Chii Cultural? Communication Cultural Studies nevamwe sayenzi

Pashure kuverenga nyaya ino, uchadzidza zvidzidzo chii tsika kuti anoongorora sainzi, ayo kuzivikanwa kwayo siyana uye chii nevamwe anoranga nayo interacts. Zvose izvi tichakurukura zvizere. Chekutanga zvose zvakafanira kuona hurongwa, sei kukosha tiri kufarira pfungwa. Cultural - izwi aumba kubva aya ekare: "cultura" (Latin, rakashandurwa kuti "kurimwa") uye "Logos" (chiGiriki, "kudzidzisa"). Zvakaratidza kuti sayenzi tsika. Zvisinei, zvose hakusi nyore sezvo zvichiita sokuti pakutanga kuaona. Shoko "tsika" rine zvirevo zvakawanda. Izvi zvinofanira kuonekwa kuitira kupa mhinduro yakakwana kune mubvunzo: "? Chii nemagariro zveBhaibheri"

Chii chinonzi tsika?

Mu "Dictionary" Adelunga 1793 pfungwa iyi upgrading zvose tsika nevakangwara unhu vanhu kana munhu. J. mufudzi akamupa nhamba dzakasiyana tsika. Pakati pavo vane kugona kuongorora nyika itsva, dzaichengetwa mhuka; budiriro wezvokutengeserana, rwokugadzira, Arts, sayenzi, uye vamwe. kazhinji zvesimba mufudzi nezvatakarerekera Kant mafungiro, zvakabatanidzwa kubudirira tsika pamwe kukura mupfungwa. Kant aidavira kuti pakagadzwa rugare yezvisikwa ndiye chinangwa vakatsvaka ne vanhu.

National uye World Culture

Culture chinhu multilevel hurongwa. Inogona dziya pamwe mutakuri. Isolated, zvichienderana ichi, National uye nyika tsika. Nyika iri kwetunhu akanakisisa nebudiriro dzakasiyana dzenyika uye vanhu vanogara redu.

National, akavapindurawo, ari kwetunhu mutsika nemagariro evanhu mapoka, makirasi uye mapoka enzanga. mavambo ayo, mavambo uye kusiyana kunoratidzwa zvose nyikadzimu (mutauro, chitendero, unyanzvi, mumhanzi, mabhuku), uye zvinhu (tsika kugadzirwa uye basa, kunyanya rokuchenesa).

Spiritual uye zvinhu netsika

Culture zvakare rakakamurwa genera uye mhuka. The Hwaro weboka ichi - zvakasiyana siyana zvinoitwa nevanhu. Pane zvokunamata uye zvinhu netsika. Zvisinei, nokupesana iri kazhinji zvemasanga, sezvo chokwadi ndechokuti vzaimopronikaemy uye vari titsigire. Vamwe vanamazvikokota nemagariro vanodavira kuti mamwe tsika kurondedzera chete kukodzera zvokunyama. Ivo kutekeshera zvose hurongwa hwayo. Ichi aesthetic, zvipenyu, enyika, zvoupfumi tsika.

Culture uye Humanism

Culture yave nhoroondo vakasonganira Humanism, sehwaro naye - mwero emunhu. Kana zvinowanikwa nesayenzi kana rwokugadzira zvinhu regai vazivikanwe tsika pamwero kwenzanga, kana chiri pane vanhu. Naizvozvo, humanization nzanga iri kwayo nechiyero. Chinangwa tsika anogona kunzi sezvo zvose-kumativi kukura murume.

nemagariro mabasa

Vakagarapo chaizvo, isu nyora chete makuru acho. The chikuru basa iri humanistic kana murume-okusika. zvimwe zvose mabasa vanenge chokuita nayo. Unogona kunyange kutaura kuti zvinopiwa pairi.

Chinonyanya kushanda tsika kuchinjwa mumagariro ruzivo. It rinonziwo mashoko, kana kushanda chenhau chamazuva. Culture chinhu chisinganzwisisiki chiratidzo gadziriro - the mashandiro chete nawo pasocial ruzivo vanhu vakapfuura kubva ehurumende mumwe, kubvira chizvarwa nechizvarwa, kubva kumarudzi namarudzi. Zvinonzi saka hapana masanga rinonzi evanhu kuyeuka vanhu vose. Kana chamazuva yaputswa, zvizvarwa itsva vakatondeswa nokurasikirwa evanhu ndangariro.

