The General Dzidziso Systems pamusoro Ludwig of Bertalanffy sayenzi vamwe

YeAustria musayendisiti-zvipenyu, vaigara Canada neUnited States, Ludwig of Bertalanffy, muna 1937 kokutanga akaisa mberi dzinoverengeka pfungwa, raakanga paya aibatanidza mugomba chete pfungwa. Akariti "The mukuru dzidziso hurongwa." Chii? Izvi kwesayenzi pfungwa kudzidza zvinhu siyana sechinhu nehurongwa.

The chikuru Pfungwa richaitirwa pfungwa yaiva yokuti mitemo yetsika anoramba - mumwe, zvakafanana nokuti zvakasiyana hurongwa. Hazvina kunaka kuti pfungwa huru Bertalanffy dzakaiswa parutivi zvakasiyana nyanzvi, kusanganisira Aleksandrom Aleksandrovichem Bogdanovym, Russian muzivi, munyori, wezvematongerwe enyika, chiremba, basa rake inokosha "Tectology", rakanyorwa naye 1912. AA Bogdanov ave achishingaira muchirongwa chimurenga, asi muzvinhu zvakawanda vasingabvumirani VI Lenin. October chimurenga haana kutora, asi, zvakadaro, akaramba pamwe Bolsheviks, akaronga yokutanga mune raiva Russian Institute of Blood Transfusion uye kupfeka yezvokurapa chiedzwa. Akafa muna 1928. vanhu vashoma vanoziva nhasi kuti muchiRussia musayendisiti yokutanga maviri remakore uye physiologist VM BEKHTEREV zvisinei AA Bogdanova, akatsanangura mitemo inopfuura 20 nokudenga mumunda mupfungwa uye munzanga kwendangariro.

General hurongwa pfungwa inodzidza siyana marudzi, hurongwa, mamiriro, pezvakaitwa, nokushanda kwavo uye Development, sangano zvinoumba STRUCTURAL uye hierarchical mumatunhu, uye zvakawanda. Bertalanffy zvakare havawanzoiti dzinonzi akazaruka hurongwa kuti kupanana vakasununguka simba, basa uye ruzivo pamwe zvakatipoteredza.

General hurongwa dzidziso iri pari kuferefeta mitemo yakadaro maitiro-pose uye misimboti, akadai pfungwa pamusoro semiotic chamazuva, nheyo inofambiswa, musangano chamazuva, interoperability, kungoreva nopindirana ukama, mutemo pokutanga siyana, hierarchical muripo musimboti monocentrism mutemo zvishoma, mutemo muduku hama nemishonga , kwokunze Kuwedzera nhungamiro recursive zvivako theorem no, mutemo uye nedzimwe kusiyana.

Mamiriro sayenzi pamusoro hurongwa chikwereti Bertalanffy. ndiyo General hurongwa dzidziso chaizvo zvakafanana nekuti zvakafunga pakutsvakurudza kana nzira cybernetics - sayenzi mitemo mukuru basa kwacho nekufambisa mashoko akasiyana hurongwa (zvemaziso, zvoutachiona kana magariro); mashoko dzidziso - davi wemasvomhu kuti anosarudza pfungwa mashoko, mitemo yayo uye zvivako; mutambo pfungwa, vakaongorora ne masvomhu makwikwi maviri kana masimba kupfuura rinopikisa kuti ubereke pfuma uye pasipasi kurasikirwa; Chisarudzo pfungwa, kuongorora pfungwa sarudzo pakati zvinotsiva siyana; chinhu pachisara kushandisa nzira dzose yavaive zvinhu zviri mananara pamwe variables zhinji.

Nhasi, vakawanda hurongwa dzidziso It akagamuchira kurudziro huru kukura kwayo muna Mubatanidzwa. Prigogine uye Haken kuongorora nonequilibrium gadziriro, dissipative zvivako uye entropy mune akazaruka gadziriro. Uyezve, dzidziso Bertalanffy govera Zvakarurama anoranga zvakadai dzesayenzi dzakadai hurongwa ouinjiniya - sayenzi kwekuronga ezvinhu, magadzirirwo, kuyera umhare enyika chimiro "murume-muchina"; ouinjiniya kwepfungwa; munda Dzidziso nemaitiro Lewin; Operations Research - sayenzi rokudzora zvinoumba zvoupfumi hurongwa (vanhu, michina, zvinhu, mari, etc.); SMD-nzira, iyo yakataurwa Chiremba Shchedrovitskii, vaaishanda navo uye vadzidzi; Dzidziso chakakosha munhu akazvimiririra W. Merlin, hwaro yaiva zvikuru kukurukurwa pamusoro mukuru dzidziso Bertalanffy hurongwa.