InotungamirwaSainzi

The wevanotungamirira dambudziko munyika: nzira mberi

The Vagari redu iri kugara inofamba, kureva, kuburitswa ne zvizvarwa, kuchinja qualitatively uye quantitatively, kusanganisira, nokuda vaitamira - miganhu kufamba. Saka, munhu wevanotungamirira mamiriro ezvinhu pasi. The wevanotungamirira dambudziko, pamwe zvakatipoteredza, zvokudya, simba, mbishi zvinhu, uyewo nyaya ndichengetedze runyararo uye zvombo, zvinoda dzavo mhinduro vakaderera kuedza nyika munharaunda.

Rapid kukura yevagari vepasi munyika, zvikuru zvacho (kuti ¾) kuitika munyika dzichiri, pamwe undeveloped evanhu bhora uye shure upfumi munyika, ndinosika yose wevanotungamirira dambudziko, kukosha uye kukosha iyo kunozivikanwa zvose rinoti kuti maoko rudzi uye kuwedzera mukurwisana nezvombo kunyanya underdeveloped nyika idzi, zvichitungamirira guru zvinhu mari, kuwedzera mikana zvoupfumi kukura uye munzanga kukura. The wevanotungamirira dambudziko Munyika idzi akarondedzera zvinetso zvokudya kuchengeteka, zvakatipoteredza, urongwa dzidzo, kushayikwa zviwanikwa, husingatsigirwi uye basa. A mukuru chikamu zvevechiduku munyika idzi (40% yevanhu pasi pemakore 15 okuberekwa) vanobvumirwa kuchengeta muitiro mukuru prices zvokuwedzera kwevanhu. Kusingadzoreki kutama uye urbanization wakashandurwa kubva akanaka kune asina kutanga.

MuJapan, Europe uye dzimwe nyika dziri Kishi pamwe 80-ies pamusoro XX remakore. pane wevanotungamirira dambudziko, izvo kunooneka pacharo ari rutapudzo rwekuita-zera vemo nokuda anonoke kukura, kukwegura uye dzinongoitika kwevanhu kuderera. The wevanotungamirira dambudziko (kureva zvinoderedza yezviri population) munyika idzi ega mutsika vakatama vachibva kunyika dzakasiyana. Wevanotungamirira kukwegura (anopfuura 12% yevanhu makore 60 uye pamusoro 7% - makore 65) - iri dzinongoitika chichiitwa, izvo vanoshumira sehwaro kunatsiridza upenyu, zvokurapa uye zvimwe zvinoita kuti nguva refu upenyu rinokosha vemo. Saka, munyika yose wevanotungamirira dambudziko iri:

a) nokukurumidza uye havaratidzi aidzora kukura vanhu vari kusimukira;

b) ari kuchembera nevanhu munyika dzakabudirira uye nyika vane upfumi mu iitike.

Zviri pachena kuti mhinduro matambudziko akawanda kudaro chete vadyi kuedza yose dzakawanda. Muna 1969, mukati yechinangwa United Nations (UN), kuti UN Foundation akasikwa, mubasa mumunda nyika vemo mabasa uye kuitisa World Conference pasi auspices yayo. - muBucharest (Romania), muna 1984 - muna 1974, vatatu Misangano yakadaro akaitwa pamusoro okupedzisira 30 apfuura, Mexico City (Mexico), muna 1994 - mu Cairo (Ijipiti).

The huru kuoma pakutanga World Conference kwaisanganisira kugadzirisa matambudziko vanotama: kushandisa wepamutemo kwavo basa-importing nyika, pakurwisa rusaruro munzanga uye basa pamusika, kudzivirira kodzero dzavo uye zviya dzavo.

Pakati rokutanga uye rechipiri Misangano dzinoratidzwa kuwedzera vapoteri munyika, pamwe nemamwe matambudziko nayo zvinoratidzwa nzira musangano muMexico City (1984). Zvino rakapiwa (uye akagamuchira) nzira itsva kuti vanoziva siyana hunhu dzakawanda vanogara masangano.

Panguva Third International Conference muna 1994 muna Cairo, kushandisa-gore 20 Program pamusoro Action, kufungisisa huru kudiwa munyika zvematongerwo enyika - kuitira inogona kuenderera mberi. It akasimbisa kuti yokutama inofanira kuva simba, kubatsira pamusoro chinoita kuti kukura pamutemo-kugamuchira inoti.

Panguva yose Misangano aitaurawo hwenyama uye wokubereka, vagari kukura, urbanization uye kutama.

The wevanotungamirira dambudziko revanhu Anogona kugadziriswa. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, maererano World Plan kunoda, pakutanga kwezvose, zveupfumi kuchinja munyika dzichiri kusimukira. chirongwa yekuronga mhuri kuchakubatsira kuvandudza mamiriro kwevanhu kubereka.

The wevanotungamirira dambudziko pakuzvarwa yakakwirira for China, pamuviri iri kugadziriswa: mhuri haabvumirwi kuva zvinopfuura 1 mwana. Zvatisingakwanisi zviripo vazhinji India, nepo muna dzakabudirira kuti Europe (Germany, Denmark, France), nekusiyana - mhuri pamwe 2 kana kupfuura vana, anopiwa kunobatsira siyana.

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