Paris Catacombs: mapikicha uye wongororo

Paris Catacombs kare chinhu hanya kubva Kwataigara uye parutivi vafambi vazhinji. Chii chinokwezva vashanyi vakawanda kudaro pagore? Kazhinji, ndizvo chido chokudzidza nezvenhoroondo guta guru. Kunyange zvazvo pasina chakavanzika kuti dzimwe nguva akanyanyisa vatambi uye adventurers kuenda Paris catacombs. Nzvimbo idzi chaizvoizvo vari yakafukidzwa pakavanda uye chakavanzika, uye kupindura mibvunzo yakawanda vachiri kuda makore nemakore kutsvakurudza.

Nyaya ino ndehwokuti kukuudza pamusoro ichi anofadza uye zvikuru vasingazivikanwi chinhu guru French, sezvo pevhu guta vakafa. Muverengi vachadzidza mashoko izvo, sezvo mutemo, hatiiti vashanyi, kunyange ruzivo vakapofumara.

Section 1. General tsananguro:

Catacombs, Munotatamura pasi guru France, ndiyo kwegadziriro tunnels, yakabuda pasi guta kare.

Wanda pevhu namaberere vane kureba makiromita anopfuura mazana matatu. The dzekare vanoti yamabwe yekare pamusana kugadzirwa nezvinhu zvinodiwa kuvaka nhare uye machechi muguta panguva yeMiddle Ages. Gare gare bako raiva guva vanhu vazhinji uye rava nzvimbo huru yemakuva. Kuwanda vokuParis akavigwa pano, kupfuura kuitika Vagari guru French.

Kunyange munguva vaRoma vekare achera reraimu munzvimbo idzi, asi mumigodhi akazarurwa. Zvishoma nezvishoma, pamwe kukura guta rakawedzera uye uwandu mafekitari dzakadaro. The chikuru Chikamu mugero akazviratidza panguva Mambo French Philip Augustus, aitonga 1180-1223 gg. Varipi reraimu raishandiswa kuvakwa miti inodzivirira.

Section 2. Paris Catacombs. Nhoroondo chiitiko

The zvachose nzvimbo pachivande tunnels vakaumba panguva kukura reraimu, iri vanenge 11 sq. M. m.

The dzokubudisa rokutanga reraimu pasi penyika yakatanga pasi Louis XI, uyo akapa ichi nyika Vovert Castle. Mune Renaissance mumaruwa Paris akakura nokukurumidza, uye atova XVII remakore. pevhu Parisian catacombs, mapikicha iyo zvino anogona kuwanikwa zvinenge zvose mumabhuku vakatsaurira guru French, zvakanga zviri muguta, zvichiita kuti ngozi ivhu kukundikana mumigwagwa.

Muna 1777, Mambo Louis XVI vakaongorora yamabwe rokuongorora akasikwa, kuita nguva yedu. Makore 200 vashandi vari masangano kushanda kusimbisa uye kudzivirira collapses mugomba. migodhi Vakawanda vakazadzwa kongiri, asi kusimbisa zvishoma nezvishoma kwakakanganisa pasi pemvura Seine, uye ngozi avalanches anodzokororwa.

Section 3. Brief nhoroondo pfupiso

Nhoroondo Parisian catacombs nechokuita zvakananga upenyu vemunyika. Sei? Please kuwana mashomanana chokwadi:

• Cafe "Catacombs" yakawanikwa mukudhinda namaberere ose chaillot panguva World Exhibition muParis (muna 1878). Vazhinji vanoti chokwadi kuti varege kushanyira hazvitomboiti nzvimbo ino
• Mune pevhu guru vanokura howa, yaanofarira chigadzirwa iri National chili kweFrance.
• Akakurumbira anonzi Viktor Gyugo akasika mukuru paakaita yokufungidzira "Les Miserables", rangano iyo hunonyatsobatana paSheori muParis.
• Panguva Second World War yamabwe inoshandiswa nevatungamiriri French Nemishonga. Muzhizha 1944 imomo rakavambwa kudzimbahwe, riri mamita 500 chete kubva zvakavanzika BUNKER hweNazi.
• Munguva Yemashoko Hondo uye vari mungozi yokurwiswa kwenyukireya nevamwe tunnels pevhu vakanga vatendeukira pasi mhepo-bvuta matumba.
• "Paris Catacombs" - firimu, mumwe vashoma vasina filming pamusoro yakatarwa, asi zvakananga nomumapako pachavo.

Section 4. Bhokisi remapfupa?

KuMiddle Ages yeKatorike havasi hazvitenderwi kuvigwa pedyo machechi, vakawanda vakanga iri dzomumaguta munzvimbo. At kumakuva iri mhaka, chikuru kuParis, vakaviga vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni maviri. Pane nhema dzasara kwete pevamwe, asi vanhu vakafa panguva idenda denda uye akafa wazvakaitika pana St. Bartholomew. Also akavigwa kumakuva mazana zvinowanikwa zvinosanganisira miviri.

