The dialectic kuti Socrates sezvo unyanzvi hwokusika nhaurirano. Constituent zvinhu. The nhaurirano pamusoro Socrates

Munhu wese kanenge kamwe muupenyu hwangu akanzwa Socrates. muzivi ichi Greek akasiya chinopenya aitodada munhau kwete chete Greece, asiwo yose uzivi. Zvikurukuru dzinonakidza nokuti kudzidza dialectic kuti Socrates sezvo unyanzvi hwokusika nhaurirano. nzira iyi yakava hwaro zvose dzidziso yekare muzivi wechiGiriki. Nyaya yedu rakazvipira Socrates uye nedzidziso dzake, iro rakava musimboti pakuzadzisa uzivi sechinhu sainzi.

Socrates: shasha uye kusafarira

About muzivi guru akati zvakawanda unhu hwake kukura uzivi uye zvepfungwa radudzwa kanopfuura kamwe. Socrates Fani kukurukurwa akasiyana pamakona, uye nyaya hwake awana incredible mashoko. Kuti tinzwisise zvinorehwa neshoko rokuti "dialectic" uye nei Socrates akafunga ndiye chete nzira kuziva chokwadi uye vanouya kunaka, unofanira kuziva zvishoma pamusoro poupenyu yekare muzivi wechiGiriki.

Socrates akaberekwa remakore rechishanu BC mumhuri muvezi uye nyamukuta. Sezvo nhaka yababa vake, nemurairo, aifanira kuwana mukoma muzivi, kubvira vachiri vaduku akanga havatombodi kuunganidza zvinhu, uye akapedza handingadariki zvose nguva yake kuti kuzvidzora dzidzo. Socrates ane kwazvo oratorical nounyanzvi, unogona kuverenga uye kunyora. Uyezve, iye akadzidza unyanzvi uye vakapinda hurukuro pakati vazivi, vaSophist, kutsigira kutonga kwevanhu "Ini" mitemo yose nemirayiro.

Pasinei eccentric mararamiro mumadhorobha murombo, Socrates akanga akaroora uye aiva nevana vakawanda uye aizivikanwa somurwi akashinga uyo akatora mugove Peloponnesian War. In zvose ake upenyu muzivi haana kusiya Attica uye kunyange achifunga hwavo kupfuura miganhu yayo.

Socrates akazvidza upfumi uye nguva dzose akafamba asine shangu munzvimbo kutozivikanwa nguo. Haana kusiya basa chero zvesayenzi kana mabasa, sezvo muzivi aidavira kuti ruzivo hazvigoni kudzidziswa, uye kudyara munhu. Mweya zvakakodzera kusunda kutsvaka chokwadi, uye kuti muite izvozvo somunhu gakava nekutaurirana rinovaka ndiyo yakanakisisa nzira. Socrates runowanzotaurwa mhosva kusawirirana dzidziso dzake, asi iye aigara akagadzirira kubatana nhaurirano uye kunzwa pfungwa mudzivisi. Oddly zvakakwana, akazotaura kuti kuva nzira rokunyengetedza zvakanakisisa. Anenge munhu wose uyo kanenge kamwe anzwa Socrates, akamudana munhu wakachenjera.

Kufa guru ainzi zvakare kushamisa dzokufananidzira, zvazova dzinongoitika kuwedzerwa hwake uye nedzidziso. Pashure kupomerwa kuti Socrates vanokanganisa nepfungwa zvevechiduku vane vanamwari vatsva kuti havasi vamwari Athens, muzivi akanotongwa. Asi haana kumirira mutongo uye mutongo, uye mutongo dzataurwa nokuda kuitwa uturu. Rufu uyu zvazvingava, kupomerwa akaonekwa ave kununurwa yepasi maturo. Pasinei chokwadi kuti shamwari dzake aida kununura muzivi mujeri, akaramba uye stoically aurayiwa pashure kuitwa uturu zvikamu. Maererano nemamwe mabhuku, mumukombe yakanga hemlock.

shoma Kurohwa A nenhoroondo mufananidzo Socrates

Chokwadi kuti muzivi wechiGiriki aiva unhu hunoshamisa, rinogona akagumisa pashure tsanangudzo hwake. Asi vamwe unobatwa zvaizobatsira Socrates kunyanya kujeka:

