Ndeipi kwouzivi muitiro? Modern dzenzvimbo ouzivi

Philosophy - sayenzi kuti haazosiyi munhu hanya. Hazvishamisi, nokuti anobata mumwe munhu otora anokosha mumhuri nyaya. Tose kupinda pfungwa kwouzivi zvisinei munhui, rudzi uye kirasi. Somugumisiro, zvemakore vanhu kunetseka mibvunzo chete inokosha, mhinduro achigere rawanikwa. Pasinei neizvi, kune zvikoro zvizhinji pfungwa uye yokurera zvisina kusiyiwa kuedza avo yokuburitsa zvakavanzika zvose.

Nyaya uye pfungwa

Chii chikuru - nyaya kana mweya? nyaya iyi refu yakapatsanurwa nevafungi kupinda aikwikwidza misasa. Zvakaguma guru kwouzivi kuitika - pfuma, idealism uye hunyambiri. Adepts mumwe chikoro kutanga pfungwa dzavo, vachiramba zvose anopesana navo. Zvisinei, mumwe nomumwe nezveizvi akapa kukonzera mapazi dzisingaverengeki, izvo nhasi anoshandawo mumwoyo yevanhu.

Pfuma - the kwouzivi nokuda arikuti yacho chikuru, uye chete ine ukoshi. XVII-XVIII веков, а также в социалистических государствах нового времени. chikoro ichi akanga inotongwa England uye France XVII-XVIII emakore, uyewo mune mugovanisi nyika dzazvino. Materialists dzinobva rakaoma nekusimba chokwadi. Vanoda sayenzi zvepanyama, akadai kemisitiri, wefizikisi, masvomhu uye zvipenyu, kuvashandisa achishingaira munhaurirano pamwe vanongofungidzira. Vakawanda Mashoko avo vanogona kusimbisa zvinhu pfungwa uye kwesayenzi chokwadi, izvo zvinoita ichi rinoyevedza kwazvo uzivi. Zvisinei, ivo vanoramba zvachose nomukana pfungwa itibatsire yacho, tichifunga izvozvo nokuzvidzora akazvimirira chikwata.

vanongofungidzira

The vanongofungidzira ouzivi kuti zvachose pakatarisana pfuma. Sezvazvakanyorwa rinokoshesa zvikuru munyika pfungwa, kunze nyika zvinhu ndiyo mugumisiro wayo chete. Vanongofungidzira vanodavira kuti nyaya hahugoni kuvapo pasina pfungwa zvinowanisa nayo. Nyika yose kuti tichigara, ndiye musimboti pfungwa uye pfungwa, uye kwete vakutarisire. Izvi zviri kuitika, akavapindurawo, rakakamurwa zvikoro zviviri: chinangwa uye kuzviitira idealism. Vatsigiri chikoro kuti chinangwa idealism vanoti kuti nyika pfungwa kuripo tisingatungamirirwi isu.

Nyaya idealism yokuti zvose ariko chete mupfungwa womunhu. Pasina kuziva zvichiitika zvechokwadi chinhu, nekuti nyaya vaunze pfungwa kuti anogona kuuya chete kuburikidza nepfungwa yevapenyu sangano. Idealism kuri akakurumbira zvikuru mazuva ano. budiriro Western nzara kunamata. Pfuma akatonga emakore muEurope uye America, saka kuti vanhu vanopiwa pamwe nepfungwa dzake. Zvino vari kutsvaka kunyaradzwa idealism, razova navo kufema mhepo yakachena munyika kunofambira mberi kubva yakasimbiswa pfungwa.

hunyambiri

Vateveri hunyambiri haana kupindura mubvunzo nokusingaperi. Kwavari, zvakanga kumbobvira sezvo ichi muitiro kwouzivi inotaura kuti mweya uye mhaka vagara. Dualists kwete vachikoshesa zvikuru chero pakunamata kana zvinhu, vachiti ariko wezvose zvakasikwa zvakafanana kukosha vaviri yenhengo izvi. Man vaiona vateveri pachikoro younyambiri sechinhu indivisible Fusion kwenyaya uye mweya. All zvinhu zvose zviripo zvakagadzirwa pfungwa kana nyaya. Somuenzaniso, pfungwa vauye kuchiedza kuvonga pfungwa, asi zvinhu rinobva yacho. Hunyambiri rava mhando Fusion ose zvakapesana maviri, kuchipedza pfungwa uye zvekungofungira pfuma uye idealism. Zvisinei, hazvina amuvigira mukurumbira zvikuru, sezvo vanhu nyore tanyanyisa, pane kutsvaka pakati pasi.

Empiricism uye rationalism

Kwete chete nyaya ndiro rine chokwadi nyaya uye mweya nemakore akatsemura nevafungi pamusoro siyana dzenzvimbo kwouzivi. Directions ichi sainzi rinonakidza uyewo yakabuda nokuda nokukakavara pamusoro sei munhu anodzidza nyika. Kune zvikoro zviviri yakabuda kuti vanoomerera zvachose zvinopikisana pfungwa maonero, asi haagoni zvakajeka kuratidza nzvimbo yavo. Vatsigiri empirical nzira ruzivo vanoti rugare kunobva pakuziva murume, vanotozvikuvadza unobereka chidhindo unhu hwake uye zvose zvakaitika nayo.

