Chii chinonzi semiconductor? musimbwa semiconductor

Chii chinonzi semiconductor zvinhu? Ndezvipi zvinhu zvayo? Chii wefizikisi ose semiconductors? Sezvo vari kuvakwa? Chii conductivity kuti semiconductors? Ndezvipi mumuviri hunhu ivo nhaka?

Chii inonzi semiconductors?

Rinoreva crystalline zvinhu kuti regai kuitisa magetsi saka zvakanaka, sezvinoita simbi. Asi nhamba iri nani pane vari insulators. maitiro ava nokuda nokuwanda Mobile vatakuri. Kana isu funga, zvarwo, kune simba aida nuclei. Zvisinei, kana dzakabatwa ari kondakita maatomu akawanda Somuenzaniso, namavara akanaka, rine nekumwisa maerekitironi, chinzvimbo ichi kugadziriswa. Kana kushandisa indium akagadzira zvinhu uine mutariri. zvivako izvi zviri zvinowanzoshandiswa transistors - chaiyo mano, izvo zvinogona kuwedzera, nechigumbuso kana kupfuura ari kuitika mune imwe chete chete. Kana tikafunga NPN-mhando maatomu akafanana, rinogona kuitwa chaizvo kunosimbisa basa iri kunyanya kukosha kwemashoko simba zviratidzo.

Design zvinhu izvo zvine electrically Semi-conductors

Conductors vane yakawanda vakasununguka maerekitironi. Insulators vakanga asiri nhaka. Semiconductors uye dzinewo imwe mari vakasununguka maerekitironi uye chinopinda uine nokuchengeta, izvo rakatogadzirira vasunungurwa inoramba. Uye Chikurukuru - vose vakatakura magetsi. Kukurukurwa kare NPN-mhando transistor - zvisingaiti kuroorwa semiconductor maatomu akafanana. Saka, pane zvakawanda PNP-transistors uye diodes.

Kana isu nezvazvo okupedzisira pfupi, chinhu ichocho chinogona kutapurira anonongedzera mune imwe chete chete. Uyewo, iyo diode anogona exchange AC kuna DC. Chii mashandiro tishandurwe ichi? Uye nei izvozvo kunoita chimwe divi chete? Pasinei pane kuitika, maerekitironi uye Makwanza zvingaita kana parara, kana kuenda mberi. Muchiitiko chokutanga nokuda chichiwedzera daro inosimbisa wedzerai iri hwakakanganiswa, uye naizvozvo zvitange vatakuri kunaka voltage mune mirayiridzo imwe chete, i.e. ari conductivity ose semiconductors ndiyo yaitsigira divi. Handiti, magetsi hunogona kutapukira chete kana constituent nezvimedu vari pedyo. Uye ichi zvinokwanisika chete kana magetsi romugove ruoko rumwe. Ndivo mhando semiconductors ariko uye anoshandiswa panguva.

bhendi mamiriro

Electrical uye Manyiminya zvivako zviri conductors chokuita chokuti, apo achizadza simba kwevari maerekitironi vanoparadzaniswa kubva zvichibvira inoti ari bandgap. Ndezvipi zvinhu varo? Chokwadi chokuti hapana bandgap simba mumatunhu. With nouipi uye STRUCTURAL zvikanganiso chinogona kushandurwa. Higher zvizere bhendi inonzi Valencia. Uchiteverwa chisarudzo, asi asina chinhu. Inonzi conduction bhendi. Physics pamusoro semiconductors - a anonakidza nyaya, uye yechinangwa nyaya iri zvakanaka akafukidzwa.

