Rice munda. mupunga kurimwa michina

Rice - mumwe zvinokosha zvirimwa munyika vari pakati zvokudya huru kuti ruzhinji chavagari redu. Inguva chirimwa mukirasi mhuri monocotyledonous bota wepagore.

Vhuṱanzi

chipiriso ichi ane fibrous midzi pamwe pneumatic in zvinopa mukana mhepo kupinda nemafashamo ivhu. Figure ndiyo pegwenzi zvinosanganisira nodular madzinde vane ukobvu anenge 3-5 mm uye kukwirira - 38 cm ariwo nekukwirira 3-5 meters (zvakadzika-fomu). Madzinde kunyanya mira, asi pane dzaikwira stelyaschiesya. Sheet lanceolate, Inflorescence ari panicle, ane kureba 10-30 cm. Panicle ari compressed kana kuparadzira, vachirembedza kana kumisa zvichienderana akasiyana siyana mupunga. Pairi uye vakawanda Spikelets flowered Makumbo pfupi. Yose, avhareji tsanga mupunga une yakaoma goko, izvo pasi brownish ruvara uye zvakachengetwa zviyo. Pasi ganda - the endosperm, kupfuura zvinovaka muviri chikamu zviyo, inova zvatinoona muchimiro chena mupunga, rinozivikanwa makorari kana kukuya. About 94% pacho rine starch, vanenge 6-10% mapuroteni, asi urombo, hapana anenge asina B mavhitaminzi uye chicherwa zvinhu. Vachikuya mupunga rinogadzirirwa nokukurumidza, nyore kunyura pachitunha. In inopisa nyorovera mumamirire ekunze chigadzirwa runogara kwenguva refu.

mupunga-kukura

Kune 3 mhando yeminda pamusoro izvo kukudziridzwa miriwo ichi: Upland, macheki uye estuary. Macheki minda mupunga kurimwa unyanzvi kunoratidzwa kuva kugara mafashamo kusvikira zvino, apo zvirimwa asingadi ripen, ipapo vakapedzwa mvura uye votanga kukohwa. Izvi mhando kucheka zvibereko ndicho, saka unganidza vanenge 90% okuwana yose mupunga. Upland minda yaiva munzvimbo yakawanda kwemvura akawa, saka havaiti zvinoda chakagadzirwa kudiridza. On avo uye vamwe minda anogona kukura mupunga zvakafanana mhando, asi zvibereko pamusoro macheki pamusoro minda. munda Lima mupunga kunyanya iri floodplains uye vozdelyvavaetsya panguva nemafashamo. Muchiitiko chino, shandisa mupunga chaiyo mhando pamwe kukurumidza kukura gunde, izvo whisks ichiyangarara pamusoro mvura. Tichienzanisa kurima mupunga mune dzimwe minda, nzira iyi anopa chirimwa duku zvikuru, asi zvikuru zvetsika nokuti munzvimbo nechipiriso ndicho chinhu chinonyanya kukosha kwevanhu zvokudya, somuenzaniso, munyika Asian.

mhando mupunga

Pane munyika nezviuru akasiyana akasiyana mupunga. Somuenzaniso, muna Asia munda neimwe inopa zvakasiyana siyana mutsika. Zvinonzi Classified nokuda urefu zviyo, mhando kurapwa, ruvara, munuhwi. By ukuru miriwo kubudiswa rakakamurwa chena mupunga, mashava uye parboiled.

Zvinotevera mhando mupunga:

1. Paddy: Paddy, chete akauya achibva kumunda, inogona kuchengetwa kwemakore akawanda.
2. Rice husks - achibvisa kubva zviyo wokutanga kurapwa danho, rinoshandiswa sezvo mhuka dyisa uye sezvo fetiraiza.
3. Bran goko: zviri kuwanikwa munyika muitiro vachikuya zviyo inoshandiswa zvemangwanani zviyo uye mhuka zvokudya.
4. Yakabwinyiswa chena mupunga: rakajairika. Dzimwe nguva, Round srednezerny uye-refu tsanga mupunga, mufananidzo yamakati kuona nyaya.
5. Parboiled mupunga: Paddy kare yakanyura mumvura uye kubatwa chiutsi zvaoma.
6. Brown kana neshlifovany. Dzimwe nguva srednezerny uye -refu tsanga mupunga, mutengo zvisina akasiyana vasinganzwisisike mutengo mupunga azvikuya michina uye runoonekwa kuti hutano zvikuru pane chena mupunga.
7. Broken mupunga: iri kubudiswa mupunga tsanga kuputsa guru zvidimbu inoshandiswa confectionery uye kwamangwanani, diki - nokuti hwakatsetseka mupunga.
8. Uyewo nevakawanda mhando mupunga akadai Jasmine, Basmati, muIjipiti uye nezvikara.