• iye aigara pachake zvakanaka mumuviri chimiro, kuita siyana kurovedza uye vaifunga kuti izvi ndizvo zvakanaka nzira utano kwepfungwa;
• muzivi vanoomerera zvimwe zvokudya hurongwa kuti kunze zvakawandisa, asi panguva imwe chete kupa muviri zvose zvinokosha (dzekare vanoti izvi ndizvo akamuponesa kubva idenda panguva Peloponnesian War);
• Akataura vachirwara zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa - vari, maererano Socrates, zinyekenyeke pfungwa;
• VaAtene vaigara vakagadzirira kukurukurirana, uye kutsvaka zivo aigona kufamba makiromita akawanda, vachibvunza zvinozivikanwa vakachenjera.

Kubvira makore namapfumbamwe remakore, panguva chemhando kukura zvepfungwa, vakawanda vakaedza munguva Socrates uye mabasa ake pamwe nevakwegura, unhu mukuona, uye predispositions. Asi varapi hadzina kubvumirana, uye kukundikana kwavo mhosva pamusoro shoma nhamba mashoko akavimbika pamusoro "murwere."

Sezvatakaona akagamuchira dzidziso Socrates

Uzivi Socrates - ari dialectic - yaiva hwaro nouzivi zhinji uye mirayiridzo. Iye akakwanisa kuve hwaro nyanzvi ano uye vamiririri, afa Socrates, vateveri vake varambe basa mudzidzisi, dzikaumba zvikoro zvitsva uye tichichinja nechakare unyanzvi. Kuoma iri maonero yokudzidzisa Socrates 'ndizvo kusavapo mabasa ake. Tinoziva pamusoro yekare uzivi hwechiGiriki kuburikidza Plato, Aristotle, uye Xenophon. Mumwe nomumwe wavo anonzi nyaya rukudzo kunyora essays wandei pamusoro Socrates uye nedzidziso dzake. Pasinei zvasvika nguva yedu rondedzero, usakanganwa kuti mumwe munyori Zvinounza yepakutanga dudziro mafungiro ake uye Kumubata subjectivity. Zviri nyore kuona nokuenzanisa magwaro dzaPlato uye Xenophon. Ndivo yakatosiyana anorondedzera Socrates pachake uye mabasa ake. In dzakawanda dzinokosha nguva vanyori vangasimudzira havabvumirani kuti yekudyidzana akazoita rakavimbika mabasa zviri ruzivo rwavo.

Uzivi Socrates: kutanga

Antique dialectic yaSocrates akava zvachose itsva uye yakachena kuitika yakasimbiswa tsika Greece yekare youzivi. Vamwe vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanotenda chidzoke ane chimiro vakadai saSocrates rakanyatsojeka dzinongoitika uye kutarisirwa. Maererano nedzimwe mitemo zvakasikwa nerimwe hunhu anooneka panguva kana chinonyanyodikanwa. Pashure pezvose, hapana sangano rechitendero havana simuka pasina uye unoenda nazvo. Zvakafanana mbeu dzakawira paivhu rakaorera umo imere uye michero. ringanidzo kwakadaro kunogona kuitwa nomwoyo nokubudirira mune zvesayenzi uye zvigadzirwa, sezvo vanoonekwa vari kupfuura zvakafanira kuti vanhu pfungwa pacho tangochinja haizopereri nhoroondo yebudiriro rose.

The chete zvinogona kutaurwa pamusoro Socrates. Muzana remakore rechishanu BC, unyanzvi uye nesayenzi yakatanga nokukurumidza. Kuramba pane kufamba ouzivi itsva, pakarepo anowana vateveri. MuAtene, yakanga yakakurumbira zvikuru uye kuitisa makwikwi pakati kwakarungwa kwounyanzvi kana nhaurirano pamusoro kukurumidza nyaya mubereko yose negwaro. Saka hazvishamisi kuti dialectic yaSocrates vakamuka Somugumisiro. Vanyori venhau vanoti, maererano muMagwaro Plato, Socrates akaita dzidziso yake sezvo nebope pakati akakurumbira muuzivi vaSophist, Preti kuziva uye kunzwisisa chizvarwa Athens.

