Pisarev pamusoro pe "Kutinhira". Nyaya inotsanangurwa naPisarev pamusoro pe "Mheni" yeOstrovsky

Iwe uri kufunga nezvei paunoverenga izvo Dmitry Ivanovich Pisarev akanyora nezve "Dutu" raAlexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky? Zvichida chokwadi chekuti mabhuku anotevera mazano ... Zvikuru zvekuRussia mabhuku ezana remakore reXIX, kutanga nekunaka kwenyika dzepasi rose munhetembo, ikozvino pakati pezana remakore rakaridzika iri muchirevo chekushandura, kushanda se "chiedza chechiedza" chevanhu vose veRussia. Kutaura, hongu, ndeyezvinhu zvisina kunyorwa zvinyorwa zvePushkin, Gogol, Ostrovsky.

Citizen article publication

Nyaya inotaura nezve "Mheni" yePisarev inopindurwa nemugari wechitambo chechiratidzo chezana remakore asati apera. Yakanyorwa muna 1959 naAlexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky ari kutamba mumabasa mashanu anotora nzvimbo inokosha mumabhuku eRussia yegoridhe. Iri basa rinoshamisa rakashanda sechisimba chakasimba chekuwedzera kufambira mberi kwechokwadi. Uchapupu hweizvi nderokuti kuongororwa kwakapiwa mutambo nevatsoropodzi. Inoratidza huwandu hwemashoko echokwadi. Uye chokwadi chakaberekwa munharo! Mukuziva izvi, zvakakosha kuziva kuti nyaya inoti "The Motives of Russian Drama", umo Pisarev akaisa "Kudzokorora" pa "Groza", yakanyorwa semhinduro kune imwe nyaya yakakosha nedzidziso inonyanya kuzivikanwa yenyori Nikolai Dobrolyubov. Nyaya yacho, iyo Pisarev yakarondedzerwa nayo, yakanzi yakajeka - "Ray wekuedza muumambo hwakasviba". Tichaedza kuratidza kuongorora kwedu kuvadzidzi vebasa rakataurwa pamusoro apa raDmitry Pisarev. Inobata nzvimbo inokosha mumabhuku eRussia. Ostrovsky akakwanisa kuramba achiremekedzwa mumutambo weRussia kukosha kwekuti Griboyedov akaisa "Nhamo kubva kuWi".

Kusabvumirana kukuru naDobrolyubov pamutambo "Groza"

Dmitri Ivanovich, pasina mubvunzo, yakanga iri nyanzvi yekuziva basa reOstrovsky uye, pasina mubvunzo, kuenda pasi kubasa, akazoziva zvakanyanya nenyaya yechinyorwa chinonyanya kutsoropodza Dobrolyubov, waaiziva uye airemekedzwa. Zvisinei, zviri pachena, kutevera huchenjeri hwevanhu vekare, (kureva kuti, "Socrates ishamwari yangu, asi chokwadi chinodhura"), Pisarev akanyora nezvemutambo weOstrovsky "Groza".

Akaziva kukosha kwekutaura pfungwa yake, nokuti akanzwa: Dobroliubov akaedza kuratidza Katerina "hero pane nguva". Nechinzvimbo chakadai, Dmitry Ivanovich haasi kubvumirana zvachose, uye, zvakanyanya kufarira. Nokudaro, akanyora nyaya yake "The Motives of Russian Drama," paakatsoropodza pfungwa huru mubasa raNikolai Aleksandrovich Dobrolyubov kuti Katerina Kabanova "murairi wechiedza muumambo hutsva."

Kalinov semuenzaniso weRussia

Pasina mubvunzo, Pisarev akatsanangura pfungwa dzake pamusoro pe "Mheni" iri munyaya yacho, achiziva zvakajeka kuti Dobrolubov akanga apa "tsvuku" tsanangudzo yakajeka kune rimwe guta reruwa, uye chaizvoizvo kuRussia yose pakati pemakore ekuma1900. Kalinov mufananidzo muduku wenyika huru. Vanhu vaviri vanotungamirira maonero evanhu uye iyo yose yeupenyu hweguta: mutengesi wevanhu vose, asingabvumirwi munzira dzekugadzirisa, Savel Prokofich Dikoy, uye munyengeri weShakespeare's sweep, mutengesi Kabanov Marfa Ignatyevna (vanhu vakafanana - Kabanikha).

