Prince Kurbsky Andrei Mikhailovich, rakada Ivana Groznogo: A Biography, rondedzero dzinonakidza zvinhu

Prince Kurbsky Andrei Mikhailovich - inozivikanwa Russian wezvematongerwe enyika, musoja, munyori uye mushanduri, mumwe yepedyo chevaux Ivan IV anotyisa. Muna 1564, panguva wokuLivonia War, kutiza zvichibvira kunyadziswa kuPoland, kwaakanga chakagamuchirwa kupinda pabasa naMambo Sigismund II Augustus. Naizvozvo akarwa Muscovy.

mhuri muti

Prince Rostislav pamusoro Smolensk aiva muzukuru Vladimir Monomakh, uye ndiye akatanga mhuri mbiri akakurumbira - the Smolensk uye Vyazma. Chokutanga izvi aiva matavi akawanda, mumwe wakanga ane mhando Kurbsky, akatonga kubvira XIII remakore muna Yaroslavl. Maererano nengano, zita iri rakabva mukuru musha, wainzi Courbet. nhaka iyi vakaenda Jacob Ivanovich. Uyu murume anozivikanwa chete kuti akafa muna 1455 panguva Arsk munda, vachirwa chivindi chete Kazan Tatars. Pashure porufu rwake nhaka wakapfuurira nhaka vaSimioni munin'ina wake, uyo akashanda ari Grand Prince Vasily.

Iyewo, aiva nevanakomana vaviri - Dmitry uye Fedor, basa Prince Ivan III. The wokupedzisira aiva Nizhny Novgorod gavhuna. Vanakomana vake vakanga varwi, asi vana vakanga chete Michael mumwe, vatakuri remadunhu- Karamysh. Pamwechete munin'ina wake Roman, akaurayiwa 1506 mu hondo Kazan. Urume Fedorovich zvakare akarwa Kazan uye Lithuanians. Akanga ari Boyar Vasily III uye mutemo simba Kushora chisarudzo kutora kwechidzitiro Prince mukadzi uswa.

Mumwe wevanakomana Karamyshev, Michael, rinowanzoshandiswa nachiremba siyana murayiro zvinzvimbo panguva danidziro. The yokupedzisira yakanga pokurwa muna 1545 pamusoro Lithuania muupenyu hwake. Iye akasiya vana vaviri - Andrew uye Ivan, gare gare zvinobudirira akaramba mhuri uto tsika. Ivan Mikhailovich panguva kubatwa zviri Kazan akakuvadzwa zvakakomba, asi haana kusiya muhondo uye akaramba kurwa. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti vakawanda vakuvara zvakaipisisa akaremara utano hwake, uye akafa kwapera gore.

An dzinonakidza ndechokuti pasinei zvikuru kare anogona kunyora pamusoro Ivan IV, uye vane chokwadi kuyeuka pamusoro Andrei Mikhailovich - zvichida yakakurumbira mumiririri mhuri yake uye shamwari yepedyo amambo. Kusvikira ikozvino, vatsvakurudzi kuvabvunzeiko ndiani chaizvoizvo Prince Kurbsky: shamwari kana muvengi Ivana Groznogo?

Biography

No Mashoko ake ouduku makore hwaponeswa, uye zuva kuberekwa Andrei Mikhailovich hapana kunganyatsoratidza asingakwanisi kuona kana ari mumwe ake nemabasa zvachero nezvayo. Uye akazvarwa mumatsutso 1528. Hazvishamisi, kekutanga muchinda Kurbsky, ane Biography aishamwaridzana kakawanda rutsigiro rwemauto, magwaro ambotaurwa nezvichaitika chinotevera pamushandirapamwe muna 1549. The chevaux Ivan IV mauto akabata pachinzvimbo chevatatu mutariri.

