History of Kazan. The kubatwa zviri Kazan nemauto Ivana Groznogo (1552)

The umambo kamwe yakakura anonzi Zolotaya Orda vakaputsa akakwidzwa khanates matatu: Kazan, Astrakhan uye Crimea. Uye, pasinei kukwikwidzana kuti aripo pakati pavo, vachiri dzinotyisidzira chaiyo Russian mamiriro. Moscow Hunoita kuedza akawanda taramba nhare-guta Kazan rakanga ashandiswe. Asi nguva dzose zvakasimba iye dzinoratidza Kurwisa zvose. kosi kwakadaro nezvezviitiko kugona kuronga Ivan IV anotyisa. Zvino, pashure nzendo dzakawanda, pakupedzisira, kuti yaiva chinokosha musi. Kazan KUTORA yakaitika October 2, 1552.

prerequisites

Munguva 1540s yokuRussia mamiriro mutemo pachinhu kuMabvazuva hwachinja. Nguva boyars yeMeribhatikadheshi kurwira chigaro Moscow pakupedzisira kupera. Paiva mubvunzo pamusoro chii chokuita Kazan Khanate, izvo inotungamirirwa Hurumende Safa Giray.

Ndinofanira kutaura kuti Mutemo wake ichindisunda Moscow kushanda kwacho zvikuru kusarudza pavari. Chokwadi chokuti Safa Giray akaedza kuumba ukama pakati Crimean Khanate, yakanga asatenderwe rugare chibvumirano akasaina pakati pake uye Russian chamber. machinda Kazan nguva nenguva akaita kunoparadza vachirwisa pamusoro nharaunda muganhu hurumende Moscow kuwana mari zvakanaka kwevaranda. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, paiva zvisingaperi Kusanzwisisana. Kuramba basa noruvengo nezviito Volga munzvimbo mamiriro, vari pasi pokudzora Crimea, uye kubudikidza naye, uye hweOttoman Empire, zvaisaita.

Peace ånd

Kazan Khanate zvaaifanira neimwe nzira yokungoita. The yapfuura netsika Moscow, waiva kutsigira vakavimbika kumachinda ake, uyewo pakugadza kuna Kazan choumambo evatsigiri vake, kuti chinhu kutungamirira. All vakakurumidza kunyura uye otanga kuitisa utsinye mutemo akananga Russian mamiriro.

Panguva ino, hurumende Moscow yaiva zvazvinoita Metropolitan Macarius. Aiva initiator pamusoro mishandirapamwe vakawanda kuti wakaita Ivan IV anotyisa. Zvishoma nezvishoma, ari madenderedzwa pedyo Metropolitan, akanga pfungwa kugadzirisa dambudziko simba, inomiririra Kazan Khanate. Nenzira, pakutanga pamusoro kukundwa kwakakwana uye kukunda kumabvazuva inoti haina inopiwa. Chete mukufamba rutsigiro rwemauto makore 1547-1552 okuberekwa zvirongwa zvachinja zvishoma, izvo zvakazoita kuti zvakazosunungurwa kubatwa zviri Kazan nemauto Ivana Groznogo.

Yenzendo dzokutanga

Ndinofanira kutaura kuti vakawanda rutsigiro rwemauto pamusoro nhare, mambo pachake akatungamirira. Chinogona Saka vakafunga kuti Ivan vakakoshesa kukosha mashoko danidziro. Nhoroondo nevaMedhiya Kazan achava kukwana kana tisina kuudza kunyange zvishoma ose Zvikamu akatorwa Muscovite chamber nezvenyaya.

Wokutanga Mushandirapamwe kwakaitika muna 1545. Aiva nechitarisiko chiratidzo nemauto, chinangwa rakanga kusimbisa simba pamusoro Moscow mubato, akakwanisa kudzinga muguta rimwe Khan Safa Giray. Gore rakatevera, akatora chigaro Moscow protege - Prince Ali Shah. Asi kwenguva refu pachigaro choushe, iye asingagoni kugara Safa Giray, pamwe vatsigire Nogai vazokuvimbazve zvakare simba.

