Suffix method. Nzira yekutambura - mienzaniso yemashoko

Kune nzira dzakawanda dzemashoko ekugadzirisa. Kuvonga kwavari, mutauro unogara uri mukuvandudzika. Chimwe chazvo ndechokuti chinonzi suffix method. Izvi zvinoreva kuti chikwereti chinowedzerwa kumudzi wezwi rinenge riripo uye (kana zvichidikanwa) kuguma. Uyewo vanhu vanoshandisa prefixes kuti vawane mazwi matsva. Kazhinji kune nzira ye pristavochno-suffixal.

Shoko formation in Russian

Chikamu chekutaura izwi. Uye inogona kusimudzirwa senhengo yakasununguka yekutaura, uye yepamutemo. Chimiro chacho chinogona kuva nemhando yekutanga chete, nokuti inosanganisira mabhii maviri uye sarudzo yezviito, zvose maitiro akasiyana echiito se participles, gerunds, zvirevo, etc. Zita rine mudzi-chikamu chikuru, umo chinoreva zvinoreva chikwata chekutaura, uye anobatsira, Izvo zvisingagoni kuve mubatsiri chete, asiwo kushandura zvinorehwa neshoko risingazivikanwi - zvinoreva prefixes uye zvikwata.

Nzira yakakwana yezwi yekuumbwa

Funga, somuenzaniso, shoko rinosanganisira imwe mudzi - "kuseka" (kuguma neshoko iri zero). Chero rubatsiro rupi zvarwo mumutauro wepamberi kana chikwata chichaonekwa, uye hakuchazovizve kuseka, asi zvizhinji zvinoreva zvitsva uye zvikamu zvekutaura zvichaonekwa. Asi pane chinhu chimwe chete: tsamba dziri mumudzi dzinogona kuchinja, kureva kuti, zvimwe. Munyaya iyi pachava nekuchinja: kuseka-kuseka-kuseka.

- Nechinhu chakakwana -ok, unogona kuwana izwi idzva - kuseka, zvinoreva "kuseka kwakanyarara", kana kuti "kuvanza". Muenzaniso wekushandiswa kweshoko ichange iri mutsara wekuti: "Kaseka kwaLosiya Vasilyevich kwaiita sechityisidzira ini." Pano pane chikwata Shoko formation.

- Nekubatsira kwechikwata -inc-, shoko rokuti "smeshinka" rinowanikwa, zvinoreva chimwe chinhu chinofadza chinokonzera kuseka. "Grishka akaputika muimba: muromo wake wakanga wakanyungudutswa, nokuti muromo wake wakanga uchisvika munzeve dzake." Pano, zvakare, iyo inogadzirisa nzira inowanikwa, kunyange nepamusoro pedenga, kuguma kwawedzerwa.

Kuumbwa kwemashoko nerubatsiro rwechikwata, uye prefixes

Kazhinji chikwata chekutaura chinowanikwa nekubatanidzwa kwekutanga. Iri ndiro zita rekutanga. Asi kazhinji vanhu vanoshandisa nzira ye pristavochno-suffixal. Mienzaniso yemashoko akawanikwa nekubatanidzwa kwezvinyamuviri uye zvinyararire pamwe chete zvinogona kufungwa nezvayo kune imwechete "kuseka".

- Kuwedzera chikamu uye chinokwana -k- (kuguma munhoroondo haitori), tinowana shoko idzva - "kuseka", zvinoreva kuti ikozvino kunotyisa kana kutaura kusinganzwisisiki, kuseka, kuseka kana kuita. Kazhinji zvinoreva chimiro chemaziso (muzzle) kana kutarisa. Muenzaniso: "Panguva iyo, kati yaVaska yakatarisa nokuseka pamusepenzi, iyo yakanga ichimhanya kubva pakona kusvika pakona." Izwi idzva rakaonekwa nekuda kwemufambiro wekutanga uye ye-suffix -k-. Ichi chikwata chemutauro chine zvakasiyana zvakasiyana semantic zvinoreva. Kubva pakuzvibata kwepanyama kwevanhu kumeso kana kuseka nekubatsirwa nekufamba kwemasimba echiso uye kubereka kwemashoko mamwe, chiito chinokuvadza kana chirevo chakawanikwa.

