Russian tsika rechi19 - mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20. Zvinoumba Russian tsika

Kuti zvakanaka kunzwisisa peculiarities wokuRussia tsika pakupera kwezana XIX-XX emakore., Unofanira kuva pfungwa nezvokuva wechipfuwo mutemo, zvoupfumi uye enyika kumwedzi. Izvi inokosha. Basa Russian tsika hazvigoni dzakanaka. Nemhaka Petro shanduko mune Empire akasimbisa semhedziso umambo, uyewo legislating muboka revatungamiriri. Izvi kunyanya mumashoko "yendarama zera" pamusoro Catherine II.

Events pakutanga XIX remakore

Century ndipo mushumiri kuchinja zvinhu Alexander I. In tsika, voitakura kunze kuitira kusimbisa feudal-absolutist murayiro. Panguva iyoyo zvakakodzera kufunga mugumisiro matsva "mweya zvenguva." Chokutanga, vaichengeta kuratidzwa French Revolution yose yeRussia tsika yacho. The rudo rusununguko ndomumwe archetypes ayo. It rinopembererwa yose Russian nhetembo kubva Pushkin Tsvetaeva uye okugadziridza. Mushure Ushumiri yakanga yatangwa, paiva mberi bureaucratization kudzora. Kuwedzera, kuvandudza nechepakati midziyo yeRussian Empire. Pokugadzwa State Council - chinhu chinokosha Europeanization uye mazuvaano yose yezvinhu. Its chikuru Mabasa ndiwo: kuitira kwemashoko pamutemo dzemunharaunda uye centralization ose zvemitemo zvenyika.

Golden Age

Russian tsika rechi19 - mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 nayo yakatanga akanyanya kuzviita. A simba kukanganisa izvi akanga akura Western pfungwa uye nyika echimurenga mberi. Akati hwepedyo nevamwe tsika Russian. Ndiyo yaiva nguva apo French yakatanga utopian gutsaruzhinji uye German nouzivi chekare. pfungwa idzi vava mukurumbira kwazvo hurumende. Russian tsika kwezana remakore rechi19 rakanga vanofurirwa zvakasimba kubudikidza nhaka asiyiwa nezvizvarwa. nhungirwa itsva okugadzira zvinhu mumabhuku akakwira nekuvongwa iye. Izvi zvinoshandawo minda nemagariro, unyanzvi uye nhetembo. Works of Fyodor Dostoevsky, P. Melnikov-Pechersky, Leskov uye Gogol zvakazadza netsika tsika yekare dzechitendero. Uyewo zvinofanira kucherechedzwa basa mamwe mabhuku geniuses, ane mafungiro kuti dzenzvimbo Orthodox vakanga nharo. Tiri kutaura Blok, L. NdiTolstoy, Alexander Pushkin, uye zvichingodaro. In okugadzira zvinhu zvavo nenzira imwe zvisingafi chitambi unoratidza midzi yavo Orthodox. Newewo unogona kukanganwa chokwadi Ivan Turgenev. In basa rake anomiririrwa mufananidzo vanhu utsvene "The simba mhenyu". Uyewo mubereko kwazvo riri Russian zvinoyevedza mutsika nguva. Uyu mufananidzo K. Petrov-Vodkin, Vrubel, M. Nesterov. Kwakatangira okugadzira zvinhu nhema muna Orthodox kamufananidzo-painting. Ancient chechi kuimba yaiva unoshamisa chakajairika nhoroondo zvenziyo tsika. Paro kunganzi papera kuedza kubudikidza Rachmaninov, Tchaikovsky uye Dmitry Bortniansky.

mipiro Major

Russian tsika rechi19 - mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, zvakawanda zvakanaka nokubudirira pendudzi uye nyika. Zvisinei, haana nokuzivikanwa kwavo. Uyezve, ine chinokosha kukanganisa kukura vamwe zvirimwa. Kana nhoroondo European avanhu, zvinosiyirwa rebei chiratidzo. Chokutanga, tiri kutaura pamusoro Russian vechitendero. It yakaumbwa pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu West. Uyewo Western tsika European akanga vanotungamirirwa dzidziso nouzivi. Izvi zvinonyanya kuoneka yokutanga yezana XX remakore. rakakura chitange Russian tsika vakaita mabasa M. Bakunin, Berdyaev, Florensky, S. Bulgakov, Vladimir Solovyov, uyewo vamwe vakawanda. Hatifaniri kukanganwa nezve "dutu nemiviri gore". Tiri kutaura zvakasimba riwedzere kukudziri- Russian tsika. Hondo Yenyika II yava zvakabatana chaizvo kuti kukura munyika kuziva uye paumbwe "Decembrists". It vanobatwawo tsika weRussia tsika. Belinsky akanyora kuti gore akazunungusa yose, apo vakamutsa kworudzi uye kuziva.

