Pfupiso ye "Epic pakati rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira" matambudziko ouzivi, ari kuongorora

marudzi ose vane magamba avo. In Mesopotamia yekare ichi gamba rinobwinya rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira mambo - murwi uye wakachenjera, vachitsvaka kusafa. Point mahwendefa vane zvinyorwa kuti nezvazvo, zvichida, ndiye shongwe ine mabhuku umhizha rokutanga.

Ndiani rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira ndiani?

The ngano pamusoro rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira - zviri zvakare inokosha yokuwana ruzivo nezvezvinotendwa sevaSumer. In Mesopotamia yekare, mambo Uruk (simba uye vakava nenguva iyo vanhu umambo guta) raiva noutsinye achiri muduku rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira. Aiva nesimba, vakasindimara, uye akaramba asina kuremekedza vanamwari. simba rake riri kupfuura simba romunhu yepasi, kuti aigona kukunda nzombe kana shumba pakati maoko, sezvakaita biblical gamba Samusoni. Aikwanisa kuenda mhiri kwenyika, kuti kuchengeta zita rake; uye kushambira mhiri kwegungwa worufu, kuti ape vanhu tariro youpenyu hwokusafa panyika.

Ungangove, pashure porufu rwake, vanhu kusimudzwa saka kumusoro nengano mambo wavo, akamutumidza-muzvitatu maviri mwari uye chete wechitatu - munhu. Iye yakawana ngaavongwe ichi kuti nyota yokukudza vanamwari kuwana uye vanoti upenyu husingaperi usingagoni kuguta. Ndiyo nyaya anorondedzera Bhabhironi Epic pamusoro rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira.

ngano iri gamba, kudzidza namatambudziko zvakawanda anofambira, vakaongorora nevazivi uye veshoko, ndichitarisira kuwana mhinduro dzemibvunzo husingaperi youpenyu norufu, uyo anogona kuziva sevaSumer.

Mumwe Gilgemesha - Enkidu

Chimwe protagonist of yakakura - a Enkidu simba, vaibva vanamwari kuuraya rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira. Naizvozvo mambo Uruk zvoutsinye kurapwa nevanhu, vanhu vainyengetera kuna mukuru mwarikadzi kusika muvengi mambo wake muduku Warmaster yaiva chii chokuita muduku nechido uye ngwizhingwi simba.

Uye kuumba Sumerian mwarikadzi akumbirwa kutambura uye poluzverya polucheloveka. Uye zita akagamuchira Enkidu - mwanakomana Enki. Akauya kurwisa uye kukunda rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira. Asi kana akatadza kukunda imwe anokumhan'arira ari duel, Enkidu rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira basa kuti chokwadi kuti ndivo chete masimba. Naizvozvo Gilgemesh akava shamwari yepamwoyo Enkidu. Uye rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira kunyange akamuisa kuna mai vake - mwarikadzi Ninsun kuti iye akaropafadza poluzverya akaita munin'ina mwanakomana wake.

Pamwe chete gamba Enkidu akaenda kunyika misidhari. Zviripachena, nyika misidhari rinonzi yeRebhanoni ano. Ikoko vakauraya varindi emisidhari dondo - Humbaba, nokuti zvaakatambudzika mwanakomana Enki.

Maererano nengano, akafa kubva chirwere pashure pemazuva 12 panzvimbo rinorema rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira. Mambo zvikuru akachema shamwari yake yepedyo. Asi rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira kwaifanira kuramba rwavo panyika. Pfupiso of Epic pakati rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira anopa pfungwa sei zvakawanda zvachinja kushamwaridzana ichi kumudhara vanamwari rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira. Uye pashure pokufa gamba mambo zvakare zvikuru achinja.

Zviratidzo Ngano

Masayendisiti kunyika dzose kuziva mubvunzo kuti apo yakakura kubva rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira akasikwa. Epic rakanyorwa pamahwendefa evhu. Pane kufungidzira kuti ngano zvakanyorwa kumwe 22 remakore. BC Pane mahwendefa 12 pamwe ecuneiform magwaro mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19. Pakutanga vavo (ndiye inotiudza yemafashame) kuwanikwa Pavaichera rekare raibhurari ramambo weAsiriya Shurbanipalla. Nepo nzvimbo iyi yaiva guta reNinivhi. Zvino ndiwo nharaunda chipo Iraq.

