Ndivo Karaites Ndiani? Rakatanga Karaites

ndivo Karaites Ndiani? Ichi chimwe chezvinhu ekare vanhu nyika, ane nhoroondo zvakatevedzana vanopfuura gumi nevaviri emakore. Vamiriri kuti rupi zvino anogona kuwanikwa kuPoland, Lithuania uye Ukraine.

Nhoroondo yevanhu

More 4 chemakore BC. e. The Iranian rwenze yaigadziriswa madzinza Turkic. Next aiva Kukwidziridzwa kwavo East, kusvikira pakati Mesopotamia. Munharaunda iyi, madzinza ikatsemuka. Mumwe wavo akadzokera kuna South, uko ivo akaumba Sumerian mamiriro. Wechipiri vaitungamirirwa Chief Black akava musimboti ramangwana rudzi - Karaites. Chikamu ichi amarudzi vakagara munharaunda panosangana chipo Turkey, Siria uye Iraq.

Mumazuva iwayo, Karaites vaiva chete vanhu vari kudzidza. Maererano masayendisiti, saka paiva zita. Pamusoro pazvo, shoko rokuti "chirango" mumutauro kurarama dzakavakidzana munzvimbo Semites raireva kuti "verenga".

Munhoroondo yose ivepo, vanhu ava yaiva chikamu siyana inoti. Pakutanga, zvakanga muHiti umambo. Pashure pokufa kwake - Asiria. Next vechiKaraite vanoziva panotangira vanhu yaiva chikamu woushe uye Parfanskogo.

Between 2 1 remakore BC. e. chikamu Karaites akarega vanhu vake uye vakagara munharaunda kuMiddle East. Zvisinei, rwave simba wechitendero zvinokosha pamusoro yevagari mudunhu.

Zvinofadza Karaites vanhu vaifarira kugara nomumapako. Muenzaniso uyu unogona kushanda maguta akadai Dzhuft Kale uye Mangup-Kale. Dzimwe nyanzvi abate vechiKaraite vanoziva panotangira mavambo pfungwa wemhandara Mariya, uyo aida kubereka Kristu mubako.

Mavambo enguva yedu pakataurwa mberi mberi rudzi urwu kuchamhembe. Karaites vakayambuka Caucasian muhomba uye vakagara munharaunda chipo Dagestan. Activation izvi kwacho kwakaitika muzana remakore rechinomwe panguva nechisimba navaArabhu. Karaites vabatana pamwe marudzi Turkic. Panguva iyoyowo, ivo vakasika ari Khazar Khanate, izvo vakaguma kuvapo pashure Akatsoropodzwa ari Crimean Tatars. Karaites akarasikirwa dzakawanda vanhu vayo.

The vasara Nhengo norudzi urwu rakasvika pasi pesimba vanopinda nechisimba. Panguva iyoyo pedyo yaparadzwa, asi zvikuru cultured vanhu, kwete chete kutsika, asiwo mutauro akakweretwa kubva Tatars. Karaites pasina chikonzero ichaongororwa zvikuru gona vanhu. Rinobvuma kuti achiri mutauro Crimean Tatars ane misiyano makuru kubva mutauro vamwe nhengo kupiwa nyika.

Shoko "Chirango" haringorevi chete kuvanhu. Izwi iri rinoshandiswa pachinhu chero rupi vamiririri vanoti karaites dzidziso.

rechitendero

Chokwadi kuti pane sangano akafanana Karaites, kutanga kutaurwa rechi8 remakore muna Baghdad. Ndicho ichi nguva yaishandiswa kare kutaurwa imwe vechitendero chechiJudha wekapoka ananitov wokutanga. Chinangwa munharaunda yakanga kubatanidza zvose vakafirwa simba mapoka avo Jewish pasi pomureza pakati antiravvanisticheskogo mirayiridzo. Musoro peboka iri naAnani kurambidzwa David, akavimbisa vatsigiri vake vose rusununguko azere kudzidza dzidziso waMozisi, vachirayira panzvimbo iyo negation Talmud, uyewo kunamata Torah, sezvo chete bhuku dzvene.

