Overpopulation of nyika: Achipindura

Demographers kuridza aramu; asi overpopulation yepasi nerimwe gore anova kuwedzera kukurumidza dambudziko yedu. Kuwedzera kwenhamba yevanhu vaityisidzirwa munzanga uye zvakatipoteredza njodzi. Ngozi kuitikawo uchimanikidza nyanzvi kutsvaga nzira kugadzirisa dambudziko iri.

Pane kutyisidzira?

Generalized Tsanangudzo kutyisidzirwa nemashoko overpopulation iri nyika iri chokwadi kuti nyaya wevanotungamirira dambudziko munyika kudzingwa zviwanikwa, uye vagari zvichabviswa nomubvunzo chokwadi kushaya zvokudya, mvura, kana zvimwe nechouviri inokosha. Izvi hunonyatsobatana kuti upfumi kukura. Kana kukura kwezvivako kwevanhu akasaichengeta vachifambirana kuwedzera vakawanda, munhu akasungwa kuva vanoshorwa nderemagariro.

kudzikisirana nemasango, uswa, mhuka, ivhu - ndizvozvo chete zvishomanana mazita chii angavatsugudusa nyika overpopulation. Maererano masayendisiti, nhasi nokuda Kumanikana kwaiyoyi uye kushaya mari dziri varombo vokupedzisira munyika zvenyika kufa gore rimwe nerimwe vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni 30.

Dambudziko

A multi-faceted dambudziko overpopulation yepasi haisi chete impoverishment kuti zviwanikwa (akadai ezvinhu ndizvo kuti nyika murombo zvikuru). Kana iri mari dzakabudirira pane mumwe dambudziko - Dambudziko. Inotungamirira kuti chokwadi kuti hazvisi mukurusa nhamba zvakare pfachura vanhu inoshandisa mari inopiwa nayo, zvamunozvidza zvakatipoteredza. Unoitawo basa kwevanhu arambe achirema. Huru maguta maindasitiri iguru zvokuti haigoni zvakavapoteredza.

nyaya nhoroondo

The dambudziko ano overpopulation yepasi yakabuda nokuda pakupera XX remakore. Pakutanga yaitonga yedu vaigara panyika vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni 100. hondo dzose, matenda, zvekare mushonga - izvi zvose hazvina kubvumira vanhu kukura. Chiratidzo 1 bhiriyoni rave kukunda chete muna 1820. Asi atova XX remakore, overpopulation iri nyika yava kuramba zvinogoneka chokwadi, sezvo nhamba yevanhu yakawedzera exponentially (akabatsirwa mberi uye kuvandudzika zvinodiwa mupenyu).

Nhasi nyika iri musha kumativi 7 bhiriyoni (nomwe mabhiriyoni kwave "vataipa" chete okupedzisira namashanu). Kuwedzera pagore mamiriyoni 90. ezvinhu akadaro masayendisiti anonzi kwevanhu kuputika. A zvakananga mugumisiro Fani iyi - the overpopulation panyika. The chikuru ikure nyika chinoita rechipiri uye rechitatu nyika nyika, kusanganisira Africa, uko kuwedzera kukosha wokubereka mberi kwenzanga kukura.

urbanization mari

Vose mhando munharaunda zhinji kuwedzera nokukurumidza guta (inokura sezvo nzvimbo inogarwa navo, uye uwandu vagari). Izvi zvinonzi urbanization. Basa maguta munharaunda dzose yakawedzera, madhorobha mararamiro asiwo kundima zvose zvitsva. Izvi imhaka yokuti zvokurima kurega kuva kiyi kwemauto pakati yose upfumi, sezvo yave kwemazana emakore akawanda.

Muzana XX remakore paiva "chinyararire chimurenga", iro kwakaguma chidzoke mumaguta mazhinji munyika dzakasiyana-siyana pasi pose. Zvesayenzi, kwomuzuva nguva unonziwo "paraiitwa maguta makuru", izvo zvinoreva zvakajeka kuchinja inokosha kuti kwakaitika kubvira vanhu okupedzisira zvizvarwa shoma.

Kuti vanoti akaoma manhamba nokuda ichi? Muzana XX remakore, mumaguta vakawanda vakawedzera pagore munenge hafu muzana. chakarurama Izvi kunyange kupfuura kwouwandu hwevanhu. Kana muna 1900, vaigara mumaguta munzvimbo 13% yevanhu nyika, muna 2010 - kare 52%. chakarurama ichi hakuzofadzi kurega.

Mukuru kukuvadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza riri aishandisa guta. Munyika nyika nyika rechitatu , vakabva kuutengawo makuru muzvitangwena nezvinetso zvezvakatipoteredza nemagariro. Sezvakaita pamwe vakawanda kuwedzera vemo, chikuru madhorobha kwouwandu hwevanhu iri kuchengetwa nhasi mu Africa. Pane mwero Unorudzi 4%.

zvikonzero

Traditional zvinokonzera overpopulation zviri nyika dziri tsika vamwe Asian uye African apo mhuri yakakura iri kuitika nokuda vazhinji vagari nzanga, zvechitendero uye zvetsika. Nyika dzakawanda vakarambidza pamuviri uye pamuviri. A guru nhamba yevana havatsvaki vagari rinoti avo, apo urombo uye urombo hazvizivani. All ichi zvinoisa chokuti munyika Central Africa mumwe mhuri 4-6 vachangozvarwa paavhareji, pasinei vabereki kakawanda zvarisingagoni pavo.