Mumakore makumi matanhatu ezana remakore asati apera, Russia pachayo yaiva nyika huru ine vanhu vemamiriyoni makumi mana uye varimi vakagadzirwa. Nhandare yezvitima yakatove yakashanda. Munguva yemberi iri pedyo, mushure mekunyorwa kwaOstrovsky (kunyanya, kubvira muna 1861, mushure mokunge zita reMambo Alexander II "Manifesto" ribvarura serfdom), nhamba yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwevanhu yakawedzera uye, saizvozvowo, hupfumi hwemabhizimisi hwakatanga.

Zvisinei, mhepo inoputika yehutungamiri hwekuvandudza huratidzwa mukutamba kwaOstrovsky yaiva chokwadi zvechokwadi. Basa racho raibvunzwa, rakatambudzwa ...

Kukosha kwemashoko ekutamba

Kushandisa nhaurirano iri nyore, mumutauro uyo muverengi anonzwisisa, Pisarev inogadzira mhinduro pamusoro pe "Kutinhira." Nhepfenyuro yemutambo iye anonyatsobudisa mumashoko ake akaoma. Ndezvipi zvimwe? Mushure mezvose, zvinetso zvemukana wacho zvinokosha. Uye Ostrovsky akaita basa guru, nemoyo wake wose, achida kuvaka sangano revanhu panzvimbo ye "umambo hwemafu".

Zvisinei, vaverengi vanodikanwa ... Saka kutaura, kuisa ruoko rwako pamwoyo wako ... Zvinokwanisika here kushevedza sangano redu "nyika yechiedza, kunaka uye kufunga"? Yaiva Ostrovsky's monologue Kuligin akanyora mubasa: "Nokuti basa rakatendeseka haritombotipa chingwa chezuva nezuva. Uye ndiani ane mari, changamire, anoedza kuve varanda vevarombo, kuitira kuti chipo chemari yake chichinyatsobatsira ... "? Zvinorwadza, mazwi akanaka ...

Katerina haasi "ray re chiedza"

Kurwiswa kwePisarev pamusoro pe "Kutinhira" kunotanga nekugadzirisa kwekupedzisira pamusoro pekusaziva kweDobrolyubov yekupedzisa. Anomukurudzira, achipa nharo kubva pamunyori wemunyori wechitamba. Chirevo chake naNikokolai Dobrolyubov chakafanana nekushushikana kwechirwere chekushaya tariro, kuchenjera uye ruzivo, pamusoro pezvakagadziriswa zvakaitwa nehutariro. Maererano nenharo dzaDmitry Ivanovich, chinangwa cheKaterina chinonyangadza, hapana humwe hune simba mukati mahwo hunhu hwevanhu vanonzi "kupenya." Maererano nePisarev, Dobrolyubov akaita mhosho yakarongeka pakuongorora chimiro che protagonist chekutamba. Akaunganidza unhu hwake hune humwe hwakanaka mumufananidzo mumwe chete wakanaka, kusava nehanya nezvikanganiso. Mukuona kweDmitry Ivanovich, maonero e dialectical pamusoro pe heroine anokosha.

Icho chimiro chepamusoro sechikamu chekutambura kweumambo huri

Mukadzi wechidiki anogara nemurume wake Tikhon pedyo naamai vamwene vake, mutengesi mupfumi ane (sezvavanotaura iyezvino) "simba guru", iro rinonyatsosimbiswa nechirevo chinokosha naPisarev. "Kutinhira", sekutamba kwakaipisisa, kunonyanya kugadziriswa nenzira iyi. Kabanikha (saka mumugwagwa-mumudane iye) inoratidzirwa pathologically pamusoro pekudzvinyirirwa kwetsika kwevamwe, nekugara vachizvidza, vachivadya, "sechitsiko chinopisa." Izvi zvaanoita mukunyengedza: ndiko kuti, kugara uchikumbira kuti veimba "vaite zvakanaka" (kunyanya, kutevera mirayiridzo yayo).

