Shorthand - chii? Kunyatsogona nezviratidzo shorthand

Vanenge tose takanzwa kana kuona mabhuku, ichi shoko inoshamisa - ". Shorthand" Chii uye nei uchifanira kuziva vashoma, uye vanhu wandei kuedza mukudzidzire. Uye zvinoitika kuva chaizvo chinhu munhu kwete zvakapfuura, nekompyuterizirovannogo remakore, asi ano.

Shorthand - kukwanisa kukurumidza kunyora mashoko tichishandisa chaiwo vatambi. Mune mamwe manzwi, ndiye kurekodha kwevanhu kutaura kumhanya panguva yayo zvinotaura. Unomuka nokuvhiringidzika: sei vane unyanzvi yakadaro? Zvisinei, vadzidzi, uye vadzidzi, zvingava zvinobatsira muchikoro, apo mudzidzisi haisi kunyanya kunetseka kana muteereri ane nguva kunyora zvose zvamunoda.

Chimiro shorthand

pakati Zvivako vaIjipiti budiriro Shorthand zviratidzo kuti anogona kunzi wokutanga kana pakati wokutanga, zvakawanikwa. VaEgipita tega yake shorthand. Achibatsirwa akanyorwa mashoko matsvene paFarao. Shorthand (sezvo iri nyore nzira kurekodha) Akateerera mamwe mararamiro ekare. Saka, vaGiriki uye vaRoma, kucherechedza chaizvo uye kuvavarira kuti zvakaisvonaka, chiri achishingaira kushandiswa anokosha vatambi kuti nokukurumidza Kuda kutamba zivo inokosha. Yaiva nguva muRoma yekare uye Greece iri anonzi pavapenyu vose shorthand. Maererano zvinyorwa, vekare shorthand Roman akasika Tyrone, mutevedzeri ari mumiririri mukuru Cicero.

Ancient Roman shorthand zviratidzo totaled anenge 5,000 zviyero, zvakanga zvakaoma nounyanzvi. Kana ano shorthand - chaiyoiyo, kureva, mumwe chiratidzo chinomirira imwe tsamba, hwakare akanga akaita, kuti chiratidzo kunoratidza chero shoko. Naizvozvo, kudzidza zvakanga zvakaoma.

The pamutemo musi tsamba anoonekwa kuva verbatim December 5, 63 BC. e. - basa Tyrone kwenyika yake zviratidzo.

Interesting nhoroondo shorthand

Nokuda shorthand nzira zvinyorwa tava mukana kuverenga mabasa William Shakespeare. Competitors of yemitambo yakakurumbira uye akabudirira munyori wemitambo kare tumai nechinangwa kuva pasi transcribers, saka kuti avo akanyorwa verbatim mutambo panguva pasi chaipo. Uye, pasinei akapupura munyori mabasa zvinoshamisa, vakanga akanyorwa, uye nokuda kuti isu tasvika. Panguva iyoyo, akanga achiri shorthand shoko mutsetse.

Asi nearufabheti shorthand akazviratidza mushure zviitiko mu "Globes". Dzhon Uills akasika nearufabheti ezvinhu, umo mumwe nemumwe shorthand akasungirirwa nemasaini arufabheti. Kubvira vakatanga mutsva nguva shorthand, mumwe zvikuru nyore uye nyore kudzidza.

A anozivikanwa musayendisiti-wemhuka Alfred Brehm akanyora kushandisa ruzivo Shorthand bhuku rake "Life of Animals". Kudzidza mhuka mazvinogara, akanga asina ose ezvinhu kuti kwomuzvarirwo kunyora. Mumunda, mumugwagwa, somuenzaniso, akatasva bhiza, akashandisa mutauro shorthand kuti journaling. Kana vakaungana ruzivo rwakakwana Brehm ndokuisa dhayari wake, uye iye deciphered zvinyorwa ndokuarasira pakudhinda. Kubva mumuenzaniso uyu tinoona kuti shorthand rubatsiro vanhu kupfuura kamwe kutora manotsi ari zvikuru ezvinhu.

Shorthand muRussia

Panguva nechitarisiko mu kurzive Russian somunhu gadziriro yakakwana transcription hariko. Muzana remakore rechi15 kurzive yakanyorwa chevarwere veche muPskov uye Novgorod. Muzana remakore rechi17 shorthand waishandiswa madzimambo pakutanga Romanov. Petro vachiwanzoshandisa kubatsirwa stenographers.

