwagwa weAsphalt, mugwagwa unoenda mumba, mugwagwa wehupenyu, rwendo.

Zvose zvinokosha zvezwi rinoshandiswa zvakaparadzaniswa kuva mapoka maviri: yekutanga ndiyo inonyatsojekesa, uye zvigadzirwa zvinoshandiswa. Chechipiri ndechikonzero chekutumira tsamba-mutsara shell yezwi kune chimwe chinhu pane imwe. Semuenzaniso, izwi rokuti "hove" rinoreva "chivha" uye "chikamu chemafungus," chiratidzo chinowanikwa che "munda wechitenderedzwa."

Somugumisiro wekutsvaira kwakadaro, chirevo uye meshoni inogona kuguma. Chirevo chekufananidzira ndiko kutenderedzwa kunoenderana nekufanana: nechimiro (bhero bhokisi); Nemavara (maguru madutu); Nzvimbo (muswe wendege), kuburikidza nekushanda (murwi wekupinda). Metonymy inotora mufananidzo wepfungwa (dutu rekuomba - kurira kukuru, kurarama mumugomba kwakaipa).

Uye zvino ngationei kuti chii chinosiyanisa mazwi echiPolismantic kubva kumakoronyms.

Homonyms

Iri rimwe boka remashoko muRussia. Vane kufanana mukunyora nekududzira, asi zvinoreva zvinhu zvakasiyana zvachose. Semuenzaniso, kusungurudza - bvudzi redzimai uye yekurima kwekurima, magirazi - chigadziro chekuvandudza meso uye zvikamu mumutambo.

Nokudaro, kufanana nezvimwe rudzi rwezvakaitika ndizvo zvinoparadzanisa mazwi epa polysemantic kubva pamakoronyms.

Mitauro yevaromonyms

Mahomoni anogoverwa mumhando dzinotevera:

• Homographs mazwi akanyorwa nenzira imwechete, asi akataurirana zvakasiyana; Somuenzaniso, "zamok" - "zamok";
• Mahedheni - anonzwika zvakafanana, asi akasiyana zvakanyorwa; Somuenzaniso, "raft" - "chibereko";
• Omoforms mazwi anowirirana mune rimwe chimiro chechirama; Semuenzaniso, "girazi" ishoko uye chiito munguva yapfuura.

Kusiyana

Murondedzeri wemazuva ano Alexander Kushner ane nhetembo "Isu neMuganhu Bill", uko mazwi ose emadhemoni uye mazwi ehurumende anonyatsomiririrwa: kusiyana pakati pemapoka maviri kwakanyatsooneka.

Takanga tichiyemura mabhanhire paNeva,

Apo vaifamba ngarava, vakamanikidzwa nechando.

Mumwe mutorwa anonzi Bill

Akanga ari nesu pedyo uye achishamisa munhu wose:

"Iwe unoti iyi ndiyo walrus,

Chii chaaive akafuka shangu, sekushambira? "...

"Ndine tsitsi," ndakati, "kuti muscovites mukupedzisira

VaLeningrad vakabvisa pfungwa dzavo. "

Mumwe mutorwa anonzi Bill

Akanga ari nesu pedyo uye achishamisa munhu wose:

"Tipe," akadaro, "kuti uende kuNew York,

Ndichatumira magirazi kune vaLeningraders vadiwa. "

Mashoko mazhinji-anokosha anoreva zvinhu zvakafanana. Mashoko mazhinji munhetembo iyi ndiro izwi walrus - chikuru kumhenderekedzo yegungwa uye munhu anodikanwa wechando kushambira. Izvo zvinyorwa zvese zvechikamu, kubatanidza mitemo iyi, kukwanisa kushambira mumvura yechando.

Mumwe mutorwa anonzi Bill haana kunzwisisa zvairehwa neshoko magirazi . Akafunga kuti iyi ndiyo nyaya yekuvandudza maonero, uye nhetembo inotaura nezvenyaya mumutambo wemitambo. Pakati pezvinorehwa zvinoreva mazwi aya hapana kufanana. Ndiyo mazita evanhu.

Duramazwi inogona kushandiswa kusiyanisa mazwi aya. Vanoshandisa zvizivo zvakasiyana-siyana kuratidza kuti ndeapi mashoko anowirirana-siyana uye asingazivikanwi.

Zvinokonzera kuonekwa kwemahononyms

Nyanzvi dzinotsanangura zvikonzero zvekuonekwa kwema homonyms mumutauro weRussia.

1. Kukwereta kunotungamirira kune chokwadi chokuti shoko rekune dzimwe nyika rinogona kuenderana nekunyora uye kurira. Somuenzaniso, izwi rechiGerman rokuti "kuroorana" (kukanganisa), richionekwa mumutauro wedu, rakabatana neRussia "kuroorana" (hukama hwemhuri).
2. Apo kushandiswa kwezwi-kushandiswa uchishandisa zvishandiso zviripo mumutauro (midzi uye zvinyorwa), mazwi mamwechete anoonekwa zvakare. Semuenzaniso, shoko rokuti "rusvingo" nechinoreva kuti "nzvimbo yekare yekugara" yakaenderana nechekare yakaumbwa yakafanana, asi nechinoreva "guta guru".
3. Pane kuchinja kwemashoko makuru echiRussia pasi pesimba remitambo inoita mutauro. Semuenzaniso, shoko rokuti "bow", iro raiva nechinangwa "zvombo zvekare," rakagamuchira chinangwa chitsva "munda wemiriwo."
4. Kuparara kwemashoko akawanda kunotungamirirawo kune maitiro evanhukadzi. Saka shoko rokuti "chiedza" muchirevo che "nyika, nyika" yakawana "mambakwedza," mangwanani.

Kuziva nzira dzinoitika mumutauro, munhu anokwanisa kunzwisisa mutsauko pakati pemashoko ekushandiswa kwema polysemantic kubva kumakoronyms.