History uye kuparadzirwa

Anenge makore 7000 munhu unopedza uye inokura mupunga. Photo kuratidza izvi zvinogona kuwanikwa muzvinyorwa zvekare muna China uye India. Kunyange ipapo, muminda vakashandisa ezvinhu migero yokudiridzira yacho tsika mupunga. Apo wakazviratidza kokutanga - hazvina yakasimbiswa, asi mamwe masayendisiti vanobvuma kuti vaiona nzvimbo yechizvarirwo kweIndia. Maererano nemamwe mabhuku zvinozivikanwa kuti minda mupunga muna China aonekwa chechi5 chemakore BC uye anenge kusvika 500 BC, kare riri South-East uye South Asia, China neIndia. Kuparadzira chipiriso ichi dzakashandisa mamiriro siyana ekunze, somuenzaniso muna South Asia vanofanira yakawanda mvura uye kudziyisa gore rose, uye muna Japan, Korea, uye nechepakati China akatanga akasiyana kuti kushivirira chando uye vanoda mvura shoma. In Asia, kumorwa akarima mupunga achiri manually, kwemazana emakore kurimwa pamusoro nenzvimbo dzakakwirira gomo, mujinga uye-diki. Muzana remakore rechi13 minda mupunga akazviratidza Sisiri muNorth America, iye akaonekwa pamwe French, Britain eJapan. In South America mufananidzo akauya Portuguese uye Spanish. Rice kurimwa muRussia akatanga makore anopfuura 300 apfuura.

Rice muRussia

Mune Russian Empire, kutanga munda mupunga akazviratidza nguva Ivana Groznogo. Akapiwa kuti gavhuna Astrakhan richikura "Saracen mapfunde", ndizvo sei zita Fig. Rezasi Volga akagadzirisa munda, asi kuedza mugumisiro, zvinosuruvarisa yakaramba isingazivikanwi.

Paitonga Peter I «Saracen mapfunde" zvakare akamuka Russia, izvozvo akadyara ari Delta pakati pomupata Terek, nokutapwa chirimwa zvakare akarasika pakati zvokukurumidzira zvinodiwa nehurumende. Uye chete muna 1786 nhamba chakamukazve chava Sangano iri Russian ndima - akaendeswa Kuban Cossacks. minda Rice dziri muzvinhu zvikazara of Kuban River, uye ipapo kuwana munda kukohwa mupunga yakanaka uye akabuda mu Russia.

kudyiwa mupunga munyika

Pane 2 nzira kuti kudyiwa bota ichi, "Western" - ndizvo kuti kuAmerica uye Europe, uye "Eastern" - nokuti Asia. Kumabvazuva kunyika mufananidzo zvinoreva chikafu nezuva, mupunga mu Europe paakasvika mukurumbira wayo Papera, asi pakutanga izvozvo zvaiva Zvigwenzi nemiti vakagadzirira chete mutambo Muterere. Nokufamba kwenguva, mupunga rave kuva mumwe wavo zvokudya mukuru, asi, mukusiyana kuna Asia, Europe akatanga kugadzirira mupunga pamwechete yehuku, nyama, hove uye nezvinonhuwira yokuvirisa.

The kudikanwa chirimwa mupunga

Gore negore vanenge 350 mln. Matani mupunga anogadzirwa munyika. Vanopfuura hafu yevanhu munyika achiushandisa 3 kanomwe pazuva. MuJapan, 78% mapurazi chinangwa kurima mupunga Somuenzaniso, kunyange zvazvo mari mupunga zviri yepamusoro. Rate kuti kunwa ezviyo pamunhu muna Asia ndiro makirogiramu 150 pagore, nepo Europe - 2 makirogiramu pagore. About 12-13 mln. Matani negore pose kupinzwa uye kunze kwenyika, kureva inenge 4% of zvachose chirimwa munyika. South America uye Asia ndivo exporters mikuru mupunga, uye Europe - the imupota.