Damage kubva overpopulation

Chinhu kutyisidzira overpopulation yepasi ipfupi kufurirwa zvakatipoteredza. The brunt zvakasikwa rinobva mumaguta. Pokugara 2 chete% munyika paNyika, ndivo anokonzera 80% choutsi ose zvinokuvadza mumhepo. Uyewo nekurangarira kuti 6/10 manyoro mvura rinodyiwa. Dump muchetura nevhu. The vanhu vanogara mumaguta, zvikuru usingaperi nemigumisiro overpopulation panyika.

Humanity iri kuwedzera kudya kwayo. Panyaya iyi, nyika reserves havana nguva wokugadzirisa uye kungoita kunyangarika. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyange renewable zviwanikwa (masango, Freshwater, hove), uyewo zvokudya. Of turnover hwokurara nyika itsva yakaorera. Izvi akwanise ne yakavhurika-gomba mugodhi inoti. Kuwedzera zvekurima zvibereko kushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene uye fetiraiza. Ivo kuchetura ivhu, zvichitungamirira ayo Kuparara.

The romunyika kukura zvirimwa anenge 1% pagore. Nhamba iyi yekudyidzana lagging kuseri indekisi kuwedzera vepasi. Mhedzisiro iri ngozi atsamwira yedambudziko zvokudya (semuenzaniso, panyaya kwemvura). Inokwana chero Kugadzirwa uyewo anoisa nyika mungozi kusava simba.

"Upper muganhu" yepasi

Masayendisiti anodavira kuti panguva ino mwero kudya, runowanzoitika vapfumi marudzi, nyika vakakwanisa inosimbisa kunyange hurongwa 2 bhiriyoni vanhu, uye nyika achagona "kubatisisa" vashoma bhiriyoni, ane mucherechedzo kuderera mararamiro. Somuenzaniso, kuIndia, paminiti ugere 1.5 hectares nyika, nepo Europe - 3.5 hectares.

Izvi nhamba zvakaziviswa nemasayendisiti Mathis Wackernagel uye William Rees. Muna 1990 ivo vakasika pfungwa, rinonzi "Ecology Trail". Vaongorori vanofungidzira kuti inogarwa nzvimbo paNyika kweinenge bhiriyoni 9 hectares, nepo ipapo hwevanhu nyika yakanga mabhiriyoni 6 vanhu, izvo zvinoreva kuti mumwe munhu ane avhareji 1.5 hectares.

Kuwedzera tightness uye kushaya mari achaita kwezvakatipoteredza njodzi kwete chete. mune dzimwe nzvimbo paNyika arambe achirema vanhu Kunyange nhasi kunotungamirira evanhu, nyika uye, pakupedzisira, zvematongerwo dambudziko. muenzaniso Izvi zvinoratidza mamiriro ezvinhu kuMiddle East. Zvakawanda nharaunda iyi inogarwa mumarenje. Population nhete yakaorera mumipata ine mukuru arambe achirema. Resources nokuti zvose hazvina kukwana. Uye panyaya iyi kuitika nguva kusawirirana pakati akasiyana madzinza.

Indian naka

The muenzaniso kupfuura pachena overpopulation uye nemigumisiro yayo - India. Kuberekwa mwero munyika iri vana 2.3 chete mukadzi. Hazvina kusapfuudza zvikuru pamwero rwokuzvarwa kubereka. Zvisinei, muna India tiri kare kuona yokuwandisa (mabhiriyoni 1,2 vanhu, 2/3 vacho makore vaduku 35 zera). Izvi nhamba inoratidza imwe nokukurumidza ruyamuro dambudziko (kana mamiriro ezvinhu asingaiti kupindira).

Maererano for the UN, muna 2100 vemo muIndia vachava vanhu mabhiriyoni 2,6. Kana mamiriro ezvinhu chaizvoizvo kusvika nhamba idzi, somugumisiro kwemiti nokuti munda uye kushaya mvura zvinhu munyika acharwisana kuparadza zvakatipoteredza. MuIndia, musha kune vemarudzi akawanda nemapoka pangozi hondo uye disintegration cheHurumende. Muchiitiko akadaro hazvo sei nyika, kana chete nekuti nyika acharirima vanobudisa mutsika vapoteri, uye ivo vachava kugara akasiyana zvachose, akabudirira zvikuru kunyika.

Workarounds

Pane maonero akawanda pamusoro sei kukurira wevanotungamirira dambudziko nyika. The kurwisa overpopulation yepasi kunogona kuitwa mutange itsika. Hazvina zvemagariro, kupa vanhu nechinangwa uye zvinogonekwa anogona kutsiva tsika mabasa mhuri. Lonely vanhu vanogona akapa makomborero muchimiro makomborero mutero, pokugara, uye zvichingodaro. D. mutemo kwakadaro achawedzera nhamba yevanhu vakanga kusaina chisarudzo mangwanani muchato.