Havasi vose vanoziva kuti kazhinji guva Kusvika kudzika 10 metres, uye murwi pano yakawedzera kusvika mamita 3.

Hazvishamisi, guta kumakuva vakazoroorwa akava tsime kupararira chirwere, uye muna 1763 Paramende akarambidza uremu makuva muguta. Muna 1780, pashure pokuwa pamadziro kuti Anopatsanura pachechi kubva madhorobha nzvimbo, kumakuva yapera zvachose, uye mukati Paris hapana mumwe akavigwa.

Kwenguva refu mapfupa zvakabviswa pashure disinfection mukudhinda pavaiputsa Tomb-Issoire. Vashandi vakaisa pfupa ari kudzika 17 metres, zvokuti pakanga rusvingo, uye pakanga anenge 780 metres pakati namaberere pamwe zvisaririra vakafa, avo vakaiswa denderedzwa. Saka, muna catacombs kweParis muna 1786 zvakanzi yakavakirwa Bhokisi remapfupa. It akawana rugare vanhu mamiriyoni matanhatu, kusanganisira vakawanda unhu kuzivikanwa, asi kunyange zvakawanda pamusoro - hapana anoziva.

Section 5. Paris Catacombs nhasi

Maererano vafambi kupinda remapfupa haina kumuziva kuti aiva ari kudzika 20 mamita. Pano unogona kuona rusvingo mifananidzo yacho XVIII remakore., Various Zvivako uye nhoroondo Exhibits, nearitari, iri yangu mhepo rive.

Vaenzi uye veko vanoti Kunyatsoteerera kumusoro, unogona kuona munhu mutema mutsetse - "shinda Ariadne kuti", izvo zvakabatsira kudzivisa vopedzisira varasika rakaremberera kare, kana kusina magetsi. Zvino mugomba achiri vakachengetedzwa nzvimbo, handishanduki kubva ipapo; asi monument uye Bhanabhasi-reliefs kuti yakaiswa pamusoro makuva emakore akapfuura; zvakanaka remigodhi reraimu; kutsigira mbiru padenga.

Kazhinji, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti Paris Catacombs (2014 - mumwe chisimbiso) vari kungoramba yakakurumbira kukwezvana guru French.

Chitsauko 6. kuti mukati

Kumukova catacombs kweParis riri pedyo Metro yemapurisa "Denfert-Rochereau" (Denfert-Rochereau). Nhangaruvazhe - chivezwa cheshumba. The catacombs dzakadziuka daily (kunze weMuvhuro) kubva 10.00 kusvika 17.00. Kutungamirirwa rwokuparidza - 8-10 EUR (vana makore 14 - akasununguka).

Sezvineiwo, vafambi ruzivo vari zano kuteerera chokwadi kuti munhu kushanyirwa hazvibvumidzwe.

Pari, vashanyi kuti maberere dziripo urefu 2.5 makiromita. Panewo namahwindo dzine ngozi kushanyira. Muna November 1955, Paris rakanga zvakananga vakapfuura mutemo unorambidza mutsigiro munzvimbo idzi. Uye kubva muna 1980, kuchengetwa Rules izvi, zvinotevera munhu mapurisa bhurigedhi.

Section 7. ngozi kwemashifiti kushanyirwa

Pasinei vose kurambidzwa, vanoda zvinofadza chaizvo, avo vakaisa upenyu hwavo kuti zvisiri pamutemo kupinda mugomba kubudikidza mapaipi manholes, pevhu dzemapurisa, uye zvichingodaro. D.

Underground namaberere vane yakamanikana uye pasi labyrinths vane michina inofamba, apo zviri nyore kurasika. Saka, muna 1793 kereke nharirire Val-de-Nyasha vachiedza kuwana yamabwe vekare wedzimba dzewaini, asi akarasikirwa. marangwanda ake vaakawana chete pashure pemakore akawanda, wakati achiziva murombo mukomana pamusoro makiyi uye nguo yasara.

"Magamba" Modern zvakawanda, asi mapurisa vemo vari kuita zvose zvinobvira kudzivisa yezvinongoerekana mufambi kwakadaro mukati.

Munyika ino, chokwadi, pane zvinhu zvakawanda zvinonakidza: zviri Eiffel Tower, ari Louvre, zvinoshamisa guta rekare, makungwa, minda yemizambiringa kusingaperi ... France Parisian catacombs Zvisinei, zvinofanira kuchengetwa nguva zvakanaka chete uye vanofara nguva. Ndisadaro iwe kuita mapundu mabasa akagadzirira munhu vakakwanisa kuenda mukati akati chinhu.