Kwakabva Karaites, uyewo kurondedzerwa kutenda kwavo uye upenyu vakapupurira mubhuku "Eshkol Ha Cofer" rakanyorwa Yuhudoy Hadassi (1147).

In basa iri, munyori akapfupikisa tsika miitiro rudzi urwu, uyewo gakava, rakanga inoitwa pakati vamiririri munharaunda uye vaKristu.

About ndiani ari Karaites, uye bhuku rinotiudza "Adderet Eria", rakanyorwa Eria Ben Moshe Bashyachi. In basa iri, rakabudiswa pakupera remakore rechi15, rine misoro ruzivo pamusoro tsika tsika audze urudzi.

Mabviro

Pakutanga, shoko "mutongo" munyika yedu kwaireva boka rechitendero chete. Rinoreva chitendero uye aiva nechokuita nenyika yaanobva. All kuti zvakachinja panguva yaitonga Soviet Union. Yaiva nguva apo chitendero haina kutaurwa pose pose. Panyaya iyi, uye paiva nenzvimbo rokuti "Karaites" nokuda zita dzinza revanhu.
Ko shoko "Kara" nhasi? Vakatsunga urudzi pasina panyaya chitendero. Dzimwe nguva shoko rokuti "chirango" kunoratidza confessional chavanopinda, pasina kufungisisa rupi wacho.

oukuru dzidziso

Maererano nedzimwe zvekungofungira, kuti Karaites rupi anowana kubva boka ethno-mitauro vechiJudha kuti vakaparidza dotalmudichesky muchiJudha. Dzidziso iyi yakanga chete kusvikira pakupera kwezana remakore rechi19. Uye inokamukana uye Karaites. Nhasi dzidziso iyi pasi kutsoropodza kubva vatungamiriri dzinza. It haritsigiri nhengo zvakawanda vechiKaraite vanoziva panotangira munharaunda. Zvisinei, vatsigiri yechiJudha kwakabva dzidziso uchiripo ikozvino. Vakaramba vari Ukraine uye Crimea.

Turkic dzidziso

Pane kubvuma kuti rupi kubva Karaites wakaburuka kubva Khazars. A Turkic anongofamba vanhu (7-10 CC.), Exchange kuchiJudha.

Dzidziso iyi yakanga Arayirwa V. V. Grigorevym (Russian orientalist), akawana kupararira kwayo muna 1846 Muzana remakore rechi20 shanduro Khazar kwakabva Karaites akaziva sainzi yeSoviet. Gamuchirai dzidziso yakadaro, uye dzemadzinza vatungamiriri boka, vanoramba chero riine vanhu vake kuchiJudha uye vaJudha. Zvisinei, vakawanda vezvitendero Karaites Khazar shanduro akasangana nokutsoropodzwa. Pasina vachiramba kuvapo Turkic zvinhu zvavo mavambo, havasi kubvumirana Khazar dzidziso. To musi, hatidi anobvumirana Shanduro iyi, uye masayendisiti akawanda.

Vazukuru Khazars kazhinji funga pachavo Karaites, Krymchaks uye Mountain vaJudha. Uye shanduro uyu ane kodzero iripo. Chokwadi chokuti Karaites, Krymchaks uye Mountain vaJudha mumitauro yavo, zvimwe pezvokuvamba Chuvash (Khazar). In nyasha shanduro iyi uye ndezvake chitendero. Krymchaks, uyewo Khazars, vanozviti chiJudha Orthodox ravvanistichesky.

chakaita zvokugadzirwa dzidziso

Pane imwe mhinduro yomubvunzo wokuti ndiani Karaites. Pari, shanduro anosanganisa Turkic uye oukuru dzidziso. Maererano naye, rudzi urwu ndiwo mugumisiro nokusanganisa Khazar-Crimean vokuBulgaria uye vaJudha, Karaites. Tinoisa mberi dzidziso iyi Yufud Kokizov uye Ilya Casas. Izvi zvinozivikanwa Karaites aizviti boka redzinza ane vamiriri vakanga, aisagona semhosva wenguva ropa rechiJudha chairo Semites.