Rinotevera Mushandirapamwe yakanga ashandiswe muna muna 1547. Panguva ino, Ivan Grozny aiva pamba, sezvo akanga akabatikana pamwe zvomuchato - akanga kuzoroora Anastasia Zakharina, St. George. Asi, akashingaira vatongi Urume Mikulinsky uye Alexander Humpback. Asvika muromo Sviyaga uye yakaparadzwa zhinji nyika yomuvengi.

Nhoroondo nevaMedhiya Kazan kungaguma November muna 1547. Mushandirapamwe uyu akatotanga akatungamirira mambo pachake. Sezvo yechando kuti gore aiva noushamwari chaizvo, kubva huru mauto wavharirwa. Atirari mabhatiri zvasvika Vladimir 6 chete December. In Nizhny Novgorod, huru mauto akasvika pakupera January, pashure iro uto vakatamira pasi Volga River. Asi pashure pemazuva mashoma zvakare nyungudika. Mauto Russian akatanga kutambura inorema nezvinhu muchimiro kukomba atirari, iro riri kunyura uye achinyudza murwizi pamwechete vanhu. Ivanu Groznomu aifanira musasa pachitsuwa Rabotki.

Nokurasikirwa mune midziyo uye manpower vaisagona chakakonzera kuti kubudirira remapazi zvechiuto. Naizvozvo, mambo akasarudza kudzokera mauto ayo kudzokera wokutanga Nizhny Novgorod, uye ipapo muMoscow. Asi hondo zvakadaro vakaenda. Ndivo Best hondo pasi murayiro Prince Mikulinskaya uye vamabhiza Kasimov muchinda Shah Ali. Arsk Field kurwa kwakaitika, umo hondo Safa Giray akanga ndokuputsa uye vakasara ayo Kazan akatora pakavha shure masvingo. Kutora guta nokuda dutu havana kuzoshinga, nokuti aingovawo zvisingaiti pasina okukomba atirari.

Next chando kwidza kwave yaizotongwa kuguma 1549 - kutanga 1550. maitiro ake vakabatsira nhau kuti muvengi mukuru waJehovha Russian wehurumende Safa Giray akafa. Kazan kubva rekupinda vasina kugamuchira Khan itsva Crimea, mutongi akataura maviri egore mwanakomana wake - Utyamysh Giray. Asi wakati zviduku, Khanate akava mutungamiriri aite mai vake - mambokadzi Syuyumbike. Moscow chevaux akasarudza kushandisa ichi dynastic dambudziko uye kudzokera kuna Kazan. Iye kunyange vakanochengeta chikomborero Metropolitan Macarius.

Musi waJanuary 23, mauto Russian kuzodzosera vakapinda Kazan nyika. Paakasvika nhare, vakatanga kugadzirira wake kurwisa. Zvisinei, yaivhuvhuta mamiriro ekunze zvakare kuita kudaro. Maererano yaMakoronike, yechando yakanga yakanyanya kudziya ne zhinji mvura yakawanda, saka chengeta kukombwa ose nemitemo yakanga zvisingaiti. Panyaya iyi, mauto eRussia vakamanikidzwa shure zvakare.

rutsigiro sangano muna 1552

Pazviri akatanga kugadzirira mangwanani patsime. Muna March naApril kubva Nizhny Novgorod kuti Sviyazhsk yemauto zvishoma zvifambiswe mbuva, zvombo, uye nhare atirari. Panozopera May pakati Muscovites uye vagari nemamwe Russian maguta, chose hondo kwete kutapudza 145 zviuru varwi ikaungana. Gare gare, varwi vose vakapararira mumaguta matatu.