Zvino mumwe mutsvakurudzi Dzhordzh Smit akatorazve kundotsvaka mimwe matafura munharaunda Sumer yekare. All vari paakaita nziyo 12, chimwe nechimwe chine 3000 zvikonzero ndima dzemagwaro. Zvino Mahwendefa zvose izvi nevhu vakaramba muBritish Museum of World History.

Gare gare, pashure pokufa J. Smith, vaakawana uye deciphered mamwe mahwendefa. Found Sumerian "Epic pamusoro rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira" norurimi rwechiAramaia, weAkkadian uye 2 mitauro yekare.

Ndiani zvakanyorwa paakaita: shanduro

Ndiani akanyora nhetembo nyanzvi nevaAsiriya USINGAZIKAMWI. The ngano yacho gamba, kukwanisa kutsungirira zvikuru nematambudziko akaoma nokuda mukuru chinangwa - bhuku chinokosha pamusoro Sumer. Vamwe ngano vanoti kana rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira abva asingazivikanwi kunyika vakaedzawo kunyora aricheke pamusoro ivhu adventures ake, saka madzitateguru hazvina kukanganwika. Asi hazvingaiti Bhaibheri. Nyora detembo murume ane mafungiro Artist uye zvinoyevedza manyorerwo, uyo aidavira musimba mashoko uye kwete nezvombo.

Mumwe pakati vanhu vakanga pachena mabhuku tarenda, vakauya vose zvakasiyana ngano ive nyaya chete akadzinyora muchimiro detembo. detembo iri rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira hwakawanda huripo, runoonekwa yokutanga mabhuku basa.

Pfupiso of Epic pakati rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira

Nhetembo rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira chinotanga tsanangudzo sei Mambo muduku uye eccentric pakati Uruk yakahwina uye akaramba kuteerera mambo weguta waKishi Agge. Pamwe chete majaya masoja, iye anodzivirira hwake, akarayira kuvaka ibwe rusvingo rweguta. Ndiro kutaurwa rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira rokutanga. Uyezve, muna ngano inotaura rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira uye huluppu muti (the willow wakasimwa pamahombekombe rwaYufratesi rwizi vanamwari), umo hunde inovandira dhimoni Lilith. Uye mudzi muti wakasimwa vamwari, vakaviga nyoka huru. RokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira anoratidzwa pano sezvo mudziviriri akashinga haabvumirwi kundorwa muti simba, rudo weAsiriya mwarikadzi rudo Inanna.

Kana mwarikadzi wembereko Ishtar (Isis nevaGiriki) akarumbidza ushingi ramambo vaduku, iye akarayira kuti ave murume wake. Asi rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira akaramba, nokuti vamwari akatumira pasi inotyisa uye nzombe huru, vachida kuparadza gamba. RokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira nezvakanakisisa uye akashinga kukunda mamwe bovine, uyewo hofori Humbaba.

Namai vamambo, kana akabereka mushandirapamwe, aiva kwakavhundutsa uye akamukumbirisa arege kupinda kuzorwa Humbaba. Asi rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira hapana akateerera, uye akasarudza zvose oga. Pamwe chete neshamwari, zvikakunda hofori vakarinda musidhari dondo. Ivo kutema miti yose, kuvadzura Midzi akakura. Friends haana kushandisa chero miti iyi pakuvaka, nokuti hapana chimwe. Misidhari inongova mimwe zvinoreva matsvene yakakura.

Zvadaro, nokuti kupondwa hofori uye watemwa masango vanamwari matsvene kuuraya Enkidu. Akafa nechirwere unexplored. Pasinei kuteterera zvose, vamwari tsitsi poluzverem. Saka zvanzi Sumerian paakaita kuti rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira.

RokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira akapfeka masaga uye akaenda imwe nzira asingazivikanwi kuti tiwane zivo yechokwadi pamusoro chii rufu, uye kumbirai rokumusoro masimba husingaperi. Iye akayambuka mvura rufu, haana kutya kuuya mumwe pamhenderekedzo kwayo, apo Utnapishtim akararama. Akaudza rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira pamusoro ruva inokura pasi pegungwa rufu. Chete munhu anotakura inoshamisa ruva, unogona kuwedzera upenyu hwako, asi kwete nokusingaperi. RokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira noushamwari inorema matombo makumbo simba, uye mugungwa.