The kwaita Eastern Europe

Pane dzidziso kuti mashomanana zana Tartar uye vechiKaraite vanoziva panotangira mhuri dzakanga akatunhidzwa Lithuanian muchinda Vytautas kubva Crimea nokuda Resettlement yavo kwavabati yake. Zvisinei, mamwe masayendisiti (Peter Golden, Dan Shapiro uye Golda Akhiezer) siyanei dzidziso akanga dzichitaurwa. Maererano pfungwa dzavo, madzitateguru of Karaites, anogara kuEastern Europe nhasi, ndauya kwete kubva kuCrimea. Vakabuda munyika muna Lower Volga uye kuchamhembe Iran, akatapwa eMongolia. Uyezve, vamwe Karaites akasvika Europe kubva Byzantium, uyewo hweOttoman Empire.

anthropology

Wokuti "ndivanaani Karaites?" Ndakaedza kuti mhinduro, uye nyanzvi dzakawanda munyaya kudzidza murume. Saka, ANODZIDZA Constantin Ikov muna 1880 kwave kudzidza anenge matatu gumi nevaviri skulls kungova Crimean vamiririri rudzi urwu. unequivocal mhedziso yakaitwa pachishandiswa humboo kuti Karaites havasi kungova Semites. Vanogona semhosva brachycephalic.

Anthropological kukura vamiririri Omani Karaites vakanga kuongororwa Yulianom Talko-GRINTZEVICH muna 1904

Muna 1910, yakanga akapedzisa musayendisiti Vitoldom Shreyberom kuti dzinza mafungiro rakananga Karaites Semites negakava. rudzi urwu, akatora kune Finno-Ugric boka.

Muna 1912 SA Weissenberg zveBhaibheri zvitsva kunge inoitwa. The musayendisiti akaenzanisa anthropological zvinhu Krymchaks vaJudha Karaites. Zvisinei, akagumisa kuti kumbofanana wekupedzisira mapoka maviri kwemadzinza.

Polish uye Lithuanian Karaites vakanga kuongororwa muna 1934 Korrado Dzhini. The musayendisiti vakagumisa pamusoro kubatana kwakaita rudzi urwu chete Chuvash, uye somugumisiro, pamwe Khazars uye Cumans.

Muna 1963, AN Pulyanosom kwakaratidzwa Near Eastern features, vane chitarisiko chavo Omani Karaites (ona pazasi mufananidzo).

miedzo ropa vamiriri boka iri dzinza dzakaitwa muna 1968. Zvakawanikwa yakaratidza kufanana of Karaites muna Lithuania neIjipiti, izvo akasimbisa pakabva muMediterranean avanhu.

Muna 1971, Academician V. P. Alekseevym yakaitwa craniologically kudzidza vanhu vaigara muguta Khazar Sarkel. Somugumisiro, masayendisiti vakagumisa kuti vechiKaraite vanoziva panotangira vanhu zvakabva nokusanganisa nemadzinza vemunharaunda pakati Khazars (Sarmatians, Alans, Goths).

Munguva kubva 2005 kusvika 2013. Kudzidza ndavhiyiwa nemagene vakasaina yomumwe maviri navasere Karaites. The Data vakawana akaratidza wokuMiddle East kwakabva rudzi urwu uye ayo napedyo kuna Eastern, Sephardic uye Ashkenazi vaJudha. Study akasimbisa zvakafanana. Eastern uye Egyptian Karaites.

Musiyano mukuru kwokunze boka iri dzinza vari akanyudzwa avhareji yakakwirira, yakafara muchipfuva, kumeso kana zvishoma Wavy bvudzi uye meso kwasviba. Vazhinji Karaites (ona pazasi mufananidzo) vane yemanyorero richikora kusvikira pasi mhino uye almond- zvakaumbwa meso, izvo protrude vashoma.

Skin Vamiririri norudzi urwu vane chiedza tsvuku mumvuri.