Vanyori huru Russian vakaziva akakwirira kumhanya kunyora kuti mano. Pakati pavo FB Dostoevsky uye L. N. NdiTolstoy. Full pamutemo rakanga masayendisiti Russian N. E. Zhukovskogo uye D. I. Mendeleeva. Mabasa aya makuru varume rakanyorwa kubva shorthand akanyorwa mharidzo.

Mumazuva tsarist Russia Unit chete aiziva shorthand. Nyanzvi Ava kunyanya mumaguta makuru - Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kiev, Minsk.

The nguva Soviet yakanga varehwa ndechokuti boka duku stenographers akashanda enhoroondo zviitiko zvakanyorwa October, nokuti raakanga akazopiwa tendero rinozivikanwa nenhamba. Uyezve, nzira iyi kunyora kwazova nevanhu kubva zvakava pachena kuti achibatsirwa chero basa rakanyorwa anova rikurumidze dzimwe nguva. Nokuti sainzi, zvakanga kubatsira chaizvo.

mhando shorthand

Verbatim hurongwa huripo panguva, vakakamurwa akawanda chikonzero: pamusoro ziso zvechadenga chiratidzo zviratidzo uye zvichienderana hworudzii kutaura chikwata chinomirira chimwe chiratidzo hurongwa (shoko, morpheme, inzwi). Maererano nomumwe izvi hurongwa ndezvaJehovha Italic kana geometralnym, morphological kana phonetic - kuti zvimwe.

Italic uye geometralnye hurongwa

In hurongwa geometralnyh shorthand chimiro geometric zvitarisiko: denderedzwa uye Semi-madenderedzwa, Dots uye kururamisa. Italic hurongwa muri mavanga aumba kubva zvikamu kwakajairika earufabheti izvo kurerekera kurudyi uye kuva chaizvoizvo denderedzwa. Italic zviratidzo runoonekwa kuva nemachira zvinofadza uye nyore kuti ataure.

Zviratidzo kurzive geometralnyh gadziriro uye vashoma dzakasiyana muna chinyorwa: ari wakawondereiko kudai mazuva ose mitsetse, kashoma vatambi vane dzakakwirira zvakasiyana, kukura, mafungiro. Naizvozvo, zvakarekodhwa chinoitwa akadaro hurongwa, zvinofadza uye nyore kuverenga.

Morphological uye phonetic hurongwa

Morphological cho ezvinhu munyika dzokuMadokero, nokuti mutauro wavo kugadzikana mashoko ukuwo, imwe nevamwe chikamu vaitaura vane zvisingashanduki chinzvimbo. mutauro Russian inopa simba, saka morphological hurongwa shorthand haisati kuwana mukurumbira. Panzvimbo kukodzera mutauro chepfungwa hurongwa akanga aronga imwe nzira inonzi fonostenografiey.

Fonostenografiya (phonetic maitiro) hunomiririrwa shorthand gadziriro Ternes-Alexandrova. Zviri anokurumidza nzira kunyora kutaura mumitauro, kushandisa zviratidzo chinokosha ichi. Hurongwa inoratidza chimiro frazgraf - chiratidzo mutongo wose.

Alphabet Patkanovoy-Alexandrova sozherzhit 40 vatambi, izvo zvinoita kuti kufunga paainyora smyslorazlichiteli inopa pasinei mutauro umo ngachipiwe. Izvi Hurongwa mbiri vasiri vaiona abbreviations. Izvi zvichakubatsira kuti vave frazgrafiyu nokukurumidza - mumwe hurongwa, izvo zvinosanganisira shorthand. Zviratidzo phonetic enyika vakawanda vari nyore kuti kukura unyanzvi.

ano kuitikawo

Shorthand, ane kurovedza hakusi sehwakajairika mutauro dzose, uyewo mumitauro yose yenyika ino kunoita kurerutsa, kubatsira vanoshandisa kuzvishandisa uye kukura. Rinotsvaka chokubatanidza zvose hurongwa pamwe pachishandiswa kodzera zvinhu. Chinangwa kuchinja uye kukura kurzive - mubatanidzwa zvose hurongwa akwanise conciseness, kusachinja-chinja uye pakawanda.