mamiriro of maerekitironi

Inoshandisa Pfungwa dzakadai nhamba akabvumira bhendi uye quasi-tichimhanya. The mamiriro vagara vandifungira wokutanga kupararira. Anoti kuti pamusoro zvinokanganisawo simba kutsamira yacho quasimomentum. Saka, kana Valence bhendi izere zvachose maerekitironi (izvo kutakura mutariri ari semiconductor), tichiti hapana zvokutanga excitations. Kana kuti zvimwe chikonzero, zvacho hazvisi, zvinoreva kuti pane chokwadi mhosva quasiparticle - zvakaitika kana buri. Ndivo mutariri vatakuri zviri semiconductors ari Valencia bhendi.

vakaderera mapazi

The Valence bhendi riri mumufananidzo kondakita iri sixfold vakaderera. Izvi dzakakudzingai ari kuruka-muchadenga nekuita kana chete sekristaro tichimhanya ndiyo razero. Inogona wakanamatira pasi chete ezvinhu nokuda nemhosva mbiri uye zvina vakaderera bhendi. The simba spacing pakati pavo rinonzi simba pamusoro kuruka-muchadenga kukamurwa.

Tsvina uye kuremara mu semiconductors

Vanogona kuva electrically basa kana basa. Kushandisa wokutanga unokubvumira kupinda semiconductors akanaka kana akaipa nokuchengeta, izvo zvinogona zvaizopedza kubudikidza kwaita buri Valence bhendi kana ane Erekitironi iri conduction bhendi. Vakaneta tsvina vari kwazvakarerekera, uye vane zvishoma rokuchinja yemagetsi ehupfumi. Uyezve, kazhinji vave kukosha ndiyo Valence iyo vane maatomu izvo kutora chikamu mune mhosva kutapurirana rikurumidze, uye nemamiriro yacho sekristaro napamahwindo.

Zvichienderana mhando uye uwandu nouipi kungachinja uye nhamba pakati uwandu makomba uye maerekitironi. Naizvozvo, semiconductor zvinhu zvinofanira kugara nokungwarira kusarudzwa kuzadzisa zvinodiwa mugumisiro. Izvi pashure vakawanda Masvomhu, uye zvadaro ari kuedza. Inoramba kuti vakawanda rinonzi ruzhinji vatakuri, muri vashoma.

Dosed Sumo nouipi kupinda semiconductor mudziyo anobvumira kuti vawane unodikanwa ehupfumi. Kuremara muna Semiconductors zvinogona kuva vanhu vasingaiti basa kana kushingaira magetsi ezvinhu. Kukosha pano ndiyo dislocation, interstitial atomu uye nzvimbo. Liquid uye noncrystalline conductors sei tsvina zvakasiyana pane crystalline. pakupedzisira kushaya yakaoma mamiriro inoguma chii chakaita kuti atomu anowana zvakasiyana Valencia. Richava akasiyana rimwe chete iyo akatanga imbues ukama hwavo. Atomu anova maturo kupa kana Kochekera Erekitironi. Pakadaro, zvinova basa uye, naizvozvo, kusachena semiconductors vane zvikuru mikana kukundikana. Izvi zvinotungamirira kuti hazvibviri kuchinja conductivity mhando kuburikidza doping uye kusika Somuenzaniso, peji-N-Junction.

Vamwe amorphous semiconductors angachinja zvavo zvemagetsi ehupfumi pasi pokudzora doping. Asi Anovaratidza kuti zvikuru chiduku zvakadini pane crystalline. Aikanganiswa doping amorphous zvinhu zvinogona nani nokuda processing. Pakupedzisira, zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti nokuda refu uye zvakaoma basa netsvina semiconductors zvisinei anopa nhamba hwounhu zvichibudirira.