Vakadzi vanoda kwegadziriro basa uye dzidzo, vachibvumira kuwedzera kufarira basa rake uye, Ukuwo, kuderedza mubereko kuti vakurumidze amai. Uyezve, unoda kunyoreswa zviri pamutemo pamuviri. Izvozvo zvingava zvakadaro kumboisiya overpopulation panyika. Kugadzirisa dambudziko iri zvinosanganisira zvimwe pfungwa.

zvinhu matanho

Nhasi, mune dzimwe nyika pamwe soro nokuberekwa prices kuva zvinhu wevanotungamirira negwaro. Kumwe yechinangwa izvozvo zvinoshandiswa coercive nzira. Somuenzaniso, kuIndia muna 1970. kumanikidzwa mbereko chakaitwa.

Kupfuura nomukurumbira uye vabudirire muenzaniso zvinhu mitemo mumunda demography ndiye China. In China, vakaroorana vane mbiri kana kupfuura vana kubhadhara faindi. Pregnant akapa muzvishanu mari yavo. mutemo wakadaro mumwe akaita akaderedza kwouwandu hwevanhu kubva 30% 10% makore anopfuura 20 (1970-1990.).

Pamwe okurambidzwa basa China akauya chiedza muna miriyoni 200 vacheche asingasviki zvaizoitika pasina zvirango. Chinetso overpopulation yepasi uye mhinduro vanokwanisa nokuumba matambudziko matsva. Saka, China kwakaita zvinhu mutemo kwakaita kuti anyatsoona kukwegura kwevanhu, ndokusaka nhasi China ichifamba kure fines mhuri huru. Kuedza kupinda wevanotungamirira kurambidzwa vaivawo muPakistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Sri Lanka.

Hanya zvakatipoteredza

To overpopulation Nyika haina kuva dzinouraya yose nyika, zvakakodzera kwete chete kuti tizvidzore kuberekwa zvazvingava, asiwo ouchenjeri kushandiswa mari. The kuchinja zvingava kushandisa nzira simba zvinyorwa. Ivo MENE dongo uye rikurumidze. Sweden atova muna 2020 kusiya Organic zvinyorwa fuel (ivo kutsiva simba kubva renewable zvinyorwa). Chete nzira iri kutamira Iceland.

Overpopulation yepasi sezvo dambudziko yose kuti vanotyisidzira yose nyika. Nepo yezwi nzira simba muBrazil vari kuenda kushandura kuendesa panyaya iyi yakagadzirwa shuga nomudonzvo muna dzekuma Scandinavia, vakawanda izvo anogadzirwa nyika South America.

Muna 2012, 10% of British Energy yave iri kunotangira simba nemhepo. Mune US, nezvezvaiitwawo bhora yenyukireya. Vatungamiriri European nesimba mhepo zviri Germany uye Spain, gore negore ikure indasitiri riri akaenzana 25%. Sezvo kwezvakatipoteredza kudzivirira zviyero nokuda kuwanikwa biosphere guru reserves itsva uye omunyika imomo.

Mienzaniso yose iyi inoratidza kuti policies zvainanga Kuderedza mutoro zvakatipoteredza, kwete zvinogoneka chete, asi inoshanda. matanho akadaro uchaponesa nyika kubva overpopulation, asi kanenge hwaizova chechetere kupfuura migumisiro yakaipa. Kuti hanya kwezvakatipoteredza zvakafanira kuderedza nzvimbo kushandiswa okurima nyika, apo tichidzivisa kwezvokudya. The pose hurumende ichiisa mari zvinofanira kuva zvakanaka. Kunopiwa chikamu vanhu vanogona waive pakati zvaunazvo surpluses, achivabvumira vaya vari isingachadiwi.

Kuchinja mafungiro kumhuri

Chinetso overpopulation Nyika anosarudza kusimudzira mhuri kuronga pfungwa. Izvi zvinoda nyore kuwana zvinhu zvekudzivirira kubata pamuviri vatengi. Munyika dzakabudirira, hurumende vanoedza kutirambidza kuberekwa mwero aro kukura pachavo kwoupfumi. Nhamba dzinoratidza kuti pane nguva dzose muna yakabudirira muvanhu, vanhu pashure kubereka kuti mhuri. Maererano nenyanzvi, ingangoita muzvitatu pamuviri vasingadiwi nhasi.

For vanhuwo overpopulation yepasi - ingano kuti havasi zvakananga hanya, uye nechekumberi vari tsika yenyika uye zvechitendero, maererano iyo mhuri yakakura - chete nzira vakadzi kuziva pachavo muupenyu. Chero bedzi North Africa, Southwest Asia nedzimwe kumatunhu nyika haangavi kuva kunzwisisa kudiwa zvemagariro, ari wevanotungamirira dambudziko richaramba chakakomba chinetso zvose zvavanhu.