Find ruva akabudirira. Zvisinei, nenzira yake kumusha, plunges mugomba inotonhorera mudziva, uye ruva mashizha pamhenderekedzo vasina akavatarisa. Uye panguva ino nyoka akakubira seruva pamberi gamba kuva vaduku. Uye rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira akadzokera kumba, nokuputswa nokuda kukundwa kwavo. Pashure pezvose, haana aibvuma kurasikirwa. Heino pfupiso of Epic pakati rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira.

Biblical mafashamo muzvinambiri muna Sumer yekare

Mubati weguta Uruk rokutanga kwakanga kusina mubvunzo. Ngano rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira - kwete zvachose yokunyepera. Zvisinei, pashure zvemakore mufananidzo munhu chaiye uye ingano akabatanidza zvokuti vakaparadzana mifananidzo izvi hazvibviri nhasi.

Nhetembo rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira ine Nhoroondo peBoporodzi. Vachifamba mumugwagwa, rakazaruka kuti zuva rimwe chete, rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira anouya mhinduro dzemibvunzo yavo hwaJehoshafati Utnapishtim - nevakawanda pakati vanhu usingafi. Prapredok Utnapishtim, uyo aiziva zvose zvakavanzika, iye haazvibatanidzi pamusoro anotyisa mafashamo kare uye kununura chikepe akavaka. Kumumvuri madzitateguru Utnapishtim - ndiye Old Testament Noah. Kupi sevaSumer vanoziva nyaya iyi pamusoro zvebhaibheri mafashamo - kujeka. Asi maererano yeBhaibheri ngano, Noa chaizvoizvo akararama makore anopfuura 600, uye vaigona kunzi usingafi kuti vamiririri mamwe marudzi.

Zvinowanikwa munyika dzakanga kare Asiria "Legend pamusoro rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira ose mhando" - munhu kuwana kubva kumboitika kukosha, sezvo achipa zvokudya pfungwa. ngano iri kuenzaniswa kukosha ne "Book of the Dead," muEgipita vanhu, uye kunyange Bhaibheri.

The chikuru Pfungwa nhetembo

Pfungwa nhetembo haisi itsva. Kushandurwa gamba unhu tinoberekwa vakawanda ngano yekare. Yokutsvakurudza kwakadaro kunokosha kunyanya akawana paakaita kuti rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira. Analysis zvaitendwa sevaSumer hwavo pamuviri upenyu uye vamwari, pfungwa dzavo chii upenyu pashure porufu - izvi zvose kuramba kuongorora kusvikira ikozvino.

Nderei pfungwa kunogona kurondwa iri ngano? Somugumisiro yokufamba ake, rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira haasi kuwana zvaaitsvaka. Panoperera iri ngano, sezvinotaurwa ngano rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira ruva chokusafa iri nyoka pusa. Asi upenyu paakaita gamba pakunamata anoberekwa. Kubva zvino, anotenda kuti kusafa zvinobvira.

Pfupiso of Epic pakati rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira haritorwi pakuomerera musoro kwamagwaro. Naizvozvo, hapana nzira kuronda akatevedzana, sezvo dzakabudirira hunhu, yakanga yabviswa zvaanofarira. Asi ngano anoti rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira akatsvaka kubwinya, kufanana hapana zvimwe. Saka anoenda mberi hondo ngozi pamwe hofori Humbaba, iro gamba anoponesa chikumbiro chete kuna mwari Shamash wake mai-mwarikadzi. Mwari Shamash anomutsa mhepo kutsvaira mhiri hofori meso, uye inobatsira magamba avo kukunda. Asi rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira munodazve mbiri. Anoenderera mberi. Ruchapinda mumvura rufu.

Asi panguva pakuguma nhetembo mambo anowana rugare rwepfungwa paanoona rusvingo kutopedza kumativi umambo Uruk. mwoyo wake wakafara. paakaita gamba anowana uchenjeri upenyu, rinoti pamusoro zvisingaperi mweya, kubata vamwe. RokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira anonzwa kutorerwa - akakwanisa kuita chinhu zvizvarwa zvaizotevera.

Iye akateerera zano vamwari Akapiwa mubindu: murume unofa pakuzvarwa, uye tinofanira kunzwisisa upenyu hwake hupfupi, kuti kukwanisa kunakidzwa chii anopiwa.