Statistics ose maerekitironi vari semiconductor

Kana pane thermodynamic zvakanyatsoenzana, uwandu makomba uye maerekitironi kunozivikanwa chete nokuda tembiricha chehondo mamiriro parameters uye wevasungwa pakati electrically vanoshingaira tsvina. Kana reshiyo rinowanikwa, zvinofungidzirwa kuti vamwe nezvimedu zvichava conduction bhendi (ari acceptor kana anyatsoronga pamwero). Chiri kufungwa ndechokuti chikamu anogona kusiya mundima Valence, uye paine akaumba maburi.

conductivity

In semiconductors, kunze maerekitironi sezvo vaitarisira vatakuri anogona kuita uye ions. Asi avo zvemagetsi conductivity kakawanda kunyora nezvavo. The chete Ionic superprovodniki kunogona kukonzera zvagara. The semiconductors nhatu dzinonyanya Erekitironi chinja mashandiro:

1. Mukuru wenyika. Panyaya iyi, iyo maerekitironi kufamba nokuda shanduko kwayo simba mukati akabvumidza nzvimbo.
2. Hopping senga pamusoro vemunyika inotaura.
3. Polaron.

exciton

Gomba uye Erekitironi anogona kuumba vakasungwa nehurumende. Inonzi Wannier-Mott. Panyaya iyi iri photon simba, iyo unoenderana kuti Absorção de Água kumucheto chikawira pamusoro kwakakura panaakabatanidzwa pamwechete chisarudzo. With zvakakwana kusimba chiedza muna semiconductors zvingaite kuchikosha mari excitons. With kuwedzera kwavo wevasungwa dzora uye chimiro Erekitironi-mugomba mvura.

The pemvura semiconductor

Mashoko aya anoratidza mabhomba akaturikidzana akawanda, izvo riri pedo kumuganhu mudziyo. Pamusoro ehupfumi zvakasiyana unorema. Kuvapo akaturikidzana izvi rinovhuna translational symmetry yacho sekristaro. Izvi zvinotungamirira vanonzi pamusoro inoti uye polaritons. Kuva musoro ekupedzisira, tinofanira kuva zvakawanda kuudza uye pamusoro kuruka uye vibrational nemafungu. Nokuda kwayo kwemakemikari basa akavanda roga pamusoro rukoko kunze mamorekuru kana maatomu kuti zvawave adsorbed kubva zvakatipoteredza. Ivo kuona ehupfumi kwevashomanana mabhomba akaturikidzana. Sezvineiwo, paakasika Ultra-soro Vacuum michina, umo vari semiconductor zvinoriumba, anobvumira kuwana uye kuramba kwemaawa anoverengeka, yakachena, izvo chokwadi kunokanganisa unhu zvigadzirwa.

Semiconductor. Temperature rinokanganisa kurwisa

Apo tembiricha iri simbi kuwedzera, uye inowedzera kuramba kwavo. With semiconductors, zvakasiyana ichokwadi - pasi chete ezvinhu, pfungwa iyi vachaita kudukupiswa. The apa ndechokuti zvemagetsi conductivity chero zvinhu (uye ichi hunhu inversely Proportional kuti kurwisa) inoenderana nokuti mhosva ano vatakuri vari, ari kumhanya kufamba ari yemagetsi munda, uye avo nhamba iri chikwata Vhoriyamu zvinhu.

The semiconductor zvinhu kunowedzera sezvo tembiricha kunowedzera wevasungwa pamusoro nezvimedu, nokudaro kuwedzere chafariz conductivity uye kuramba kunoderedza. Unogona kuongorora izvi pamberi nyore yakatarwa muduku yefizikisi uye anodiwa zvinhu - nesilicon kana germanium, uyewo vanogona kubatwa uye wakaitwa semiconductor wavo. Kuwedzera tembiricha kuchaderedza kurwisa kwavo. Kuti asimbise ichi, unofanira Stock pamusoro rwokuyera zviridzwa kuti vachaona zvose kuchinja. Izvi Kazhinji zvazviri. Ngatimboonai vaviri chaiwo embodiments.

