Ion mechanical yekamuri

Nezvishoma zviripo crystalline uye amorphous uye zvinganaka vane crystalline yakarongeka. Zvakasiyana kwakarurama nzvimbo yacho inoramba kunyatsoreva rinorondedzerwa muzano, dzinoratidzwa nguva nenguva dzokororo mu volumetric, -dimensional matatu nzvimbo. Kana mupfungwa kubatanidza pfungwa idzi pamwe twasu - kuwana nzvimbo puranga, iyo inonzi sekristaro napamahwindo. Shoko rokuti "crystalline yekamuri" rinoreva muenzaniso geometric iyo inorondedzera-dimensional matatu periodicity ra pakugovera mamorekuru (maatomu, ions) ari sekristaro nzvimbo.

nezvimedu inonzi nzvimbo pfungwa napamahwindo nodes. Inside pamatanda vari Inter-raiva pedyo nebundu kukurukurirana. Type uye hunhu nezvimedu yokukurukurirana therebetween: mamorekuru, maatomu, ions - kuziva mhando sekristaro napamahwindo. In zvachose pane ina pakubhadhara izvi: Ionic, mabhomba, samolecular uye simbi.

Kana yekamuri pfungwa vakaronga ions (nezvimedu vane mhosva kunaka kana zvakanaka), ichi Ion sekiristaro yekamuri, dzinoratidzwa kwokubatana zvakafanana zita.

Links ava simba chaizvo uye yakatsiga. Saka, vamiririri iri mhando mamiriro vane zvakakwana yakakwirira zvakaoma uye arambe achirema, vasiri kugadzikana uye refractory. Yakaderera tembiricha ivo kuita sezvo insulators. Zvisinei, pamusoro kunyunguduka yeimwe yakadaro kuputswa geometrically zvakarurama Ion sekristaro yekamuri (ions nzvimbo) uye kuderedzwa simba chokuita.

Pamusangano tembiricha pedyo utsotso tembiricha iri crystals pamwe Ionic zvisungo zviri kare kutakura magetsi iyezvino. yeimwe akadaro nyore soluble mumvura uye dzimwe mvura, izvo akaumbwa polar mamorekuru.

Ion sekristaro yekamuri cho zvose zvinhu pamwe Ionic zvisungo - munyu, simbi hydroxides, simbi binary yeimwe pamwe nonmetals. Ionic chisungo asina directivity muchadenga nokuti mumwe Ion Rinobatanidzwa vanoverengeka pakaunda ions, simba nekuita kunobva kure pakati pavo (mutemo Coulomb raMwari). Ion-kufanana yeimwe vane dzisiri samolecular yakarongeka, vari nezvishoma pamwe Ionic lattices, zvikuru polar, mukuru utsotso uye Kubika pfungwa, muna aqueous mhinduro, zviri electrically conductive. Compounds pamwe Ionic zvisungo zvayo yakachena chimiro iri anenge asina kuwanikwa.

Ion sekristaro yekamuri cho vamwe zvinowanzoitika oxides uye hydroxides chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi, munyu, i.e., Zvinhu ane Ionic namakemikari chisungo.

Mukuwedzera pane Ionic chisungo, esimbi, samolecular uye covalent zvisungo zviri sekristaro.

Crystals kuva covalent chisungo, muri semiconductors kana insulators. Typical mienzaniso mabhomba crystals vari nedhaimani, nesilicon negermanium.

Diamond - a chicherwa cubic allotropic nadzurudzo (chimiro) kuti kabhoni. The sekristaro yekamuri wedhaimondi - zvenyukireya, kuoma zvikuru. The nodes kwakadaro yekamuri maatomu vari interconnected nemunhu chaizvo simba covalent zvisungo. Diamond rinoumbwa yoga kabhoni maatomu riri mumwe musimboti tetrahedron, ane vertices ndidzo mana pedyo atomu. yekamuri kwakadaro kunoratidzwa ne fcc Unit sero, zvichiguma kunonyanyisa kwekuoma nedhaimani uye vashoma yakakwirira utsotso pfungwa. In nedhaimani yekamuri hapana mamorekuru - uye sekristaro anogona aionekwa somunhu akanaka Morekuru.

Mukuwedzera, maatomu sekiristaro yekamuri chinoratidza nesilicon, rakasimba Boron, germanium uye yeimwe nomunhu zvinhu pamwe nesilicon uye kabhoni (silica, Goldstone, Mika, rwizi jecha, nesilicon carbide). Kazhinji, vamiririri venyika crystalline nezvishoma vane mabhomba yekamuri vari vashoma.