Analysis dzimwe nyaya ouzivi yakamutswa yakakura

Mugari wenhaka pachigaro uye gamba zvakadaro zvinyorwa zvekare sezvo nhetembo rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira anoenda kuburikidza nemiedzo yakasiyana-siyana uye kuchinja. Kana pakutanga mambo anooneka sechikara, akatsauka uye utsinye jaya, afa Enkidu aikwanisa zvakadzama nomwoyo kusuwa mamwe.

Kokutanga pokuziva kusabatsira kuvapo, kutya rufu rwomuviri, gamba ari nhetembo anoreva vamwari, kudzidza zvakavanzika upenyu norufu. Kubva zvino, rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira haagoni chete kutonga vanhu vake, anoda kudzidza chakavanzika rufu. mweya wake anosvika mukupererwa: sei simba irrepressible uye simba anogona kurasika nomuviri Enkidu? moto Ndiwo mweya gamba kure kubva ake yechizvarigo, anopa simba kukunda matambudziko kusingaenzaniswi. Saka akadudzira paakaita kuti rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira. The dambudziko ouzivi kuvapo uye asiri kuvapo kuri translucent mundima idzi. Kunyanya mundima unoti pamusoro yakarasika ruva, zvichipomerwa paizvozvo ari kuchochora kusafa. ruva ichi - pachena chiratidzo kwouzivi.

A dudziro yakadzama Epic - a kuchinja mweya. RokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira kubva munyika yevanhu ichichinja kuita mukanwa yevanhu. Enkidu mufananidzo zvinogona kududzirwa sezvo mhuka zvaisazogona mambo pachake. Uye pakurwisa ihondo pamwe pachako. Pakupedzisira, mambo Uruk rowana kutanga nechepazasi, zivo, uye unhu hunhu wokuva-zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu naMwari.

Fananidzo yakakura pakati rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira kuti "Book of the Dead" vaEgipita

Zvakajeka tsigiro anogona kuwanikwa munhoroondo rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira kutamira kuburikidza nemvura achibatsirwa vakafa Charon. Charon yokuIjipiti mungano - kwakadzika dzakaondoroka harahwa anotakura vashakabvu kubva unofa nyika kune dzimwe nyika uye chinozadzwa wabhadharwa.

Ndirwowo zvakaedza rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira inotaura kuti chii chiri pamusoro zvinodavirwa nyika muAsiria vakafa. Izvi inodzvinyirira mweya wemamongi, apo mvura hazvirevi ichiyerera, asingadi kukura munhu chirimwa. Uye vanhu kubhadhara pezvose nokugamuchira chete muupenyu hwake. Uye upenyu hwake hwaiva hupfupi zvechokwadi chakunoreva, "chete vamwari zuva muchagara nokusingagumi, uye munhu - makore ake rakaverengwa ..."

Egypt ndiyo "Book of the Dead" - enhokwe, apo siyana zvitsinga akanyorwa. Chikamu chechipiri chebhuku chinotarisa sei kuti mweya paSheori. Asi kana Osiris akasarudza kuti mweya zvaitwa zvakawanda zvakanaka, ibudiswe uye akabvumira kuti vafare.

RokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira pashure kukurukurirana navanamwari akatuma nyika yake. Iye anofambisa nemvura, akapfeka mbatya dzakachena, uye kunyange kurasikirwa ruva upenyu nomutauro wake Uruk upgraded, wakatsveneswa chikomborero.

Epic rakashandurwa Dyakonova

Russian orientalist IM Madhikoni muna 1961, akatanga kushandura yakakura. In basa rake akavimba mushanduri apedza shanduro VK Šileika. The Epic pamusoro rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira akanga kupfuura yakarurama. Akashanda vazhinji zvinhu zvekare, uye kuti nguva zvakanga nechakare nyika nesayenzi kuti zvikabva ari gamba huchiripo.

Uyu zvinokosha anodzidza uye nhoroondo gwaro - Epic pamusoro rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira. Translation Dyakonova ikazobudiswazve 1973 uye zvakare muna 2006 kare. Ake shanduro - unyanzvi philological shasha, kane kukosha ngano, nhoroondo shongwe. Naizvozvo, vose avo kuverenga uye akaonga Bhabhironi ngano, kuti ngano pamusoro rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira bhuku ongororo yakanaka.