Kupikiswa uye electrostatic ionization

Izvi imhaka tunneling pamusoro maerekitironi achipfuura rakamanikana chaizvo chipingamupinyi iyo inopa ingangoita ramazana pamusoro micrometer. Zvinonzi rakamiswa pakati kumicheto simba zvisungo. chitarisiko Its zvinogoneka chete kana vachikotama simba evapambi, kunoitika chete pasi pokudzora yakasimba yemagetsi munda. Kamwe tunneling kunoitika (ari quantum zvokuimba zvazviri), kuti maerekitironi nomunyika zvinogona chinodzivirira yakamanikana, uye haachinji simba ravo. Izvi zvinosanganisira nokuwedzera wevasungwa muripo vatakuri, uye muna vose zones: iri conduction uye Valencia. Kana muitiro kutanga electrostatic ionization, panogona kuva Kuparara semiconductor mugero. Panguva iyi nayo ichachinja kurwisa yacho semiconductor. Hazvina reversible, uye achangopera yemagetsi munda washandukurwa kure, zvose kwemasayendisiti vari yakadzorerwa.

Kupikiswa nezvainoita ionization

Panyaya iyi, makomba uye maerekitironi vari nokukurumidza kusvikira kuedzwa vakasununguka nzira pasi pokudzora yakasimba yemagetsi munda kune tsika dzinobatsira ionization pamusoro maatomu uye atsamwira rimwe covalent zvisungo (chikuru kana kumwedzi atomu). Impact ionization kunoitika sezvinoita aval uye aval muwande mutariri vatakuri. Saka richangobva akasika makomba uye maerekitironi nokukurumidza nokuda Magetsi. The ukoshi kuitika wokupedzisira mugumisiro zvikawanda neboka coefficient pakati kwechirwere ionization, inova uwandu Erekitironi-mugomba nomwe dziri yakaumbwa musi mumwe mutakuri mutariri nzira chidimbu. pakupedzisira kukura izvi kunotungamirira semiconductor aval kuparara. The nemishonga pamusoro semiconductors ari kuchinja, asi, sezvo iri nyaya mugero nokuputsika, reversible.

Kushandiswa semiconductors uchidzidzira

The kunyanya kukosha zvinhu izvi zvinofanira kucherechedzwa muna zvemichina kombiyuta. hapana mubvunzo anenge kuti hamuna kufarira mubvunzo kuti chii semiconductors, kana kwete chido vakazvimiririra kusimudza nyaya yavo kushandiswa. Hazvibviri kufungidzira basa sefiriji ano, materevhizheni, kombiyuta monitors pasina semiconductors. Kuita pasina pavo, uye kukura Automotive mapurani. Vanewo kushandiswa avhiyesheni uye nzvimbo rwokugadzira. Kunzwisisa semiconductors vari, kuti vanokosha? Chokwadi, hatigoni kutaura kuti zviri chete zvinhu zvinokosha yebudiriro edu, asi wakarerutsa kwavari hakuna kukodzera.

Kushandiswa semiconductors mune tsika, nokuda zvakawanda uye zvinhu zvinoverengeka, pakati pavo kwakapararira pamusoro zvokuvakisa izvo zvavari aita, uye nyore kubudiswa uye kuwana kutsvakwa mugumisiro, uye zvimwe michina zvinhu kusarudza pakati masayendisiti vaishanda pamusoro electronic zvokushandisa, akavadzivisa.

mhedziso

Takurukura zvakadzama chii semiconductors, sei vanoshanda. Hwaro kurwisa yavo vakaisa zvakaoma mumuviri uye nemakemikari kwendangariro. Uye unogona kuona kuti chokwadi regai sezvinorondedzerwa Article zvakazara kuti semiconductors zvakadaro, pamusana pokuti kuti sayenzi kunyange kudzidza peculiarities kwebasa ravo kusvikira kumugumo. Asi tinoziva zvinhu zvivako zvavo uye unhu, hunoita kuti tikwanise muvira tsika. Naizvozvo, unogona kutsvaka zvinhu uye semiconductors kuedza navo, nokuchenjerera. Ndiani anoziva, zvichida mauri vanotsumwaira mutsvakurudzi kukuru?!