Ukama nevaJudha

Kwenguva refu, Karaites vakaramba oukuru dzidziso dzayo mavambo. Zvisinei, havana vanoshora tsika dzavo dzechiJudha. Zvisinei, zvose zvakachinja pashure ndima inogarwa Karaites, vakanga yakatora kuna Russian Empire. Sezvo izvi Vamiririri nguva vaiona madzinza kunge vanoshora pacharo vaJudha pachena. Vatungamiri Karaites nyika, nomukurumbira vanhu mune zvetsika nemagariro nezvematongerwe yeChina, akapa rebuttal oukuru dzidziso kwakabva vanhu vake. Nokusimbaradza ichi muitiro kwakaitika pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20. Izvi zvakanaka zvinhu zvakadai:

- nekodzero dzevanhu, kana marudzi ose akanga akaenzana kodzero, asi vaJudha;
- mitauro kuitwa, kuribvisa mutauro wechiHebheru mukunamata uye atsive nezvinoitika vechiKaraite vanoziva panotangira;
- sanduko vechiKaraite vanoziva panotangira vakadzidza kuti chiKristu;
- dejudaization vechiKaraite vanoziva panotangira kwevanhu.

Vamiririri vanhu vanogara mune yaimbova Soviet Union, uye nhasi vanoramba vachishora roga kuvaJudha.

chitendero

Karaism ndiye syncretic maitiro dzine zvitendero uye zviito netsika uye chitendero. Asi zviri pedyo nokudzidzisa rechitendero kuti inoomerera naAnani Ben David. zvarinotaura zvinokosha vaiona:
- rudo muvakidzani uye kuna Mwari;
- kunamata zvose tsika dzemunharaunda, zvakapiwa muMagwaro Matsvene.

Panguva iyoyo munhoroondo vanhu vanotaurwa vechiKaraite vanoziva panotangira zvitendero. Havana ruzivo ruvengo rechitendero vamwe dzidziso, muchitenda kuti chete ichi kana munhu akakodzera upenyu hwokudenga. Kwakadaro zvinhu kubvumira yechitendero Karaites kumira Lithuanian uye Crimean zvakatipoteredza uye asingauyi batanidza nawo. Pasina kuwedzerera, tinogona kutaura kuti chitendero yakabatsira rudzi urwu kuchengetedza kuvimbika kwavo dzinza uye tsika.

Mune mamwe maguta kuCrimea ichiripo zvinoita kuona temberi (imba yokunyengeterera) of Karaites. On kwayo France ine-wakananga matanhatu nyeredzi. Zvisinei, hazvina kunzi musinagoge, uye kenassa. Nhasi kazhinji izvi dzimba nokusiiwa kana kwete kushandiswa chinangwa chahwo.

Famous vamiririri rudzi

Dzimwe nguva dzose, tsika uye kuverenga vanhu funga Karaites. Famous vanhu boka iri dzinza vakabatsirawo chaizvo kutanga nyika sayenzi mabhuku. Pakati pavo Andron Senior ha-Rofe mwanakomana Yosef, aigara 1260-1320 biennium. Aiva muzivi uye gweta, munyori uye chiremba, mudetembi minamato uye exegete. Yezvakaita Andron akanga kudhakwa uye lucid pfungwa. Achishandisa ake ruzivo rwakadzama uye ichiita mabasa akawanda, akanyora nhamba mabasa anokosha. Mumwe wavo bhuku "Mivhar" umo mhinduro dzakapiwa Torah. basa iri anonzi mumwe chakanakisisa pakati vechiKaraite vanoziva panotangira inoshanda.

Chimwe mumiririri chinopenya pakati Karaim vanhu Abkovich Rafael Avraamovich (1896-1992 gg.). Izvi wokupedzisira Polish hazzan akavamba panguva Wroclaw kenassa.

VechiKaraite vanoziva panotangira anozivikanwa nomukurumbira, anorichengeta uye philanthropist raiva Bobovich Sima Solomonovich (1790-1855 gg.). Muna 1820, akashanda se musoro guta Yalta. Muna 1837, iye hwakasimbiswa sezvo wokutanga Crimean naGahami, uye akagadzwa kuva mukuru rechina mufundisi weChirungu ainzi of Karaites.

Pakati dzepamusorosoro vamiririri vanhu izvi mathematicians akakurumbira uye vanodzidza nezvavanhu, vatungamiriri vemauto uye vatambi, ezvivako, vadzidzisi, vanachiremba, vashandi yemitambo uye zvichingodaro. D.