Rationalism - kwouzivi kuitika, iyo nheyo Descartes. Vateveri vake tenda kuti chete chikonzero yakaisvonaka, kwete turbid manzwiro uye kare chiitiko kutora chikamu mune hwekudzidza. Pfungwa vanofungawo kuvapo zvinoverengeka axioms kuti zviri pachena zvokuti kwavari kuti havadi uchapupu.

Kwouzivi kuitikawo, dzenzvimbo, zvikoro, Chinese dzidziso

China akafanirwa vainyatsotarisirwa, wayo zvinonakidza dzenzvimbo ouzivi kuti kare nevanhu kwete chete muna China asiwo kwose. The kupfuura nomukurumbira vavo - chiBuddha. Akauya achibva kuIndia uye akakurumidza kupararira kune ivhu rakaorera. Dzidziso Buddha chinodzidzisa kuti kutyira wakadii mafaro uye zvinhu zvakanaka kuva zvinoisa kune kudzikisirana mweya yedu. Asi, chiBhudha anoda kusarudza nzira yapakati uye kushandisa akadaro nhete chishandiso akadai yokufungisisa. nzira iyi unogona kudzora pfungwa dzake uye kusiya zvido, rokuputsa mweya. Mubayiro yakarurama tsika ndiko kusunungurwa zvakakwana mweya - Nirvana.

ChiTao zvakafanana zvikuru chiBuddha, sezvo vaviri dzidziso idzi vaende ruoko, kuramba kufurira mumwe. tateguru wake Lao Tzu akatanga chinhu chakadai Dao. By neshoko pfupi iri haarambi Mugove yose pfungwa. Tao ndiye zvose mutemo inoshanda uye inoshanda maererano, uye zvinonyatsoreva muchadenga - vabatane simba, izvo tikasvika uye kuti kudzoka mushure rufu. Taoists vanoedza kurarama maererano zvakasikwa, vachitevera yepanyama nzira zvinhu. Mugumisiro akadaro upenyu - zvakakwana mhinduro in Dao.

chiConfucian

An dzinonakidza kutungamirirwa Chinese uzivi - chiConfucian. zita rake vanosungirwa Confucius. V-IV веках до нашей эры и служил чиновником при императоре. Iye akagara V-IV remakore BC uye aishanda mukuru pamwe mambo. Pasinei nenzvimbo yake yakakwirira, ari Chinese anofunga pamusoro zvose akaonga mutsa uye vakanaka. Akataura kuti kwokubatsira ehurumende zvakafanira kubvuma chete chakanaka uye tsika vanhu, uyo nemuenzaniso wavo kuti afuridzire vanhu. Confucius rwairwa vaitofanira ezvinhu yakavakirwa mhirizhonga uye timuteerere.

Zvisinei, chinhu chinokosha chiConfucian kuzvininipisa uye hwusina kushandira mumwe ari kumusoro pamusoro chinzvimbo chakakwirira. Confucius aiva mutsigiri kurongeka, mhemberero uye tsika. pfungwa dzake vachiri dzakakurumbira kwazvo China, uye vamwe vavo refu vaenda mhiri pakunogumira.

Modern dzenzvimbo ouzivi

Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, sayenzi chihombe danho. ngano zhinji uye vakaita zvakawanwa vave debunked, waitova zvachose yakare mufananidzo wenyika. Izvi zvechokwadi zvinoratidzwa yazvino kunzwisisa zvose. Kupfuura mukurumbira nezvemaitiro ano uzivi - existentialism uye analytic uzivi. Existentialism rinonyatsotarira chaipo chokuvapo, ayo akasiyana nevamwe uye mavambo. Izvi Muitiro anosimbisa nzwisisa maonero chaicho, kuti mupfungwa. mumiririri Bright izvi uzivi - Jean-Pol Sartr.

Analytical Uzivi rinonyatsotarira kushanda ruzivo. Zvakakosha kuti chokwadi umwe neumwe anogona kuongororwa empirically. Vateveri ichi chikoro kunamata kufunga uye zvakarurama, kurega pfungwa dzakawanda dzenhoroondo youzivi.

Philosophy muupenyu hwezuva nezuva

Vanhu akasika vasingaverengeki kwouzivi kuitika, zvikoro uye mirayiridzo. Vazere mashoko nemifananidzo mashoko ayo kunzwisisa nacho zvizvarwa zvavo. Scholarship Dombo, semirwi mashoko zvisinganzwisisiki uye mazita makuru vari kuita uzivi munyika dzinoverengeka anoranga nesayenzi, riwanikwe chete chinonyanya kuramba admirers ounyanzvi ichi. Asi musakanganwa kuti mumwe nomumwe wedu - muzivi. Usatya kubatana ichi sayenzi inonakidza. Kana uchida kufunga, chokwadi ndechechokwadi kuuya kwamuri, hazvinei ndiwe, purofesa wouzivi, nhabvu mutambi kana makanika.