In Kolomna vaiva vatatu regiments - Best, Great, uye ruoko rwake rworuboshwe, muna Kashira - rworudyi, uye muna Murom akamira Ertoulnaya chikamu vakatasva ushori. Vamwe vavo vakatamira yakananga Tula uye dzinoratidza kurwisa wokutanga Crimean mauto pasi murayiro Devlet Giray, uyo akaedza kuvhiringa zvirongwa Moscow. Zviito zvakadaro Crimean Tatars chete pfupi nguva vakakwanisa vatore muuto Russian.

nhaurwa

Kwidza, nechinangwa panguva kubatwa pamusoro Kazan, vakatanga July 3, 1552. Mauto akanga huviri pembiru. Changamire Way, Sentinel uye Left Hand hondo vagura Vladimir uye Moore kuna Sura River uye zvadaro pamuromo Sura. Uto ichi adzinga chamber Ivan. Vamwe muchiuto akaisa pasi murayiro Mihaila Vorotynskogo. nyuchi mbiri idzi dzakanga dzakabatana chete Boroncheeva pazvikomo pamusoro Sura. August 13 hondo panguva simba zvizere asvika Sviyazhsk. Pashure 3 Mazuva, mauto vakatanga kuyambuka Volga. Izvi zviri zvishoma kunonoka, asi musi August 23 nehondo huru pasi masvingo Kazan. The kubatwa kweguta vakatanga rinenge pakarepo.

muvengi chemwoyo

Kazan vaberekawo ose anodiwa gadziriro hondo itsva. Guta rakanga rakakomberedzwa zvikuru. Around ari Kazan Kremlin yakavakwa rusvingo kaviri momuoki. Inside, yakanga yazara marara, uye pamusoro - clayey silt. Mukuwedzera, nhare akanga 14 ibwe shongwe, shongwe. Anouya yazadza riverbeds: kumavirira - Bulak, kubva kumusoro - Kazanka. Kubva Arsky minda apo chaizvo nyore akatakura enhare, akanga vakachera mugomba iri mamita 15 yakadzika uye 6 mamita yakafara. Chinonyanya havaratidzi akadzivirira nzvimbo zvaaifanira 11 masuwo, pasinei nokuti vakanga neshongwe. Varwi vapfure kubva masvingo, akafukidza yematanda denga uye Mutemo.

Muguta Kazan, kuchamhembe-rutivi rwokumavirira, paiva wenhare, akavaka pagomo. Pano aiva yakagara Khan. Rakanga akapoteredzwa rusvingo gobvu ibwe uye rakadzika. Vanotsigira guta rakanga 40000th ravarwi, iine kwete chete nemasoja ounyanzvi. Raisanganisira vose vaikwanisa kutakura zvombo. Uyezve, pano waibatanidzwa 5000th yokuzviparadzanisa kwenguva pfupi vatengesi vanounganidzwa.

Hahn ainyatsoziva kuti pakupedzisira yokuRussia Czar achaedzazve kuti kubatwa pamusoro Kazan. Naizvozvo, Tatar kwavatungamiriri vakuru vehondo uye kunyange Aishongedzerwa Kurarama Maari rinokosha chairema varwi vakanga mufambiro zvechiuto amabasa kunze kweguta pamadziro, kureva shure romuvengi wehondo. Kuti izvi zvidaro, inenge 15 kure rwizi Kazanka aiva mujeri pre-akavaka, izvo akadzikatidza nzira kuna anezvimiti uye abatis. Pane aifanira kutakura 20000th vamabhiza Army pasi murayiro Prince Apanchi, Arsky Prince Evusha uye Shunak-Murza. Maererano dzakabudirira zvechiuto vaifanira pakarepo kudenha muuto Russian vose pachiuno uye neshure.

Achitarira mberi, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti zviito zvose akatorwa kudzivirira nhare hachina. Hondo Ivan vanotyisa akanga ukuru yakawandisa kwete chete manpower asiwo achangobuda nzira muhondo. Izvi zvinoreva pachivande Zvivako zvangu namaberere.

kokutanga

Tinogona kutaura kuti kubatwa zviri Kazan (1552) akatanga panguva apo chehondo rakanyonganiswa kuburikidza Ertoulny Bulak rwizi. Tatar Mauto vakarirwisa munguva yakanaka kwazvo. Russian hondo chete akamutsa kumusoro, nokukurira mawere yakatenuka Arsky munda. All vamwe mauto youmambo vachiri mhiri uye vaisagona kujoina hondo.