Nezvekwakabva dialectic yaSocrates

Nyaya dialectics Socrates zvachose zvinopesana nedzidziso vaSophist ari predominance yevanhu "Ini" vose voruzhinji. Dzidziso iyi yakanga yakakurumbira kwazvo Attica uye dzakabudirira zvakasimba nevazivi vechiGiriki. Vaiti unhu haungoratidzwi neipi mitemo, zvose zvayo zviito dzinobva nezvido uye nemano. Mukuwedzera, muuzivi nguva yakanga zvachose vachifunga kutsvaka zvakavanzika zvakasikwa uye naMwari zvinoreva. Masayendisiti vaikwikwidzana achitsetsenura, kukurukura pakusikwa kwenyika, uye akatsvaka napo azadzwa pfungwa vakaenzana kwevanhu uye vanamwari. The vaSophist vaidavira kuti kupinda munzvimbo dzakakwirira zvakavanzika vanhu vanopa simba guru uye kuti chikamu chimwe chinhu chinoshamisa. Kunyange ayo mamiriro, munhu akasununguka uye kunogona vaitsigira nezviito ake chete avo Isimba rakadini rinogona kubudiswa zvavanoda.

Socrates ndiye akatanga kutarira akavhomora nevazivi pamusoro murume. Akakwanisa kuita kuti nzvimbo kufarira kubva hwaMwari pachake uye mano. Ruzivo murume anova nzira yakarurama kuita ruzivo uye simba, iyo Socrates kupfeka chete chechetere. Aidavira kuti zvakavanzika zvose zvinofanira kuramba zvinodiwa naMwari, asi munhu anofanira kutanga kudzidza nyika kuburikidza pachake. Uye akanga ave nhengo akanaka muvanhu, nekuti chete ruzivo kuchabatsira kusiyanisa zvakanaka nezvakaipa uye nenhema kubva chokwadi.

Nezvetsika uye dialectic yaSocrates zvishoma pamusoro huru

Pfungwa inokosha Socrates zvaibva nyore dzevanhu tsika. Akanzwa aifanira zvinyoronyoro vanomanikidza vadzidzi vake kutsvaka chokwadi. Pashure tsvakurudzo iyi huru basa uzivi. Mashoko aya uye kumiririrwa sayenzi ive nzira kusingaperi kwakanga zvachose matsva kuitika pakati vakachenjera muGirisi yekare. Muzivi pachake unozviona rudzi "nyamukuta", iro rakanyorwa nyore evanhu unokubvumira kuberekwa nzira itsva zvachose mafungiro uye mutongo. Socrates haana kuramba kuti vanhu munhu ane mukana wokuita zvakawanda, asi vakati kuti ruzivo rukuru uye kunzwisisa pachayo inofanira kutungamirira vamwe mitemo mufambiro uye hune akatendeukira kuva iine yetsika.

Ndizvo muuzivi Socrates anotungamirira munhu munzira tsvakurudzo, kana mumwe kuwanikwa itsva uye ruzivo vaifanira kamwe zvakare kutungamirira mibvunzo. Asi chete ichi nzira aigona kupa risiti pakati unhu vakaratidza zivo. Muzivi akati kuti muchiziva zvakanaka, vanhu haazoiti zvakaipa. Saka akaisa pachake ari puranga, izvo zvichakubatsira kuti kuvapo munharaunda, amuise zvinobatsira. Yetsika zvakabatana kubva vanozviriritira, ivo, maererano nedzidziso Socrates, kutevera mumwe.

Asi kuziva chokwadi uye ayo kubereka chete nokuonga zvinogoneka kune chinoumbwa nezvinhu zvakawanda nokuongorora nyaya. The nhaurirano pamusoro Socrates chimwe chidzidzo ibhuku kuziva chokwadi, nokuti chete nharo, apo mumwe anokumhan'arira anoti pfungwa yake maonero, tinogona kuona kuberekwa ruzivo. Dialectics Zvinoda hurukuro kuziva chokwadi chizere, ose nharo awana Vashaya, uye saka anoramba kuzadzisa pakupedzisira chinangwa - kuwana zivo.