- Paunowedzera chikamu y uye nharo -k-kuseka inoshanduka kuva grin, zvinoreva kushevedzera kwenguva pfupi, kwakanyorova, dzimwe nguva nechinotyisa kana kunyange chinotyisa. "Handina kuda grin yemhuka yangu yemhuka: anofunga zvakawanda nezvake."

- Kushandisa zvigadziriswa zvishoma pane imwe nguva, asi nenzira yakati: -i-, -y- uye -ya, pamwe chete nechirevo chekutanga y-, unogona kuwana imwe chikamu chekutaura - chiito che "grin", izvo zvinoreva "kumiririra chiso nechiso". "Kuwana mukati mukicheni, nokunyengedzera kudya zvokudya zvangu, ndaigona kungogomera chete."

Kuumbwa kwemashoko pasina kushanduka kune rumwe rutivi rwekutaura

Izwi, rakagadzirwa neyo suffixal method, rinogona kuwana zvinoreva, hue, kujekesa, somuenzaniso, muhukuru, kana kuti kuve nemafungiro nemutauri wekutaura. "Vabatsiri" munyaya ino ndezvakakwana zvakakwana. Ngatimbokurukurai dzimwe dzadzo, pakugadzirisa iyo nzira yekugadzirisa inoshandiswa. Mienzaniso inoratidza zvakajeka kuti chinangwa chechirevo chinoramba chichifanana, asi shoko rine mamwe mavara uye chiratidzo chezvinhu zvose zvakasiyana.

Kuderedza zvigunwe

Zvinoratidza ukuru, uremu kana huwandu hwechimwe chinhu, chisikwa, kana chimwe chinhu chinopesana nezvakawanda zviripo zvakapoteredza.

Semuenzaniso, zvakadai ndezvokudzivirira zvishoma -ek, -ik. Izwi rokuti "lock" rinoumbwa nenzira yakakwana, kureva, chikoro chiduku. Nenzira imwecheteyo, chikwata chemutauro "kiyi" chakaonekwa - chigadziro chekuzarura, asi chiduku pane zvevamwe kune vamwe.

Matambudziko -ok - / - yok - anoonekwawo mubasa rakafanana: chiedza, mhepo, jira.

Dzimwe nguva, kupa shoko iri mumvuri wekunonoka, zviyero zvakawanda zvinoshandiswa, somuenzaniso, -och- / - ech- uye -k-: sprig, calyx. Zvisinei, aya mazwi ari, sezvakange akadai, kuchinja mumutauro wekutaura kubva pakureva hukuru (kurema, uremu, simba) kuhupano hwepamusoro wehurukuro, kureva, nekubata kwemazita ekuderedza. Mushure mezvose, "kapu" inogona kudanwa uye inowanzoitwa mumavhodhoro, asi iwe unofarira.

Diminutive suffixes

Kuita kuti zvisizvo zvive zvishoma zvinyoro, zvigunwe -enk - / - onky-, -ushk - / - Yushk-, -shish-: mamma, birch, volyushka, amai vamwene, zuva.

1. Amai vamwene ndivo chishamiso!

2. Iye kwandiri uye amai, uye musikana-shamwari, nemupi wezano, uye murayiridzi akachenjera.

3. Nokuberekwa kwemwanasikana wake mumba sezvinonzi zuva rakatanga kupenya nguva dzose!

Basa rimwechete rinotambidzwa ne -ec - / - uy - / - q-.

1. Nguo dzakanaka dzakashandura chiso chemusikana, kuti munhu wese aingozarura miromo yavo nekushamisika!

2. Kunyange zvazvo jasi racho rakanga risina kukwana, Natasha haana kuda kupfeka imwe itsva - iyi ndiyo yorudo rwaakaratidzira chipo chebaba vake.