Tikhon nehanzvadzi yake Varvara vakashandura kutaura kwamai vake. Kunyanya anonzwisisa cavils uye kunyadzisa mukoma wake mukomana, Katerina. Iye, uyo ane rudo, anonyangarika psyche, haana kunyatsofara. Huru dzaro dzarota uye dzaroto dzinoratidzira nyika yose yevana. Zvakanaka, asi hazvisi kunaka!

Kusakwanisa kushanda pamwe chete

Panguva imwecheteyo, kutsoropodza kwaPisarev pamusoro pe "Mheni" kunonyatsoratidza kuti Katerina ane chikonzero chekufungidzira uye kufungidzira. Haana kuroorwa nekuda kwerudo. Ndiwo chete anogunun'una Boris Grigoryevich, muzukuru wevatengesi Diky, akashevedzera kwaari, uye nyaya yacho yakagadzirira: Katya akanga achimhanyira kumusangano wakavanzika. Panguva imwecheteyo, iye, kuswedera pedyo neizvi, mumutemo, mutorwa, zvachose haafungi nezvemigumisiro. "Ko munyori anoreva" danda rakajeka here! "- nyaya inokosha yePisarev inokumbira muverengi. "Kutinhira" kunoratidza heroine isingazivikanwi, iyo isingagoni kurarama nemamiriro ezvinhu chete, asiwo kugadzirisa pachayo. Mushure mokunge atengesa murume wake, achiora mwoyo, achitya mwana achitya nekutinhira uye wechiratidzo chekadzi wehafu-witted, anobvuma zvaanoita uye pakarepo anozviratidza nemunhu akabatwa. Ndizvo, handizvo here?

Pamusoro pezano raamai vake Tikhon, "zvishoma", "kuronga" inorova. Zvisinei, kusekwa kwemurikasha-mhodzi inova urongwa hwekukwirira kwakawanda kwazvo. Mushure mokunge Katerina aziva kuti Boris G. anoenda kuKyakhta (Transbaikalia), iye, uyo asina chido kana unhu, anofunga kuzviuraya: anozvikanda mumvura uye anonaya.

Katerina haasi "hero ye nguva"

Pisarev pamusoro pe "Mheni" Ostrovsky anoratidza mafilosofi. Anozvibvunza iye pachake kana ari musangano rehurumende munhu asina kupiwa pfungwa yakadzika, kwete kuva nechido, asingabatanidzi muzvidzidzo zvake, asingatauri nevanhu - mumutemo, anova chiedza chechiedza. Hungu, mukadzi uyu ari kugunun'una munyoro, ane mutsa uye mune zvekunamata, haazivi nzira yekudzivirira maonero ake. ("Akandipwanya," anodaro Katerina pamusoro peKabanich). Hungu, ane chimiro chekusika, chinogoneka. Uye urwu urwu runogona kunyengera (sezvakaitika naDobrolyubov). Asi izvi hazvichinje chinangwa ... "Munhu haagoni kusimuka pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu anotsanangurwa mubasa -" ray re chiedza "! - anotsigira Dmitry Ivanovich.

Kukura kwemweya - mamiriro ekukura

Uyezve, muongorori anoenderera mberi nemafungiro ake, achitaura zviduku, zvisingakwanisi kuponesa upenyu hwehupenyu, uku ndiko kunaka here? Uyu mubvunzo wakajeka, unonzwisisika unobvunzwa naPisarev nezveOstrovsky "Dutu." Izvi zvinogona kuva muenzaniso kune chizvarwa chinopedzisira kuchinja shanduko yeRussia, inodzvinyirirwa ne "machinda" emuKabaniki uye Wild? Pakupedzisira, kuzviuraya kwakadaro kungangokonzera kuchema kwevanhu. Zvisinei, sechigumisiro, vanhu vane simba-vanoda uye vakadzidza vanofanira kurwisana neboka revanhu repfumi nevanhu vanorupator!