Zvichakadai, kubva akazaruka Tsarevo uye Nogai suwo kurutivi Ertoulnomu hondo wakauya tsoka 10000th uye 5000th vamabhiza nevarwi Kazan Khan. Asi mamiriro ezvinhu nekuponeswa. The kununurwa Ertoulnomu hondo akamhanyira uta uye Cossacks. Vaiva pamusoro bapiro kuruboshwe uye vakakwanisa uvhure nokururamisira rinorema moto muvengi, kukonzera wechiTatar vamabhiza yakavhenganiswa. Mauto eRussia akaenda okuwedzera chisimbiso yekudyidzana kwakawedzera kutokonora. The emauto chinotonyanya agumbuka uye nokukurumidza akatora kutiza, pamwe akaputswa inifanduri ake. Saka akagumisa wokutanga kusangana Tatars, zvakauyiswa mukukunda Russian maoko.

Kuvamba wakakombwa

The kutokonora wakakombwa rakatanga musi wa27 August. Vapfuri havana kupiwa richisimuka kuti vanotsigira masvingo eguta, uye zvinobudirira unonyangadzwa ari kakawanda kurwisa muvengi. In padariro wokutanga kukombwa Kazan akanga kuoma nezvaiitwa hondo Prince Yapanchi. Iye ake vamabhiza vakarwisa eRussia kana nhare pane mureza guru. Panguva iyoyo vakanga achiperekedzwa uye incursions kubudikidza nhare ravarwi.

Zviito zvakadaro vakatakura navo zvikuru ngozi Russian nehondo, saka mambo akaunganidza kanzuru vehondo akaita chisarudzo kushongedzera muuto 45000th pamusoro muchinda Yapanchi. Russian kukupfura inotungamirwa vatongi Petr Serebryany uye Alexander Humpback. August 30, ake venhema shure, vakakwanisa kunyengera wechiTatar vamabhiza kusvikira nharaunda Arsk munda, uye akamuisa mumaoko zvakatipoteredza. Most wehondo muvengi rakaparadzwa uye vanenge chiuru masoja vakabatwa muchinda. Vakanga vakatorwa zvinosvika masvingo eguta uye pakarepo vaurayiwa. Vaya vakanga rombo zvakakwana kutiza, akatora utiziro mujeri.

September 6 vatongi Silver uye humpback ake Ratiu akaenda hike kuna Kama River, kunoparadza uye nokupisa kwaro nzira Kazan nyika. Ivo yaaigara kujeri, akanga ari refu. The Chronicle rinoti kunyange vemauto dzakamanikidzwa kubuda pasi kubva namabhiza avo uye kutora chikamu mune hondo weropa. Somugumisiro muvengi nechigadziko, izvo akavhiringidza eRussia neshure, yakaparadzwa zvachose. Pashure paizvozvo varwi vamambo vakaenda vanyura Khanate mumwe 150 makiromita, apo chaizvoizvo kuparadza vomunzvimbo. Paakasvika Kama, vakatendeuka vakananga shure kumasvingo wakakombwa. Nokudaro, Kazan Khanate nyika dzakanga saizvozvo chakaparadzwa, uyewo Russian, wechiTatar mauto kana kuzorwa navo. Mugumisiro kwedanidziro iyi vave 30 akaparadza jails, vasungwa vanenge 3 zviuru uye vakawanda mombe yakabiwa.

Mugumo wakakombwa

Pashure pokuparadzwa varwi Prince Yapanchi, hapana aigona kudzivirira mberi rakakombwa. The kubatwa pamusoro Kazan Ivanom Groznym akanga zvino chete nyaya nguva. Russian atirari kwava pedyo masvingo eguta, uye moto kwakawedzera. Near gedhi Tsarevo akavaka guru yokukomba shongwe 13 mamita dzakakwirira. Aiva masvingo akareba. It yakasimbiswa 50 arquebuses uye 10 pfuti, dzakanga nokugogodza mumigwagwa yeguta, nokudaro vachikonzera wandei kuvadza vanotsigira Kazan.