Chimwe basa rinokosha nemagariro - epistemological (zvishande). basa iri kufanana wokutanga. Culture chinotaura zvakaitika mazhinji, kuunganidza ruzivo rwenyika uye pakudaro nokusika akanaka ezvinhu ayo kukura uye cognition.

Pamutemo (pamutemo) basa rine chokuita tsanangudzo rakasiyana-siyana kumapati uye mabasa vanhu pachavo uye munzanga. Culture kunokanganisa maitiro emunhu ari muupenyu, basa, interpersonal ukama. It anoita zvinoitwa uye maitiro evanhu, uye kunyange zvakasiyana-siyana pakunamata uye zvinhu zvinokosha. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti pamutemo basa iri inobva mutemo uye zvetsika pamusoro pamutemo hurongwa.

Chiratidzo (semiotic) - mumwe basa rinokosha. Culture - chiratidzo hurongwa. It presupposes kuziva izvozvo, ayo pamusoro. Tenzi kubudirira kwayo hazvibviri pasina kudzidza chiratidzo enyika.

Axiological (netsika) basa kunokoshawo chaizvo. Culture ndiyo kwegadziriro tsika. Anoumba muvanhu vamwe axiological dzidziso uye maonero. Maererano nezera ravo yepamusoro uye isu kazhinji achatonga vanhu tsika. Vakangwara uye tsika kugutsikana Kazhinji chokuratidza kuongorora.

The chidzoke tsika zveBhaibheri

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti pfungwa "zvidzidzo nemagariro" akazviratidza tichishandisa yapfuura, mukunopera rechi19 - kwezana remakore rechi20. Vatsvakurudzi atanga kuushandisa pamwe anofanana. Somuenzaniso, E. B. Taylor, Chirungu ANODZIDZA uye ethnographer, akapa zvinotevera wenyaya chitsauko chebhuku rake rokutanga, rakanyorwa muna 1871 ( "Uropi Culture"): ". Sayenzi tsika" A V. F. Ostvald, munhu German muzivi, yefizikisi uye kemisiti, muna 1915 "sayenzi mamiriro" zvinganaka kudana yakatarwa kutsvakurudza uye maindasitiri nokuziva nzira nokushanda kuti vari zvakananga hwevanhu, "zvidzidzo zvetsika", kana "sayenzi yebudiriro."

sainzi Izvi munhau dzayo pfupi rabva mumatanho dzakawanda kwayo inotungamirwa uye kubudirira. Nhoroondo zvidzidzo nemagariro rakaisirwa pokugadzwa wandei mharidzo. Uyezve, pachena vakawanda zvivezwa uye dzakasiyana. Nhasi tinoziva nzira nhatu dzinokosha kuburikidza iyo sainzi vagara vandifungira tsika zvidzidzo. Rondedzera muchidimbu mumwe nomumwe wavo.

Nzira nhatu

Chokutanga, chine anoranga kuti kudzidza tsika. Chechipiri, zvinokosha chikamu chinokosha socio-zvokuyamura anoranga. Mupfungwa iyi, sayenzi iyi kudzidza tsika pazvikanganiso pachavo nzira dzavo (somuenzaniso, uzivi tsika uzivi). Chechitatu, ndiwo yakazvimirira yesayenzi kurayirirwa, ine nemamwe maitiro.

Tichafamba funga nezvenyaya uye chinhu tsika zvidzidzo kubva nzvimbo yokupedzisira kusvika.