Nezvinodzidziswa dialectics

Constituent zvinhu dialectic Socrates nyore. Akashandisa navo hwavo, uye kuburikidza navo vakapomera chokwadi vadzidzi vake uye vateveri. Vanogona muchidimbu sezvinotevera:

1. "Zvizive iwe"

Mutsara uyu akava hwaro muuzivi Socrates. Aidavira kuti zvakanga zvakakodzera kutanga nawo ose kuongorora, nokuti ruzivo zvenyika inowanikwa kuna Mwari chete, asi munhu akagadzwa yakasiyana wematambudziko - anofanira kutsvaka kuziva pachavo vavo nezvaanogona. Muzivi aidavira kuti padanho anozvipira nezivo neimwe nhengo vanhu anoenderana netsika uye tsika rudzi rwose.

2. "Ndinoziva kuti ndinoziva chinhu"

Pfungwa iyi chaizvoizvo akasarudzwa Socrates pakati vamwe vazivi uye vakachenjera. Mumwe nomumwe wavo anoti kuva soro muviri zivo uye saka vanogona kuzviti vakachenjera. Socrates akanga kutsvaka nzira usingagoni kupedzwa priori. Miganhu hana munhu anogona kuzununguswa moga kusaverengeka, saka kunzwisisa uye itsva ruzivo anova inongova danho munzira mibvunzo itsva uye tsvakiridzo.

Zvinoshamisa, kunyange Delphic Chirevo vaifunga Socrates vakachenjera. Pane ngano iyo inoti, wakati Wakadzidza nezvazvo, muzivi akashamiswa chaizvo uye akasarudza kutsvaka chikonzero zvakadaro kumeso maitiro. Somugumisiro, iye akabvunzurudza yakawanda Attica azivikanwa akangwara zvikuru vanhu, uye vakasvika mhedziso inoshamisa: akanga azivikanwa akachenjera, nekuti haana kuzvikudza zivo yavo. "Ndinoziva kuti ndinoziva chinhu" - ichi ndicho chikuru uchenjeri, zivo mhedziso inowanikwa kuna Mwari chete uye haagoni kupiwa murume.

3. "Kunaka - kuti ruzivo"

Pfungwa iyi Zvakaoma chaizvo kuverenga paruzhinji yeChina, asi Socrates vaigona nharo mitemo yavo youzivi. Akataura kuti munhu wose anoedza kuita chete zvakaita mwoyo anoida. uye chete anoda yakanaka uye anoshamisa, saka kunzwisisa simba, ndoupiko unonyanya yakaisvonaka, inotungamirira kune kuramba vasinganyatsooni pfungwa iyi.

Tinogona kutaura kuti mumwe nomumwe pamusoro apa yaSocrates zvingaderedzwa matatu hove huru:

• nokuzvidzora zivo;
• Kuzvininipisa kwouzivi;
• yakunda ruzivo uye kunaka.

The dialectic yaSocrates raimiririra kufamba pfungwa kunzwisisa uye kuzadzisa pfungwa. Mumamiriro ezvinhu mazhinji, chinangwa chikuru inoramba saonekwa, uye mubvunzo - mubvunzo rakashama.

YaSocrates yokudzidzisa

Dialectics, vakasikwa muzivi wechiGiriki, unosanganisira nzira kutora nzira anozvipira ruzivo uye kuwana chokwadi. It ane zvishomanana zvokushandisa, izvo nhasi vave vakabudirira kushandiswa nevazivi dzenzvimbo dzakasiyana:

1. ndyaringo

Pasina kugona kuzviseka zvisingaiti kuti vauye kunzwisisa pfungwa. Pashure pezvose, maererano Socrates, ndizvo kuzvidzora vimbiso yacho yakarurama kuchititadzisa kukura pfungwa uye hakuuyisi nzvimbo mubvunzo. Pachishandiswa nzira Socrates, Plato vakati kuti ichi uzivi zvinobva kushamiswa. Hazvina kuita munhu mubvunzo, uye nokudaro nouchapupu mberi munzira yokuzvidzora kuwanikidza. The dialectic yaSocrates kushandiswa vanhuwo kukurukura vagari Athens, kazhinji kwakatungamirira chokuti kunyange nechivimbo zivo yavo vaGiriki vakatanga kutambura mwoyo maari chete. Zvinogona kunzi ichi zvinoumba nzira Socrates ndiye akafanana kusvikira nheyo yacho dialectic wechipiri.