Uye panguva imwe chete ari German Rozmysel, aiva mambo basa, pamwe ake nevadzidzi, akatanga kuchera mugero unobva rwomudzivisi masvingo, ngavaise nemigodhi. nokuchengeta yakatanga vakaradzikwa Daurova shongwe, paiva tsime vachigovera guta muchivande. Kana detonated, izvozvo akaparadza kwete bedzi wose wemvura, asi zvikuru hunenge nhare norusvingo. Next pevhu kuputika akaparadza suwo Muravleva. Tanetseka chaizvo, asi Kazan ravarwi akakwanisa zvingakusembura kurwisa mauto eRussia nokusika mutsva kuzvidzivirira mutsetse.

Underground kuputika vakaratidza kugona kwavo. Murayiro eRussia vakasarudza kumisa kutokonora uye kurerutsa masvingo eguta. Zvinonzwisiswa kuti vakurumidze dzepabonde kungaita kuti zvisingakoshi kurasikirwa manpower. Pakazopera September takaita dzakawanda kuchera pasi masvingo Kazan. Kuputika mavari vaifanira kushanda sechiratidzo kutora nhare. Munzvimbo idzi apo kuenda dutu muguta, zvose kumigero vakazadzwa matanda uye nenyika. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, vakakanda pamusoro yemapuranga footbridge.

storming nhare

Usati watama hondo yako kubatwa zviri Kazan, murayiro Russian akatumwa kuguta Murza Kamaya (mu Imperial mauto kushumira vazhinji masoja wechiTatar) pamwe kusarenda chinodiwa. Asi rakanga categorically akarambwa. On October 2, mangwanani Russian simbi kwazvo kugadzirira kurwiswa. At 6 o'clock pamusoro echiShinto vakanga vatova kwerubwinyo rwakagara rwuripo-vakaumbwa nzvimbo. All rwemberi vehondo akafukidzwa vamabhiza mapoka: Kasimov Tatars vachiri Arsk munda, uye rumwe akamira echiShinto uye Nogai Galician Migwagwa.

Gedye pa 7:00, kuputika maviri. Izvi akaparirwa zvaipomerwa vakaradzikwa mugero pakati Vasina Tower uye Atalykovymi namasuwo, uyewo vari penguva Arsky uye Tsarevo gedhi. Somugumisiro matanho aya, masvingo wakakombwa mumunda nzvimbo yakadhirika uye vakaumba mawindo makuru. Kuburikidza navo, mauto Russian asi nyore akaputsa muguta. Kubvira kubatwa muKazan Ivanom Groznym yasvika ayo mukunopera.

In yakamanikana mumigwagwa yeguta paiva vanotyisa kurwa. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti ruvengo pakati Russian uye wechiTatar akaunganidza kuti emakore. Naizvozvo, vanhu vomuguta vanoziva kuti ivo havazoponi uye akarwa kune wokupedzisira mweya. The Nzvimbo pakukura kurwisa vaiva nhare Khan uye chikuru chechi, riri pamusoro Tezitskom goronga.

Chokutanga, vose kuedza wokuRussia mauto akandosungawo izvi nzvimbo havana kubudirira. Chete mushure hwakatangwa yakachena kuchengeterwa mauto kundorwa, muvengi kuramba rwakavhunika. Uto Royal achiri akatapa chechi, uye zvose akarirwira pamwe Seid Kul-Sharif vakaurayiwa.