The chinhu uye nyaya Cultural Studies

The chinhu sayenzi - kutaridza yakananga yepamusoro pezvakaitwa uye mananara chokwadi, zvayo chikuru features, womukati hunhu, mitemo kukura uye kushanda substantially vakasiyana nevamwe zvinhu chokwadi ichi. Nyaya vakaratidza kufarira masayendisiti ari kudzidza imwe nzvimbo chaicho. Zviri pachena kuti tsika anogona kuita nyaya uye chinangwa kudzidza. Sezvo chinhu zviri munyaya wakafara pfungwa shoko. Sokuona ichi, chinowanzoonekwa sokuva kutaridza dzakasiyana uye mabasa evanhu, ayo wakapiwa (nedzidzo uye kurovedzwa) kubva kumarudzi namarudzi vnebiologicheski. chinhu ichi tinoberekwa kwetsika zveBhaibheri, kwete chete naye asiwo sayenzi siyana munzanga uye nevanhu.

Kana nyaya, zvino mabhuku Russian pane 2 pfungwa maonero. Chokutanga ndechokuti tsika "iri yakamanikana pfungwa shoko." Research kufarira ichi nyaya inoendeswa zvinotevera mukuru zvinobatanidzwa basa nevanhu:

- rokufananidzira, semiotic maitiro (BA Uspensky, Yu M. Lotman.);

- kusachinja-chinja pakati zvekushandisa nokunzwisisa seboka chiito, ndiko kuti, kuna societal dzemunharaunda (A. Ya Flier.);

- kuva anoreva uye netsika (AA Radugin, NS Chavchavadze).

The nemaonero wechipiri inobatana Leningrad School (Ikonnikova, Kagan, Bol'shakov and said.). Maererano naye, nokuti tsika zvidzidzo zvinokosha kudzidza tsika hakusi kukosha funga pakawanda kwayo. It kukosha kufunga sechinhu rose hurongwa.

Model (mhando) Cultural Studies

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kuoma kuziva chinhu uye chinangwa chidzidzo nemagariro zveBhaibheri muka kubva specificity nemagariro, riri kubatana pakati murume uye nyika zvakamupoteredza. Uyezve, zviri rinokosha kuvapo kuri munzanga uye munhu. Saka, zvinogona kudzidzwa nenzira dzakasiyana, kureva nzira yakasiyana. Nhasi kune mienzaniso yakawanda nemagariro zvidzidzo, asi sayenzi chete harisati zvakasikwa. mhando idzi dzinobva siyana nzira uye nzira kudzidza tsika. Ivo zvingaderedzwa kuti zvishomanana mhando. In nomumwe wavo unozvitaura zvakananga nyaya nemagariro zvidzidzo. Muchidimbu unhu nomumwe wavo.

Cultural Uzivi inorondedzera musimboti nemagariro, sei zvakasiyana zvisikwa. The chikuru Basa iri kutsanangura uye kuinzwisisa nokuongorora rinonyatsooneka uye zvakajairika zviri mariri. The chinhu nokudzidza muenzaniso uyu ndiyo basa, mashandiro uye mamiriro tsika muupenyu kwenzanga uye munhu. Uyezve, rinoratidza nezvemaitiro shanduka tsika. Pakupedzisira, muenzaniso uyu anoratidza zvikonzero kubudirira kwayo uye dambudziko, nemateru nezvisingafadzi.

Ndeipi tsika zveBhaibheri munhoroondo? Hazvina kuoma kuti zvokufungidzira kuti anotipa zivo imwe tsika yakati nhoroondo kumwedzi. Zvisinei, ayo nenyaya iri zvishoma yakakura. Iri remunharaunda, National, yose tsika kana akarondedzera imwe panguva. muenzaniso uyu rinoti chokwadi, inorondedzera kuonekwa uye zviitiko mairi, apo vachisimbisa zvikuru nebudiriro vanhu. Ndivo mabasa chikuru tsika ongororo munhoroondo.

Takurukura kwete mienzaniso zvose (dzakasiyana). Kuongorora tsika zveBhaibheri evanhu? It anoona magariro mananara uye pezvakaitwa kuitika munharaunda. muenzaniso uyu kudzidza kushanda munzanga tsika yose. Asi kwete chete kuti. Cultural Studies Sociological zvinangwa zvinosanganisira kudzidza munhu subcultures.