Panguva imwe chete, Pisarev haashori kubva kuna Katerina. "Kutinhira," uyo anotsoropodza anotenda, achiziva nguva dzose zvakadaro anoratidza chimiro chake, kubva pauduku. Mufananidzo weKaterina mupfungwa iyi yakafanana nemufananidzo usingakanganwiki weIya Ilyich Oblomov! Dambudziko rehupenyu hwake husina kufanana huri muhutano hwakanaka uye huduku. Vabereki havana kumugadzirira kuti ave munhu mukuru! Uyezve, havana kumupa dzidzo yakakodzera.

Zvisinei, tinofanira kubvuma kuti kusiyana neAllya Ilyich, kutora Catherine kune imwe nzvimbo yakanakisisa kupfuura mhuri yekwaKabanovs, iye angangodaro akaitwa semunhu. Ostrovsky anopa izvi kururamiswa ...

Chii chine chimiro chakanaka chemunhu mukuru

Uyu mufananidzo unobatsira, unofadza - unoudza Pisarev nezveKaterina. "Kutinhira", kana kuverengwa, kunotungamirira muverengi kusvika pakuziva kuti muitiro mukuru unonyanya kukanganisa mupfungwa, unhu hwekusika munhu. Anokwanisa kuva nemaonero akanaka kune chokwadi. Iye intuitively anonzwa kudiwa kukuru kwevanhu veRussia - rusununguko rwevanhu. Ane simba rakavanzika (iro raanonzwa, asi haana kudzidza kudzidzora). Nokudaro, Katya akadanidzira mazwi: "Sei vanhu vasingazi shiri?". Munyori haana kuerekana afungidzira kuenzanisa kwakadaro, nokuti heroine subconsciously anoda rusununguko, yakafanana neyeinonzwa shiri inenge ichienda. Rusununguko irworwo, kurwisana naro rune simba rekufunga ...

Mhedziso

Pisrev's "Motives for Russian Drama" inofunga nezvei? "Mheni" inoratidza "kwete hero", kwete "chiedza chechiedza". Ichi chifananidzo chakanyanya kusimba, asi kwete maitiro (zvakanaka pano), asi nekukura kwemweya. Iyo "hero ye nguva" haigoni "kuputsa" semunhu. Mushure mezvose, vanhu vanonzi "chiedza chechiedza", munogona kuzviuraya pane kuputsa. And Katerina is weak ...

Iko vari vaviri vatsoropodzi uye mazano akazara ekufungisisa: nyaya inotaura nezve "Mheni" Pisarev, seyinyorwa naDobrolyubov, inobata zvakafanana musoro wechitamba. Iyi haisi mamiriro ezvinhu chete emhepo, ayo akatya Caterina kufa. Pane kudaro, isu tiri kutaura pamusoro pekurwisana kwepakati pemagariro evanhu vasina kusimba vasiri vanhu, izvo zvakapesana nezvido zvekusimudzirwa.

Ostrovsky's play is kind of indictment. Vose vanotsoropodza vakaratidza, vachitsvaga Alexander Nikolaevich, kuti vanhu havana simba, havasi vakasununguka, ivo vanonyanya kutarisana ne "Kabanih" ne "Wild." Sei Dobrolyubov naPisarev vakanyora nezveGroza zvakasiyana zvakasiyana.

Chikonzero cheizvi, pasina mubvunzo, kubwinya kwebasa, umo pasina imwe semantic "pasi". Iyo ine zvose zvepfungwa nehukama. Mumwe nomumwe wevanyori vezvinyorwa nenzira yavo pachavo akavanzwisisa, zvakasiyana-siyana. Uye vose vaviri uye mumwe akazviita nenzira ine tarenda, uye mabhuku eRussia akangobatsirwa chete nazvo. Nokudaro zvakakwana zvachose kubvunza mubvunzo uyu: "Pisarev akanyora here nezvomutambo" Groza "zvakanyatsojeka, kana kuti Dobrolyubov?" Zvechokwadi, iwe unofanira kuverenga zvose zvinyorwa ...