Yokupedzisira pakurwa, izvo yakaguma kubatwa pakati Kazan uye kwakaitika pamusoro munharaunda mativi pamberi mumuzinda Khan. Pano, kudzivirira wechiTatar hondo mune mari vanhu vanenge 6000. Ava vachapona takasiya mumwe, sezvo vasungwa havana. The chete akapona akanga Khan Yadegar Mokhammad pamusoro Kazan. Zvadaro, iye akabhabhatidzwa uye akazozivikanwa Simioni. Akapiwa nenhaka Zvenigorod. Men pakati kutsigira reguta vakaponeswa chiduku, uye kudzingirirana avo vakanga vatumwa, iro rakaparadzwa vanenge zvose.

migumisiro

The kubatwa pamusoro Kazan mauto eRussia kwakaita kuti accession kuna Moscow rakakura nzvimbo Middle Volga nharaunda, apo vanhu vemarudzi mazhinji Bashkirs, Chuvash, wechiTatar, Udmurt, Mari. Uyezve, kuva yakahwina dzavarwi, wokuRussia mamiriro vawana rinokosha zvoupfumi centre, chakanga Kazan. Uye pashure pokuwa Astrakhan Muscovy zvaikosha kudzora mvura zvebhizimisi tsinga - the Volga River.

Negore iri kubatwa pakati Kazan Ivan vanotyisa kuMiddle Volga nharaunda rakaparadzwa vaivenga Moscow Crimean-hweOttoman mubatanidzwa enyika. Kumabvazuva kumiganhu ehurumende hakuchina kunzarwo nokuda rusingaperi vachirwisa kumbotsika vomunzvimbo muuranda.

Gore kubatwa zviri Kazan akanga kunaka panyaya izvo Tatars, vaizviti Islam, kugara muguta zvairambidzwa. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti mitemo yakadaro vakaita kwete chete muna Russia, asi muna Europe uye Asia. Izvi zvakaitwa kuitira kudzivisa kumukira, uyewo Inter-kwemarudzi uye Inter-vezvitendero Kusanzwisisana. By kuguma XVIII remakore wechiTatar namagariro zvishoma uye uchinyatsobatanidzwa sezvaiita guta.

ndangariro

Muna 1555, panguva behest Ivana Groznogo akatanga kuvaka Cathedral iri kukudzwa kubatwa pakati Kazan. Its kuvakwa kwakatora chete 5 namakore, mukusiyana reEuropean kukereke, izvo zvakasikwa kwemazana emakore. Present zita - St. Vasiliya Blazhennogo - zvakanga muna 1588, pashure kuri kuwedzera narwo chapero iri kukudzwa musande, sezvo zvisaririra ake akanga ari kuvakwa yechechi.

Pakutanga temberi yakashongedzwa 25 domes, nokuti nhasi vakasiya 10: mumwe bhero shongwe, uye navamwe pamusoro chake choushe. Machechi sere rwakazvitsaurira kuna kupemberera kuti zvichengete kubatwa pamusoro Kazan, inowira ose zuva kana vakapfuura muhondo chinokosha nokuda nhare. Central Church of Kurevererwa Amai Mwari, kuti korona chiduku rising tende.

Maererano nengano, hwakawanda huripo, pashure pakuvaka Church yakapera, Ivan Grozny akarayira kuti anomutorera ezvivako kuitira kuti havachisiri kugona kudzokorora munhu runako yakadaro. Asi kururamisira zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti hapana magwaro akare, chokwadi ichi hariwaniki.

Chimwe shongwe kuti kubatwa muKazan yakavakwa XIX remakore pasi chirongwa matarenda mapurani-wamabwe Nikolaya Alferova. Monument Izvi aifarirwa Kesari Alexander I. The initiator kuti huchipfuurira. ndangariro varwi vakafa muhondo nokuda nhare yakaitwa Archimandrite Zilantova wemamongi - Ambrose.

The Monument mikoko kuruboshwe eRwizi Kazanka murwizi, riri diki pachikomo, chaizvo pedyo Admiralty ugari. Chronicle, akachengetedzwa kubva nguva idzodzo, rinoti kubatwa yacho nhare Ivanom Groznym, akasvika nehondo yake nzvimbo uye iiswe ipapo pomureza wavo. Uye shure kubatwa zviri Kazan akanga pano akatanga mudungwe yake yakatarwa muna akakunda nhare.