Akanga asati nemakore 21 okuberekwa akatora mugove kurwisa Kazan. Zvichida Kurbski vakakwanisa pakarepo akava nemukurumbira ake zvakapembererwa kwezvombo muhondo, nokuti gore papera mambo vakamuita gavhuna vakatuma Pronsk kudzivirira kumaodzanyemba-wokumabvazuva kumiganhu kwenyika. Nokukurumidza, somubayiro kana kurwa munorumbidzirweiko, kana kuti chivimbiso kusvika musi wokutanga kudanwa pamwe kukupfura ake remasoja, Ivan Grozny akapa nyika Andrei Mikhailovich iri pedyo Moscow.

kukunda rokutanga

Zvinozivikanwa kuti Kazan Tatars, uchitanga ushe Ivan III, kazhinji akavhiringidza misha Russian. Uye ichi pasinei nokuti Kazan akanga pamutemo zvichienderana Moscow machinda. Muna 1552 hondo Russian yainzi zvakare unotevera hondo pamwe vagari kwokupandukira Kazan. Around iyoyo kumaodzanyemba masimba yakabuda uye uto Crimean Khan wacho. Muvengi mauto akauya pedyo Tula ndokurikomba. Chevaux Ivan Grozny akasarudza kugara huru mauto pedyo Kolomna, uye kununura guta rakakombwa kutumira 15000th hondo, akarayira puppies uye Andrei Kurbsky.

Mauto Russian avo chisingatarisirwi chitarisiko Khan abatwa takarivara, saka aifanira shure. Zvisinei, pedyo Tula aiva wandei yokuzviparadzanisa pakati Crimeans achiri, tsitsi achibira pedyo neguta, asingazivi kuti huru mauto Khan akaenda steppes. Andrei Mikhailovich pakarepo akasarudza kurwisa muvengi, kunyange zvazvo akanga varwi hafu. Maererano nemagwaro vapenyu, kurwa anyanya hafu yeawa, uye Prince Kurbsky rakabuda pariri mukundi.

Magumisiro muhondo iyi yaiva kukonzera kurasikirwa mauto muvengi: kubva 30,000th hafu kukupfura akaurayiwa muhondo, uye vamwe vari kana akabatwa kana rikanyuramo achiyambuka Shivoron. Kurbsky pachake akarwa pedyo dzavo pasi, somugumisiro raakanga apiwa maronda akawanda. Zvisinei, pashure pevhiki zvakare akamira munyika uye kunyange vakaenda musasa. nguva ino, nzira yake akatungamirira achishandisa Ryazan nyika. iye basa akamira pamberi - kufukidza chikuru rehondo kungoerekana kurwiswa inowanzorimwa.

Kukombwa Kazan

In Mumatsutso 1552, mauto eRussia kuKazan. Puppies uye Kurbsky akagadzwa mutungamiri chehondo rworudyi. zvidzidzo zvavo dziri mhiri rwizi Kazanka. nzvimbo iyi chaizofumurwa, saka chehondo vakatambura inorema nezvinhu pamusana moto akasvinudzwa pamusoro pavo kubva muguta. Uyezve, varwi Russian aifanira kurova Cheremisses kurwisa kazhinji kuuya neshure.

Wechipiri September yaaigara Kazan, panguva iyo Prince Kurbsky uye varwi vake vaifanira kumira pasuo Elbuginyh kune rakakombwa vasingagoni kutiza guta. Nokuedza kuti kupaza vanhu muvengi vadzivirirwa zvekutepfenyura ainyanya hwairatidza. chikamu chiduku masoja muvengi chete akakwanisa kutiza nhare. Andrei Mikhailovich nevarume vake vakapa dzingirira. Noushingi akarwa, uye chete kukuvara chakakomba vakamumanikidza kuti pakupedzisira kusiya dzeminda.

wamambo chipangamazano

Makore maviri gare gare Kurbski akaenda zvakare Kazan nyika, nguva ino anokunyaradza vapanduki. Ini uti, danidziro zvikuru zvakaoma, sezvo mauto akanga Wade kure-munzira, uye kurwisana mune chisango nzvimbo, asi basa Duke vakabvunza, achibva adzokera guru vane kukunda. Zvakakunakirai kuti Feat uyu Ivan Grozny, uye akariita kuti wamambo.

Panguva ino Kurbsky Prince ndeimwe yenzvimbo pedyo chevaux Ivan IV vanhu. Zvishoma nezvishoma, akava noushamwari pamwe Adasheva uye Sylvester, vamiririri veboka vavandudzi uye akava mumwe wamambo mazano vakapinda kuna Favorites Batsirai. Muna 1556 akatora mugove mutsva ruchirwisana Cheremisses ndikadzokerazve kubva rutsigiro mukundi. Pakutanga, iye akagadzwa mukuru muna Left Hand hondo, iyo yakamira Kaluga, uye gare gare akatora pamusoro murayiro chehondo rworudyi, aiva Kashira.