Zvakakurukurwa enhoroondo muitiro

kumhanya akanga zvinooneka nokukurumidza. Izvi imhaka pamusoro zvinhu. Chipatapata Kusiyanisa cheminda siyana mutsika dzakasiyana mabasa. Izvi zvinonyanya kuoneka zvesayenzi. Zvinonzi zvakare kuoma ne tsika muitiro pachayo. Yakati mukuru kudyidzana pakati mabhora akasiyana. Zvikurukuru, rinoshanda mumhanzi, mabhuku, uzivi uye zvichingodaro. Uyewo zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti hwakasimba dzinotsanagura nekuita pakati constituent zvinhu tsika yenyika. Zviri pamutemo chikamu chayo, vakatora hanya ehurumende, uye nzvimbo zvavo (kureva chevarwere inotungamirwa). Yokupedzisira rinobva muura East necheSalvic dzemadzinza mibatanidzwa. rukoko urwu yakaumbwa muna Rus yekare. Iye zvakazara aripo munyika nhoroondo. Maererano subsoil kwaitanga-mamiriro tsika, pane zvinogona kurondwa kuvapo "elitist" stratum. Akashanda kirasi mutongo. Izvi anonyanya zvinoreva youmambo uye vakakwirira. rukoko urwu zvave zvikuru kugamuchira hadzisi utsanzi. Muchiitiko chino, zvinokurudzirwa kuzotaura kudanana kupenda Ivanova, K. Bryullov, V. Tropinin, A. Kiprensky nevamwe kuvazivisa Artists yacho XIX remakore.

Kwaiitika XVIII remakore

Muhafu yokutanga yezana nayo akazviratidza vakadzidza vanhuwo. Pakazopera zana remakore, izvozvo imwe munzanga boka akamira kunze. Ndicho Kunyika intelligentsia. Paiva vadetembi, vaimbi, ezvivako uye Painters. Kana pakutanga remakore aitungamirira basa nhengo revatongi intelligentsia, pamagumo - commoner. The Zvinoumba rukoko urwu vakatanga iyerere ichibva vanhuwo zvavo. Izvi zvinonyanya akanzwa mushure abolition kuti serfdom. By commoner aigona kutakura vamiririri vakadzidza reDemocratic uye akarurama bourgeoisie. Zvakanga zvisingaiti kuti vaiva kwamachinda. Asi zvinoita sokuti vanhuwo zvavo, vatengesi, zviduku bourgeoisie uye muboka revatungamiriri. Uye idzi dzinotsigirwa zvinokosha zvakadai zviri Russian tsika, sezvo pakutanga kwayo hweruzhinji yakavakirwa. Chaizvoizvo yavo ndechokuti vatungamiriri vakadzidza havasi chete nhengo ropafadzo makirasi. Kunyange zvakadaro, kutungamirira basa iri achiri vaiva navo. Kuwedzera masayendisiti, vanyori, vanodhirowa mifananidzo, vananyanduri nevanyori vari kutambura. Kunyanya huya kuna serfs, uye zvinganaka siyana vanhuwo.

Zvibereko XIX remakore

Art wokuRussia tsika kuramba kukura. Literature anova muridzi wayo soumambo. Chokutanga, pano kwakakonzerwa ne mberi kusunungurwa dzidziso. Kutaura zvazviri, vakawanda mabasa nguva azara echimurenga kurwisa miri, uyewo enyika mapepa. Pano ndipo pane chikuru kukosha Russian tsika yacho. Ari chaizvo rakafuridzirwa yemhando vechidiki. It akanzwa ushe mweya kurwisana uye kupikiswa. Iye kupinda mabasa mberi vanyori. Saka, mabhuku yazova chimwe chezvinhu vanoshingaira mauto munzanga. Unogona kutora Somuenzaniso, vapfumi nyika Classics uye kuti nokuenzanisa Russian tsika. Kunyange ayo pakanyorwa mabhuku remakore rapfuura, zvine rakasiyana chaiyo. Tolstovsky Pushkinian kudetemba prose anganzi chishamiso. Yasnaya Polyana raiva guta guru ungwaru pamusoro tsaona.

nomupiro Pushkin

Zvakaoma kutaura chii aizova tsika Russia pasina iye. Pushkin - muvambi Russian realism. Zvakakwana kuyeuka, "Evgeniya Onegina". nganonyorwa iyi mundima ainzi yakakurumbira achitsoropodza Encyclopedia upenyu Russian. Ndicho chikuru kuratidza realism mu mabasa shasha. Panewo muenzaniso uyu muitiro unogona kunzi mabhuku yokufungidzira "Dubrovsky", "The yaKaputeni Mwanasikana," mutambo "Boris Godunov." Panyaya yose kukosha Pushkin, zviri zvakabatana chaizvo pakunzwisisa tsika waifarirwa ukoshi kwave zvakasikwa naye. Iye rwakagadzirira nzira chaiko Chekhov, NdiTolstoy, Dostoevsky, Turgenev, Gogol, Lermontov. Iye akava dzakazara chokwadi wokuRussia tsika. Uyezve, mugwagwa uyu inokosha zvikuru kukura vanhu pakunamata.