mupunga yokudyara

Nokuti mbeu kurapwa kushandisa Sorting separators, ipapo mbeu vari kuongororwa kuti imere, pamwe indices asingasviki 90% zvezviyo hazvina kukodzera. Mazuva 5-8 asati adyara mbeu aoma muzuva, soka navo mvura inodziya kwemazuva 2-3, pashure kuzvimba akaomeswa kuti flowability uye kutanga kudyara nenzira pre-neshungu ivhu kuti kudzika masendimita 10. The nzira yakanakisisa mupunga anonzi namahwindo drills Seeder flanged kana bani munhuwo. It kunobatsira uye muchinjikwa diagonal nzira kudyara mupunga. Anoshandiswa nemafashamo nevhu razbrosnoy chirimwa kubva mundege, saka zvinoita kudyara 150 ha rimwe zuva ine ndege chete. Rice zvinogona yakawedzera kubva mizambiringa yakabva kumwe. Nenzira iyi, vari Vietnam, China, Japan nedzimwe nyika. Seedling tsika dziri Kishi zvigayo anowanikwa muAzerbaijan.

Kudiridza uye dzigadziridzwe mupunga

Pane 3 nzira yokudiridza mupunga zvirimwa:

• kuramba mafashamo - mvura iri mumunda panguva Mwaka wokukura;
• truncated mafashamo - pakutanga uye kuguma zvinomera mvura rukoko vasipo;
• inoratidza mafashamo - mvura pamwero anodzokororwa imwe nguva.

Kishi Zvigayo Anonyanyowanika kushandiswa mupfupi mafashamo. On nevhu kuti havasi sesaline zvakasimba uye vashoma akachena nemasora, vanopedza nokudiridza pashure pakudyara uye napamberi kumera. Pashure mupunga seedling bhokisi izere, uye haisi zvikuru guru mvura rukoko zvaibvumirwa panguva tillering -. About 5 masendimita rukoko mvura iri ipapo zvishoma nezvishoma akawedzera kuti masendimita 15, uye dzimwe ichi pamwero mvura kudyara wakisi okusimba. Nokufamba kwenguva, mvura yaivakwanira iri zvishoma wakaderedzwa kusvika kuibvisa yenyika rukapwa, uye zvaiita kuti kutanga kukohwa. Nokuti kuparadzwa algae, makemikari sora kuzvidzora kana aeration ivhu Dried munda mupunga. Photos nzira iyi inogona kuwanika akawanda kunenge kuti kudiridzwa kuti mupunga uye kutarisirwa.

Technology mupunga kurimwa

All-Union Research Institute of mupunga mupunga kurimwa michina yakazokudziridzwa, naro kunogona kuwanikwa kubva 4 kusvika 6 matani chibage pa 1 Ha. The zvemichina chakagadzirirwa kufungisisa chaizvo ivhu, okunze peculiarities, mhando.

Nokuti kumaodzanyemba nharaunda uye Krasnodar Territory yakatanga 8 siyana kugadzirwa mabikirwo tsika mupunga:

1. Basic ano, izvo zvinosanganisira kushandiswa 66, achiperekedzwa yakakwirira goho mupunga, hombe mafuta zvinodyiwa uye yakakwirira kunzwisisa.
2. Chidobi umo mbeu dzakadyarwa kuti kudzika 4 kana 5 cm uye zvinosanganisira 49 kushandiswa. Inoshandisa pre-pakurapa ivhu: Autumn marongerwo uye mangwanani kurima.
3. Technology umo yaisanganisa mudzimu ivhu kubudiswa: inogara Micro-kuzorodzwa, kushandisa fetiraiza uye sora, seeding, uye achifinyamisa pemvura.
4. Unyanzvi, iyo inoita kuti Minimum Tillage: nayo haibatanidzi kwacho sezvo kurima, disking, chizelevanie, operative kuronga, kurima.
5. Technology, specialized pamusoro macheki, vakazadzwa mvura, kureva apo munda mupunga hazvibviri kuti aiyanika mupfumvudza uye kwematsutso, uyewo yokunaya pakukusha nguva uye nokugadzirira ivhu.
6. Bezgerbitsidnaya ano kuti unobvumira tsika okurima kurwisa masora, zvirwere uye tupukanana.
7. Technology pasina kushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene nekuda kurima mupunga zvokudya.
8. Technology apo simba yakawanda uye basa-nyanyisa zvose pezvakaitwa anoshanda aggregates CFS-3,6 uye 3,6-CCF uye muhombe gejo-ol 2,4. A pachena chinoratidza nzira iri mvere kurima.