The hondo Livonia

ezvinhu ichi kumanikidzwa Andrey Mikhailovich zvakare kudzokera kurwa hurongwa. Pakutanga akanga akagadzwa kuti arayire Storozhev, uye gare gare mberi uye hondo nako akatora chikamu ari kubatwa St. George uye Neuhaus. Muchirimo 1559 akadzokera kuMoscow, uko achakurumidza chisarudzo kumutuma basa kumuganhu wokumaodzanyemba ehurumende.

A hondo vakakunda pamwe Livonia haana kugara kwenguva refu. Kana kukundikana vakatanga chiwondomoke mumwe nomumwe, mambo akadana Kurbsky uye akamuita mubati hondo yose, vachirwa mu Livonia. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti chitsva mutungamiriri ndangotanga kuita chisarudzo. Pasina kumirira huru simba, akatanga akarwisa muvengi kukupfura riri pedyo Weissenstein, uye akahwina kuondomoka kukunda.

Pasina kufunga, Kurbsky Prince anotora chisarudzo itsva - kundorwa mauto muvengi, izvo iye pachake akatungamirira yakakurumbira mwene wokuLivonia Order. Mauto eRussia vadarika muvengi neshure uye, pasinei usiku, akamurwisa. Nokukurumidza shootout Livonians ikava melee. Naizvozvo kukunda raiva Kurbski pano. Papera gumi-zuva zororo, mauto eRussia mberi.

Wakati asvika Fellini, muchinda akarayira kupisa aro, uye ipapo kutanga kukombwa kweguta. Muhondo iyi, musungwa akabatwa landmarshal Order F. Schall of Bell, kurumidzai kubatsirwa rakakombwa. It pakarepo akatuma kuMoscow nechokufukidzira chamatebwe tsamba kubva Kurbsky. It Andrei Mikhailovich akandibvunza haana kuuraya landmarshal, nekuti ndakafunga kuti akangwara, vakashinga uye kushinga. shoko iri rinotaura kuti muchinda Russian aiva anokudzwa murwi uyo ndisingamuzivi chete sei kurwisa zvakanaka, asi noruremekedzo zvikuru vakakodzera vavengi. Zvisinei, pasinei neizvi, Ivan Grozny achiri vaurayiwa Livonians. Uye hazvishamisi, sezvo yakakomba nguva Adasheva uye Sylvester hurumende yakanga yabviswa, uye varairiri pachavo, neshamwari dzavo uye neshamwari - vakaurayiwa.

kukundwa

Andrei Mikhailovich akatora Fellin Castle kwevhiki nhatu, ipapo akaenda Vitebsk, uye ipapo Nevel. Pano rombo vakamushora, uye iye yakakundwa. Zvisinei, wamambo kunyorerana Prince Kurbsky kunoratidza kuti Ivan IV akanga asiri kuenda vachimupomera hurumende. Handina kutsamwa kwaari uye mambo ane kundikana kuedza guta Gelmet. Chokwadi ndechokuti kana chiitiko ichi zvakabatanidzwa zvikuru, zvino ichi zvaizoramba akataura mune imwe tsamba yake.

Zvisinei, zvakanga ipapo kuti Prince wokutanga nezvazvo chii chichaitika kwaari apo mambo anowana kubva pamusoro zvomunyama ake ndikawirwa. Kuziva zvakanaka hasha mutongi, aiziva kuti kana vavengi muchawana, haana kutanga kutyisidzira, asi iri nyaya kukundwa, unogona kukurumidza kuwira kubva nyasha uye muve nezuva anotema chinhu chinogumbura. Kunyange zvazvo, chokwadi, asi tsitsi kunyadziswa, akanga asina mhosva.

Achitonga chokuti pashure pokukundwa pana Nevel Ivan IV akagadza mukuru Andrei muna St. George, mambo akanga asina kuenda achamuranga. Zvisinei, muchinda Kurbsky nepahasha kwamambo vakatizira Poland nokuti ndainzwa kuti pakupedzisira, nehasha wamambo achawira pasi musoro. King Sigismund II Augustus aikoshesa zvakapembererwa zvombo yomuchinda, uye saka akamuti kamwe pabasa rake, kumuvimbisa panosvikira akanaka uye upenyu dzoumbozha.

kubhururuka

Kurbski kuramba akatanga kufunga pamusoro chikumbiro mambo Polish, kusvikira pakuguma April 1564 vakasarudza kutiza Wolmar. Naye vateveri vake uye kunyange varanda. Sigismund II akavagamuchira zvakanaka, uye muchinda akanga with kodzero enhaka Estates pfuma.