Lermontov mupiro

Rinogona kunzi mutsivi uye muduku akararama Pushkin. Rokutanga kuratidza "Hero Chenguva Yedu". Hazvibviri kuona consonance dzaro yokufungidzira "Eugene Onegin". Zvichakadai, "Hero Chenguva Yedu" - pamusoro Lermontov kuti realism. basa rake anomiririra yakakwirira shanduka poslepushkinskogo nguva nhetembo. Nemhaka iyi nzira itsva kukura Russian prose akazarurwa. Byron okugadzira zvinhu - huru aesthetic nhangaruvazhe. Russian kudanana individualism zvinoreva kuvapo kunamatwa titanic nokuchiva. Uyewo pano anogona kunzi lyrical okuti uye hwakanyanya nemamiriro ezvinhu, zviri pamwe chete kufungisisa kwouzivi. Saka, zviri pachena kuti simba regiravhiti Lermontov wokufananidzira nhetembo, dzorudo uye ballad. A kanoda izvi rudo. Uyewo usakanganwa pamusoro "dialectics manzwiro" - Lermontov nzira mupfungwa pachisara iyo pave mabhuku yaizotevera.

Gogol tsvakurudzo

basa rake kwakasimbiswa nenzira iri kudanana siyana realism. Zvisikwa Gogol vakazvidzisa chaizvo kukura mabhuku Russian. Somuenzaniso, tora mashoko "manheru ari Farm pedyo Dikanka". Pano mudzidziso pfungwa yacho Ukraine - inenge necheSalvic Ancient Rome. Akafanana kondinendi yose pamepu muchadenga. Dikanka - payo yepakutanga, musimboti National mugumo uye zvokunamata. Uyezve, Gogol akavamba "rwokuzvarwa chikoro". Chinhu yakaoma realism. Russian tsika remakore rechi20 pakataurwa yose kuziva Gogol. Kubva nguva akava vanoshingaira uye richikura venyika mabhuku mberi. basa rake rine yakadzika mukana kwouzivi iyo runotaurwa zvishoma nezvishoma.

NdiTolstoy mupiro

basa rake penya akakodzerwa vainyatsotarisirwa. Raiva Danho idzva kukura nyika uye Russian realism. Kutanga, zviri kupa simba uye chitsva pamusoro NdiTolstoy kuti okugadzira zvinhu. Zvinonzi zvaitsamira democratic midzi yawo basa, tsika kuda uye nyika-kuziva kwazvo. Realism NdiTolstoy chinosiyanisa chinokosha ndeechokwadi. Uyewo zvakafanira kuti govera frankness uye nomwoyo matauriro. Mugumisiro uri unopinza evanhu kuzvipokanidza uye vasabatwa juggernaut. "Hondo uye Rugare" - chaiyo chakajairika munyika uye mabhuku Russian. Ichi rakasiyana chakajairika ounyanzvi NdiTolstoy. Ndiyo kupenya wemishonga multi-mawana "murals" paakaita uye mupfungwa itsva hombe nzira. Chikamu basa rokutanga yakabudiswa kare. nezvizvarwa zvevazukuru vaverengi nguva ino. Zvisinei, "Hondo uye Rugare" chimwe kukamura uchishandisa chigadzirwa nekusingaperi zvose. Yu Nagibin, mumwe munyori ano wakadana basa iri imwe shamwari husingaperi munhu. Zvinonzi kuna nenjodzi hondo yacho XIX remakore. It Anoti yetsika pfungwa yakunda upenyu pamusoro rufu. Russian tsika remakore rechi20 vakanyengedza zvikuru.