Kana shorthand tsvakurudzo wanhasi zvesayenzi uye kutaurirana nevamwe sayenzi, zvikurukuru kuferefeta zviri vasiri zviri kwevanhu kutaura. Kare, mumazana emakore akapfuura, ari creators verbatim hurongwa kushanda panguva yayo kungwara, ratova zvakagadzirwa akasuma kubvumira kuti kushandisa mutauro kwevanhu. Chinokosha ndiko chinhu kana uchifamba kurzive maitiro kubva mutauro mumwe, pane nguva dzose kudiwa kuzvishandura. Izvi zvinoomesa zvikuru kusikwa zvakasikwa hurongwa.

On nezviratidzo shorthand

Tatoona kuti shorthand ichi yakasiyana kurzive hurongwa. Namambo mumwe chete dzakaparara uye dzavo chikuru kusiyana. Asi shorthand zviratidzo mutauro Russian ine zvinonakidza.

Nemaziso, vari rinoumbwa zvikamu runozivikanwa nearufabheti yedu. Ndivo nyore uye zvakanaka zvabatanidzwa. Kunyange kukurumidza tsambambozha stenographer Zvakakosha kurangarira kuti zviratidzo rirege akavhiringika.

Ivo inoratidza nzvanyira uye nzvanyira earufabheti, asi kunyora kwazvo zvakajeka. Between emakonzonendi mavhawero asina kunyorwa, uye vanoiswa chete pakupedzisira pakutanga mashoko kana voga. Emakonzonendi vari akabatana kubudikidza chaiwo mitemo, uye zvichienderana nokuti pariri vanogona kuverenga kana kwete kuverenga.

Kunyora shorthand zviratidzo

Chechienzi tsika kunoitika kunyora mabhii verbatim kuremekedza kuti mutsara. Kune zvitatu kwevari kunyora: mumutsetse, kumusoro uye pasi mutsetse. Nhanho inotsiviwa zvichienderana sei uri chokuita zviratidzo. The yeimwe pachavo vari nguva dzose pfupi, nekuti chinhu chinonyanya kukosha muupenyu kurzive - nyore nokuda yakarekodwa nokukurumidza. Uyezve, nokuda pfupi kwokubatana rekodhi akawana tsindirana, asi zvinokoshawo chaizvo.

Zvino, kana pane mashoko yakakwana pamusoro chiratidzo gadziriro, sezvo shorthand, chii uye sei yava vakashanduka kwenguva refu - tinomiririra. Vane pfungwa sei raishandiswa ambotaurwa. Asi ikozvino paraiitwa zvakasiyana pane apo shorthand kwainyanya zvakajairika. Apo rinoshandiswa mazuva ano hurongwa shorthand?

Shorthand munguva yedu

Chakakoshera transcribing mashoko inochengeterwa munguva yedu. Ongororo dzakaratidza kuti vanhu vachitaura zviri kashanu dzichimhanya kupfuura kukwanisa kunyora rwake, uye munhu anogona kunyora pamusoro 20 Mashoko paminiti pamwe kuti pamusoro 100-120.

Kuwana unyanzvi kutsanya kunyora nhasi aizouya batsira mubasa ane administrative mubatsiri, vadzidzi, vokusekondari, vatori venhau vanosarudza manually kunyora - vose nezvinoda kudiwa chinhu kunyora nokukurumidza uye zvakarurama, zvakadai mharidzo, misangano, dzvanya Misangano nemamwe kuonekwa. Nokuti vadzidzi transcriptions mashoko anogona kuva mumwe kushandisa zvikuru - kunyora cribs. Vanowana chitsidzo uye isinganzwisisiki vamwe, saka kunyange vachiwanikwa, cribs inogona nyore asina kuzivikanwa sezvo vakadaro.

Kubatsirwa shorthand ruzivo haringorevi kuti zvivanakire kutsanya kutaura Kuda kutamba. Dzidza zvakadini shorthand anoponesa nguva uye kushanda nesimba, hazvina anovandudza basa. Uyezve, ichiidzwa kuti shorthand hwapedyo mafungiro, kukwanisa zvakajeka uye zvine musoro nekutaura mifungo yavo.

Ungadzidzei shorthand

Nhasi, hapana kuoma kuda kutora nhaka unyanzvi iwayo anobatsira, izvo unopa shorthand. Education rinogona kutora shoma sezvo shomanana. Kana zvichibvira, unogona wemasaini nokuda rinokosha mapoka. Pano stenographers nyanzvi achasuma kuti zvinokosha shorthand uye kudzidzisa chii vanoziva sei kuita.