We avapo inotevera womuenzaniso. Zvakakosha kutaurira, uye kuti zvidzidzo psychoanalytic tsika zvidzidzo. It rinoongorora dambudziko unhu, iyo anoita somunhu Mutengi uye musiki nokubudirira yebudiriro. chidzidzo Its ndiye munhu unhu ukama hwomunhu netsika, kusiyana ake maitiro pakunamata.

(Kwemadzinza) zvidzidzo tsika Ethnological inoongorora tsika, tsika, zvitendero uye ngano. Uyezve, iye anofarira pre-maindasitiri nzira youpenyu, tsika nzanga uye zvekare vanhu.

Cultural philological achidzidza National tsika kuburikidza ngano, mabhuku uye mutauro.

We tsanangura chete zvinhu zvipenyu ayo kana womuenzaniso. Mubvunzo: "Chii nemagariro zveBhaibheri?" isu akapindura. We kukuudzai iye zvino kuti, pamwe vamwe anoranga uye sayenzi nayo interacts.

Kudyidzana pamwe socio-zvokuyamura anoranga

Culture anonzi "hunhu chechipiri". Mashoko aya runobva kuna Democritus, yekare muzivi wechiGiriki. Culture haisi nhaka zvoutachiona nzira, asi chete kuburikidza nedzidzo, kudzidziswa, nhanganyaya nayo. Funga kuti zvinhu sayenzi interacts nevamwe socio-zvokuyamura anoranga. Vose vari akakamurwa zvinotevera mapoka maviri:

- avo chinhu sayenzi icho dzinounzwa maererano worudzii unyanzvi mabasa (somuenzaniso, dzidzo, zvidzidzo zvechitendero, unyanzvi zvidzidzo, political sainzi, zvichingodaro sainzi zvoupfumi.);

- sayenzi mukuru zvinoumba mabasa evanhu (Sociological, mupfungwa, zvenhoroondo, uye vamwe.).

Kukura tsika zvidzidzo kunoitika pavanoparidza muboka rokutanga. Pano tiri kufarira zvesayenzi anoshanda sezvo kuri kuitwa interdisciplinary kwetunhu. Akanetseka kuti zvimwe mifananidzo zvinowanzovapo budiriro inogona kuwanikwa mune zvematongerwo enyika, zvoupfumi, chitendero uye dzimwe pazvinoitwa. Kuburikidza kudyidzana wechipiri boka riri dzinounzwa chaiyo tsika nzira inogona kushandiswa mukati chero nevanhu uye munzanga profile.

Kudyidzana pamwe nhoroondo, ethnography, akiyoroji uye uzivi

Kubvisa ukama nesayenzi uye nhoroondo. Kana rimwe bhuku iri nhoroondo zvakakwana pasina nyaya tsika nebudiriro nguva, pamusoro upenyu nemagariro evanhu. Uyewo, isu vanofarira sayenzi hanya ethnography, iri mubasa kutsvakurudza tsika uye neveimba unhu vemarudzi akasiyana. Archaeology zvinhu zvakasara upenyu hwevanhu kudzidza nhoroondo kwenzanga. Asi nebudiriro nemagariro - pakunamata uye zvinhu zvinokosha.

Archaeological nzira kubvumira kudzidza nebudiriro siyana dzavanhu uye eras. Philosophy zvakare chokuita tsika zveBhaibheri. Zviri mudziyo ruzivo, achifanotaura, kududzira, aishandisa wake dzidziso. zvidzidzo zvetsika, uyewo sayenzi vamwe, uzivi kunodiwa, pamusoro izvo matavi ose ruzivo. Zvinobatsira kunzwisisa musimboti yebudiriro, kuongorora boka uye padanho kukura tsika kubva imwe pakona.

Saka isu akazarura donongodzo dingindira. In mhedziso, isu wedzera kuti nhasi ari kushingaira nekukudziridza tsika zvidzidzo. Africa kupa vadzidzi nokudzidziswa munharaunda iyi. Kunyange zvazvo nyanzvi mune kudiwa kwete kufanana, muti, mune zvoupfumi bhora, kudzidza chikoro chesekondari vazhinji kufunga kutungamirirwa "zvidzidzo zvetsika" sechinhu chokutanga.