2. maieutics

Maieutics anogona kutaurwa neyokupedzisira danho Zvinoshamisa umo munhu zvinowanisa chokwadi uye anouya kunzwisisa nyaya. In tsika rinotsvaka sezvinotevera:

• vanhu kubvisa nokuzvikudza kwavo;
• kushushikana kushamisika uye mwoyo panguva nokusaziva ake uye noupenzi;
• kuuya kunzwisisa kukosha kutsvaka chokwadi;
• It traverses nzira pakupindura mibvunzo wakabvunzwa rutapudzo;
• mhinduro itsva nomumwe kunoita kuti tibvunze mibvunzo inotevera;
• pashure mibvunzo yakatevedzana (uye vazhinji vavo rinogona kurondedzerwa mune nhaurirano pakuzvichengetedza) ndivanaani chokwadi chavo anoberekwa.

Socrates akapikisa kuti uzivi - nayo kunoramba kuchiitwa kuti haagoni angosiya kuva kunofambira mberi ukoshi. Muchiitiko ichi zvinoita chokufungidzira "rufu" pamusoro muzivi, ndiko kuva ndizvo.

Maieutics ndiye vasingasiyani kubva nhaurirano. Kuti vanogona kuuya ruzivo, uye Socrates akadzidzisa neshamwari uye vateveri vake kuti vatsvake chokwadi munzira dzakasiyana-siyana. Kuti aite izvi, zvakaenzana mibvunzo yakanaka uye inokosha uye kune vamwe, uye iye. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, ndiwo mubvunzo kuzvibvunza kuri kuva dzinonetsa uye kunoita kuti ruzivo.

3. Induction

A pachena chinoratidza yaSocrates nhaurirano iri kuti chokwadi haungambofari. Ndicho chinangwa, asi uzivi pachayo yakavanzwa racho kune chinangwa ichi. Uchida kuwana uye pane dialectic rinonyanya zvakananga kuratidzwa payo. Understanding, maererano Socrates - ichi hachisi kuitwa rechokwadi, kufanana zvokudya, asi chete tsanangudzo anodiwa zvinhu uye nzira kwayo. Mune ramangwana, munhu chinotarisira chete kuenderera mberi, izvo hakufaniri akamira.

Dialectics: zvokukura budiriro

The dialectic yaSocrates aiva wokutanga uye, mumwe angati, dzinongoitika danho kukura uzivi itsva. It yakabuda remakore rechishanu BC uye gare gare akaramba kukura nokushingaira. Historical nzendo dialectic yaSocrates vamwe vazivi iri shoma zvikuru kwawakabva matatu, asi chokwadi ndechokuti kumiririrwa zvikuru kuoma zvawanyora:

• Uzivi yekare;
• Ages Uzivi;
• Renaissance uzivi;
• Modern Uzivi;
• German Uzivi chekare;
• Marxist Uzivi;
• Russian Uzivi;
• ano Western uzivi.

Iyi ndaza zvinonwisa mvura hwokuti nzvimbo iyi yakatanga munyika dzakaitika matanho iyo vanhu yapfuura. Zvechokwadi, kwete mumwe nomumwe wavo ari dialectic yaSocrates akapiwa chakakomba riwedzere kuti kukura, asi uzivi ano richibatanidza nazvo zvakawanda pfungwa uye mazwi kuti akazviratidza zvikuru rufu akazotevera rekare muzivi wechiGiriki.

mhedziso

Socrates mupiro kukudziri- ano uzivi sayenzi kunokosha. Akasika nzira itsva esayenzi kutsvaka chokwadi uye munhu simba ikava pachake, achimupa mukana wokudzidza ose inobudisawo ake "Ini" uye nechokwadi kuvimbika achiti: ". Ndinoziva kuti ndinoziva chinhu"