Pauchadzidza kuti muchinda Kurbsky atiza kutsamwa kwamambo, Ivan Grozny zvose zvayo hasha yakakanda pamusoro yakasarira hama pano Budker. Vose vakatambura zvikuru mugumo. Kupembedza avo utsinye Kurbsky iye akapomerwa hurumende, pakakuvara kutsvodana muchinjikwa, uyewo kupambwa wake, Anastasia, uye chido mambo Yaroslavl. Ivan IV aigona chete kuratidza mbiri zvinhu zvokutanga, vamwe sezviri pachena akanga afunga kuti zviito zvavo pamberi Polish uye Lithuanian vanokudzwa.

Life nhapwa

Akapinda basa raMambo Sigismund II, Kurbski zvinenge ndangotanga abate dzakakwirira muchiuto zvepamusoro. Pasina mwedzi mitanhatu, iye akarwa Muscovy. With Lithuanian Mauto aiitawo mushandirapamwe muna Ruka Great uye achidzivirira Volhynia pamusoro Tartars. Muna 1576, Andrew M. akarayira dzakawanda yokuzviparadzanisa, yaiva chikamu mauto Grand Prince Stefan Batory, uyo akarwa Russian Ratiu pakati Polotsk.

In Kurbski Poland anenge dzose nguva vaigara Milyanovich kuti pana Kovel. Manage nyika dzavo, akarayira matirastii. In ake kupembedza nguva rutsigiro rwemauto akanga munyaya kwesainzi, achipa kupfuura mabasa ari masvomhu, nezvenyeredzi, uzivi uye zvechitendero, uyewo mitauro kudzidza Greek uye Latin.

Anozivikanwa chokwadi kuti anotiza Prince Kurbsky uye Ivan Grozny vaiva tsamba. tsamba yokutanga akatumwa namambo muna 1564. Ndauya naye Moscow, muranda Andrei Mikhailovich Vasiliy Shibanov akatendeka, uyo akanga vakabva vakatambudzwa uye vakaurayiwa. Mutsamba yake, muchinda akaratidza hasha dzake zvakadzama ne kururama nokutambudzwa, uyewo nhamba yokuurayira kana pasina vanhu mhosva vaibatira Emperor nokutendeka. Uyewo, Ivan IV akadzivirira nemhedziso kurudyi, mune yayo yega kungwara rokukanganwira kana kuurayiwa chero vaanotonga.

Tsamba pakati vavengi maviri kwemakore 15 uye dzakaguma muna 1579. Sami tsamba, inozivikanwa kabhuku, yaiti "History of Grand Muchinda Moscow" nemamwe mabasa Kurbsky zvakanyorwa kuverenga mutauro chaiko. Mukuwedzera, ane mashoko anokosha chaizvo pamusoro yaitonga rokutonga zvikuru utsinye vatongi munhoroondo Russian.

Nechekare kurarama kuPoland, muchinda akaroorwa kechipiri. Muna 1571 akatora akapfuma chirikadzi Kosinski mukadzi. Zvisinei, muchato uyu haana kugara kwenguva refu uye dzakaguma nokurambana. Kechitatu kare Kurbski akaroora mukadzi varombo Semashko zita. Kubva mubatanidzwa uyu muchinda aiva mwanakomana nemwanasikana uye.

Nguva pfupi asati afa, muchinda akatora chikamu mune imwe kurwisa Moscow rinotungamirirwa Stefan Batory. Asi haana kuita kurwa nguva ino - kusvika anenge nomuganhu Russia, iye akarwara uye rakamanikidzwa kudzoka. Andrei Mikhailovich akafa muna 1583. Akavigwa wemamongi, iro riri pedo Kovel.

Kwoupenyu hwake aiva kuchitsigira mutsigiri pokutenda. Proud, shure uye kurerutsa hunhu Kurbsky zvikuru pave kuti ane zvakawanda vavengi pakati yechiLatvian Polish kwamachinda. Iye yairamba kupopotedzana nevavakidzani vayo uye kazhinji vakabata nyika yavo uye nhume youmambo rakafukidza Russian kushungurudzwa.