Dostoevsky tsvakurudzo

Zvazvinosarira kutemwa dzavo titanic hunhu. Dostoevsky ndiye munyori mukuru Russian. Ake tsika kuongorora zvinosiyana chimwe kubva NdiTolstoy. Chokutanga, izvi kunoratidzwa pasina Kuongororwa huru zvikuru. Ndiko kurondedzerwa zviri kuitika ipapo. Tinofanira "enda pevhu". Just saka unogona kuona zviri zvechokwadi kuitika. Nokuda kwaizvozvo pane mukana pachedu. Dostoevsky akanga guru nemano, waiva kupinda mumba musimboti mweya womunhu. Somugumisiro, vakapiwa tsanangudzo panguva nihilism. Izvi maonero pfungwa paakarondedzerwa kwavari asingazodzimwi. Vaverengi achiri fascinates asingatsananguriki zvakarurama uye kudzika. Kana kare nihilism, yakanga zvakabatana chaizvo pamwe Epicureanism uye kusava nechokwadi. akanyatsokodzera wake chakanaka kudzikama. It rinotaurawo kuti kubudirira norugare rwepfungwa kuti vicissitudes werombo rakanaka.

Aleksandr Makedonsky kamwe chaizvo nihilism reIndia yekare. Chete vanonzwa nemakapoteredza. Kana isu kufungawo mafungiro kwouzivi zviri fananei nezvenzvimbo Pyrrho pamusoro Elis. Zvinoguma isina kufungisisa. Kana Nagarjuna Saka kwaari uye vateveri vake nihilism aiva chikumbaridzo chitendero.

Modern mashomanana zvakasiyana kare. Its hwaro ichiri kutendiswa njere. Haisi akakomborerwa ezvinhu equanimity kana dispassion kwouzivi. Asi nekusagona kutanga uye kushandisa. Iyi haisi uzivi, asi wakaneta pakunamata.

The chikuru zvokukura ichatonga zvine mbiri zvenziyo unyanzvi

XIX remakore kwakapfuura ndichibvunza kukura mabhuku. Pamwe izvi zvakajeka chikamupenyera Russian zvekuimba tsika. Saka zvakanga zvikuru mabhuku. Nokudaro, Russian unyanzvi tsika dzechiJudha kuzviita. Akazviratidza mifananidzo zvachose itsva. The aesthetic yakanaka Rimsky-Korsakov ndiyo hwaro ake zvekuimba okugadzira zvinhu. Akakwana unyanzvi semhedziso kukosha kwaari. operas ake azere nemifananidzo vysokopoeticheskogo nyika. Izvi zvinoratidza pachena kuti uri ane Dual nomugumisiro. Anochinja uye anokunda murume. Rimsky-Korsakov, basa iri uri hwakabatana pfungwa yake nzira tsika pakukwana. Izvi zvakabatana chaizvo pamwe kunamatwa uchidanana zvinotaura-Man musiki. Iye ari kuita nhaurwa pamwe alienating maitiro kare. mumhanzi uyu kunosimudzira zvose munhu. Its chinangwa - kuunza ruponeso kubva "nemiedzo inotyisa" dziri pakuona Bourgeois remakore. Ndiyo imwe ukoshi Russian tsika. Nemhaka yake kubatsira vanhu uye vakatodzidza zvikuru vehurumende chipfuro. Okugadzira zvinhu Tchaikovsky mupiro mukuru pavapenyu National mimhanzi tsika. Iye akanyorwa mabasa mazhinji kwazvo. The dhanzi "Eugene Onegin" akanga experimental hunhu. Uyezve, munyori anodudzira so "mifananidzo lyrical". The itsva yezvakaita dhanzi ndiko kuratidza mabhuku matsva mberi.

Russian tsika kwezana remakore rechi20

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti pakutanga kwezana XIX-XX emakore. munyika pane zvakaoma nhoroondo enyika zviitiko. Zviri ngaaongwe kwavari kuti Russian tsika kwezana remakore rechi20, muchifumiswa ne zvakasiyana-siyana uye nzira. Akawana Maitiro itsva, izvo zvaida dudziro munzanga uye tsika matambudziko anomuka. Zvinofanira akati kuti pakutanga ari XX remakore Russia aiva nyika ine vakawanda kuverenga nokunyora kwevanhu. Yedzidzo Kunoumbwa matanho matatu: rokumusoro, pakati, uye kutanga. Kugadzirwa kunonoka kutanga nokuda kutanga ane boka hweruzhinji muvanhu. Somugumisiro, kuchikoro vakatanga kubuda kuti yoku- mhando. Russian tsika rechi19 - kwezana remakore rechi20 aiva simba guru pamusoro pokumuka dzidzo uye kuwedzera kuverenga. Pakati yepamusoro vashandi dzidzo zvinofanira kucherechedzwa nzanga dzidzo uye namapoka, uyewo mumisha yevanhu. Russian tsika rechi19 - kwezana remakore rechi20 chakabata kwete chete upenyu mukati nehurumende asi kunze izvozvo.