Kupinda kosi shorthand hakudi kudzidzisa chero rinokosha. The chete chinhu iwe zvinoda - ichi kuvapo, kuda kudzidza uye pishushih rinopiwa (notibhuku, chinyoreso kana penzura). Kana kudzika kudzidza shorthand, unogona kudzidza kunyora mashoko 60-70 paminiti (panzvimbo 20 Mashoko mumutauro nezuva), uye kana ukawana kurovedzwa zvakakomba, uye 100-120 mashoko paminiti. Migumisiro Great harichazonzi saka akakodzera, nokuti vanhu vanenge regai kutaura mukuru nokukurumidza.

Shorthand sokuti kujairika waachangoroora. Pakutanga kurovedza nguva dzose zvakaoma vajaire zviga itsva tsamba, asi pashure imwe nhamba maawa kudzidzira kujaira izvi zvakanaka.

Nezvayakaipira verbatim tsamba

With zvose zvakanaka zvinobva shorthand hakusi vakakwana. With kutsanya chaizvo akarekodwa anogara pamutanhiko kuti anyore zviratidzo zvokuti unonzwisisa navo ipapo ichava zvakaoma.

A zvikuru drawback pamusoro kurzive Manyorero kuti anenge haakudzwi chiperengo mitemo. The nyore muenzaniso - ndiko kuti nyora chivakashure "munhu" pane kuti "pasi" nokuti kuti kubatana pamwe "munhu" nyore. Nokuti verbatim abstracts kwavo kushandisa hausi chigumburo. Zvisinei, unogona vajaire musimboti ichi kunyora kuti anoenderera mberi uye omerera pairi kana unofanira kunyora mutauro nyore. Handiti, hachisi hapana chiperengo akadzima.

mirayiridzo itsva

Kwemazana emakore, vanhu raivepo chete chekare, manually kushandiswa shorthand. Chii, takadzidza zvizere. Asi zvino ane hutsva. Chii shorthand kombiyuta iro zvakanzi akasikwa, kana michina ano dzimwe nzira dzakawanda inzwi kutsanya yakarekodwa?

Chokutanga, ino anouya mashoko kuchengeteka. Kwenguva refu pashure kuwanikwa nzvimbo iyi haina yakatanga rekuchikoro mazwi. We akamisa pfungwa dzakasiyana, uye pakupedzisira kuziva musiyano mukuru kubva cryptography: kana yokupedzisira inosanganisira mashoko encryption, yokuvanda chokwadi chacho yedzimudzangara - dambudziko kuti kugadziriswa shorthand. Zvirongwa kunosiyana kunzwisisa zvakagadzirirwa chinangwa ichi. Easy oornag panyaya kushandiswa, uye panguva imwecheteyo vakasununguka, - Fox Secret 1.00. Unogona kurishandisa kuviga mashoko dzakakurumbira zvinogona orugwaro, Graphics uye ruzha. Somugumisiro, inodzidzisa anogamuchira mudziyo mashoko akavanzika. The faira umo yakavanzwa, anongonzwa chinowedzera kukura. Kubva mudziyo mashoko wacho vachishandisa password.

zvakawanikwa

Shorthand - nzira nokukurumidza kunyora ruzivo, iro rave richishandiswa kwemazana emakore akawanda. It kumhuka uye wakashandurwa asati nguva yedu, hurongwa kwakadaro hakusati zvakasikwa, izvo zvinogona zvidikanwi mitauro yakawanda, uyewo kuva chiine nyore kushandisa. In kukura uku shorthand, somumwe mutauro, hakuna akamira, sezvo zvizhinji inoramba kuitwa kuitira kuti kunyange zvakawanda-chinja. Zviri iyi kunokuita stenographers mazuva edu ose.

We vainzwisisa dzinokosha pfungwa, izvo zvinosanganisira shorthand, chii uye nei tinofanira muupenyu, dzidza pamusoro verbatim classifications hurongwa, zviri kutaurwa dzavo uye kubatana.

Zvino kuti tine pfungwa pamusoro ichi kujairika kwatiri kunyora hurongwa, anogona kuyera nharo zvose kutevera kukura kwayo. Tinovimba kuti nyaya yedu kwave idzidzise kwauri uye anobatsira.