- Chikwata -k-, sezvakataurwa pamusoro apa-chinangwa-f-echk, chinogona kushanda sechidiki, asi chinowanzoshandiswa kugadzira shoko nemumvuri unopera: pen, pine, pelerinka.

Kuti usarudze vana vemhuka, shandisa -one - / - yenok-.

1. Teddy bear inodedera nekudengenyeka, nekukurumidzira kuchengeta pamwe nebere rebere.

2. Bhinchonok yaida kusvetuka kubva kubazi kusvika kunebazi, sezvinoitwa naamai, asi yakakundikana kuwira kubva pamuti kuenda kune uswa.

Chigunwe chinopa mazwi kukudza tinge

Ndizvo zvakaita morpheme-ish-. Uye zvinonakidza ndechokuti iyo inoshandiswa pamwe chete nemagumo -a mumadzimai evanhukadzi--i mumurume nemukati. Izwi rakaumbwa nemagumo-i rine maonero ehupombwe, asi nguva dzose. Semuenzaniso, hutongi huchagara huri zita rechiremera, kana rinoshandiswa mumutauro wakatarwa, zvakakosha kuti iyananise zvakafanana chirevo kana kuti chikamu chakabatana nacho, uye shandisa izwi rechiito kana iri munguva yapfuura.

1. Takashamiswa patakaona imba huru panzvimbo yemukati!
2. Chisikwa chakazarura ziso raro ruvara rwepepuru ndokutarisa zvakananga kwatiri.
3. Ndinoshamisika kuti rudzi rwekukura rwakadini rwakanga rwuri munhu, ane matongo akawanikwa nevanochera matongo?
4. Iyi ndiyo mhuka! Iwe haugone kungovaka gumbo retafura, asi shandisa zvasara sechigadziro chekugara.
5. Ruoko rukuru rwomusimi wepasi rakanyorove rakabata kamwana kadiki kano kakomana kacho kuti misodzi yakasvika payo pachayo.

Zvinosvibisa zvinoumba mazita evanhu

Basa remu morpheme harifaniri kuve rakarongedzwa. Mamwe mazwi akaumbwa nawo akaiswa zvakasimba zvakasimba zvokuti kazhinji vanhu havakwanisi kugovera midzi uye chikamu chekuita shoko.

- Dzimwe nguva chinokwana -ik- chingaita sechinhu chinokanganisa kana chinokanganisa, asi pakuumbwa kweshoko ratsva zvachose. Iyi inowo nzira yakakwana, mienzaniso yemashoko yakaumbwa nenzira iyi inoratidza izvo zvakataurwa pamusoro: murume akwegura, murume akachenjera, ane mwero.

- Mitsara inobatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwamazita emabasa kana vanhu vemamwe mabasa inofadza-munhu / -hotel, -char, -chacha- / - loschik, -ar, -l-, -ist, -ih-. Somuenzaniso:

1. Bazhov - munyori wezvinyorwa zvevanhu - akaunganidza nyaya zhinji dzinoshamisa uye akazvinyora.

2. Uyu muchengeti ndiye tenzi wemhizha yake!

3. Drumummer famously anogogodza rwiyo rwemutsva mutsva!

4. Mudzidzi anofanira kudarika mudzidzisi wake.

5. Murimi akadzima chiso chake ne sweatshi uye akafungisisa akatarisa kuenda kure.

6. Mudiwa mumusasa waiva shamwari inofara musikana ane rukutu rutsvuku rwevhudzi.

7. Nagaev Alexander Petrovich - mumwe wevanyori vane tarenda zvikuru uye bayanists muRussia.

8. Vanachiremba vakaneta vakagomera, vakasuruvara vakarova mwana pamusoro: "Ko kurwadziwa nekurwadziwa zvakadini zvinotofanira kutsungirira, zvakashata?" -kunyunyuta.

- Mitsutso -etc- inogona kuratidza nzvimbo yekugara, iyo nzvimbo yomunhu, chiito: a caucasian, akasindimara, benzi, tsvuku.