Achangofa Andreya Kurbskogo akafa uye gweta ake Prince Konstantin Ostrozhsky. Kubvira, hurumende Polish kwave zvishoma nezvishoma kubvisa pfuma kubva chirikadzi yake uye mwanakomana, kusvikira, pakupedzisira, regai kunhonga uye Kovel. Court hearings panyaya yakapedza makore akawanda. Somugumisiro, mwanakomana wake Dmitri akakwanisa adzikunure vamwe vakarasika nyika, pashure yaakanga vatendeukira yeRoma.

Prince Kurbsky Feature

Opinion pake somunhu enyika mufananidzo uye murume kazhinji akasiyana zvachose vaishora. Vamwe funga iye vasingachapfidzi kuchinja ane yakamanikana chaizvo uye zvishoma maonero, izvo vakaramba yose boyars uye akaramba tsarist autocracy. Mukuwedzera, kutiza kuPoland asingaremekedzi sevamwe mhando kukarukureta, kwakabatana chikuru zvakanakira ichi upenyu, uyo amuvimbisa Korol Sigizmund August. Andrei Kurbsky kunyange vaifungidzirwa vemwoyo wose kwezvamakatonga dzavo, akazviisa zvakawanda mabasa akanga zvakakwana nezvezvandaifanira kwerunyararo pokutenda.

Vazhinji dzekare vanowanzofunga kuti muchinda aiva murume achiri akangwara kwazvo uye vakadzidza, uyewo vepachokwadi uye akatendeseka, nguva dzose kurutivi zvakanaka uye kururamisira. Nokuti unhu hwakadaro zvakazivikanwa se "yokuRussia dissident wokutanga." Nokuti zvinokonzera kusiyana naye uye Ivanom Groznym, uyewo ngano pachavo Prince Kurbsky haasi aizvinzwisisa, gakava nezveanomiririrwa ichi enyika inozivikanwa mufananidzo nguva kuchapedza kwenguva refu.

Maonero ake panyaya iyi akaratidza uye vanozivikanwa Polish heraldry uye wenhoroondo Szymon Okolski, vaigara XVII remakore. characterization yake Prince Kurbsky rakanga rakaita sezvinotevera: zvakaita zvechokwadi munhu mukuru, uye kwete nokuti akanga chokuita imba youmambo uye vakabata wechikuru zvechiuto uye hurumende zvinzvimbo, asiwo nokuda noumhare, sezvo iye akakunda zvinokosha kukunda akawanda . Uyezve, mumwe munyori wenhau dzakaitika, akanyora pamusoro muchinda somunhu anofara zvechokwadi munhu. Zvienzanisei imwi ake muutapwa uye mutizi wamambo, zvinoshamisa inokudza vakatora vake Mambo Polish Sigismund II Augustus.

Kusvikira zvino, zvikonzero nezvokupanduka uye kutengesa muchinda Kurbsky vatsvakurudzi akaita kukwezvwa yakawanda mhindu, sezvo kweMwana munhu uyu zvakawanda uye chinoumbwa nezvinhu zvakawanda. More uchapupu yokuti Andrei Mikhailovich aiva pfungwa zvinoshamisa, uye inogona chokwadi kuti, vasisina muduku, akakwanisa kudzidza Latin, iyo kusvikira panguva iyoyo havana kuziva zvachose.

Mubhuku rake rekutanga pamusoro bhuku rinonzi Orbis Poloni, yakabudiswa 1641 muna Krakow, zvakafanana Szymon Okolski akaisa nguvo maoko Prince Kurbsky (mu vokuPoland shanduro - Krupskaya) ndokumupa kutsanangurirwa. Aidavira kuti heraldic chiratidzo Russian muna mavambo. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti kuMiddle Ages, mufananidzo weshumba inogona kakawanda kuwanikwa musi maoko kwamachinda iri zvakasiyana States. In Russian Heraldry rekare sezvo mhuka iyi kwainzi chiratidzo kwamachinda, ushingi, tsika uye umhare. Saka hazvishamisi kuti shumba yakanga vanoratidzwa nguvo maoko muchinda Kurbsky.