Zvimwe zvikwata zvisingafungi pamusoro apa

-ku: "Kufa kwemazuva ano kuri kupera kubva pamwoyo uyu wakaoma."

-st - / - stv: "Vechiduku vakagara vachinyanya kupisa, vasingateereri nhema uye unyengeri."

-est--ost-: "Kukura kwomunhu kunotsanangurirwa kwete nezera, sekuchenjera, kunzwisisa, pfungwa."

-izm - / - of-: "Kuziva uye rudo rukuru rwakanga rwakazvarwa mumanyori akawanda enyika."

-nik-: "Samovar, yakagadzirwa nenzira yeGzhel, inoita seyakashata mukugadzirwa kwekicheni."

-in-: "Sturgeon, segwayana, inodiwa nemakororo pasi pose."

-l-, -k-, -l-: "Sese uye muzinga ndivo shamwari dzakanakisisa dzekuchenesa."

Dzidzo yeZvirevo

Kupindura mubvunzo, mazwi api anogadzirwa nenzira yakakwana, inofanira kuonekwa kuti kwete mazita chete asiwo mamwe mapoka ekutaura "akazvarwa". Kana tikawedzera -o kune chirevo, tinogona nyore kuwana mhizha. Somuenzaniso, shoko rokuti "ushingi" richava "akashinga-oh," "akachenjera" mu "mudra-o," "chikwereti-ou" mune "chikwereti-o."

Kusiyana kwezvigadziro, shoko-forming dialects, kune zvakasiyana-siyana, sezvo zvirevo zvakawanda zvinoitika kubva pamudzi iwoyo, unoita seve mavara akaoma mazita ane magumo ekupedzisira: kutanga, kutanga, kutanga (kutanga: pakutanga, pakutanga, pakutanga) pakutanga.

Inowanikwa pakuumbwa kwezvirevo uye nhamba

Uyewo zvirevo zvinogona kuumbwa uchishandisa chirevo chekutanga uye chiyero--omu, -i, -hh, -hh. Mashoko akafanana akaonekwa kubva kuvarinendi nhamba. Muenzaniso:

"Emeralds mumufananidzo weSofia vanoita nzira itsva, vanoona zvakanaka pamwe chete nenguo yake yemanheru," akadanidzira mudzimai wake James munzeve.

" Kwete chete," Kate akapindura. "Kutanga, vanoswedera kumeso ake, uye chechipiri, vanobatanidzwa zvakanaka kwete chete nemapfekero, asiwo nezvose zvese."

Kugadzirisa zvipikiso

Mamashoko anotsanangura unhu hwechimwe chinhu, zvakanyanya kufanana zviyero zvakadai se: -wow- / -liv-, -chat-, -owat- / -evat, -n-, -ch-, -n-, -nn-.

Somuenzaniso:

- Mukati munyoro bluish wekudenga uye makore e cirrus akaita kuti mwoyo wangu usanzwisisike kugadzikana uye mufaro. (Bluish: -owat-, pinnate-ishist).

- Bhabheri, iyo iri pedyo nemugwagwa, nguva dzose inondinyorera nevanilla yayo, yakachena uye inonaka. (Bhari: -n-, "vanilla" -n-, "inonaka" -n-).

- Kuwedzera rwizi runyoro nehupenyu: hakuna rugare kune vagari varo, kusvikira vaputirwa mumutambo wakanyarara. (Burlivaya: -live-, "kune vagari" -tel-).

- Chiedza chinopenya chinoputika mwedzi mumunda wake. (Chiedza: -o; pink: -yes).

Sezvaunogona kuona, mashoko akawanda anoumbwa nekubatsirwa nenhamba yakawanda yezvigunhi. Nhasi izvi zvinopfuurira. Vanhu, vanyori nevanyori, vanorists uye mabhizinesi, vanozvigadzirira ivo, mazwi emunyori, vachivaregera kupinda kuvanhu kwavanoita midzi. Nokudaro, mutauro weRussia unoramba uchikura, uchizadzikisa maitiro ayo.