The kufema Tsika hove. Zvakakurukurwa sechivako hove

Nokuti vose vari rusununguko nhengo pamusoro afemeruke, zvose tinowana chimwe chinhu pasina yatisingagoni kurarama - oxygen. mhuka yose nyika uye vanhu, mitumbi izvi vanonzi mumapapu, izvo rwezvinhu kufadza okisijeni kubva mumhepo. Respiratoria hurongwa zvakare ine gills hove, izvo retracted kupinda muviri okisijeni kubva mumvura, apo zviri zvishoma zvikuru pane mudenga. Imhaka mamiriro ichi muviri kwemarudzi iyi yakasiyana nedzimwe dzose dzavanhu vertebrates venyama. Zvakanaka, tarisai zvose STRUCTURAL zviri rehove, avo kufema maitiro uye zvimwe zvinokosha nhengo.

Zvishoma pamusoro hove

Chokutanga, edza kunzwisisa kworudzii chisikwa, kufanana sei vanorarama, ndedzipi ukama nemunhu. Nekuti zvino isu titange zvipenyu yedu chidzidzo, nyaya "hove Marine". Ndiro superclass pamusoro vertebrates kuti kurarama bedzi muna hwemvura zvakatipoteredza. A maitiro chinhu ndechokuti vose hove chelyustorotnye uye vane gills. Kucherechedza kuti nhamba idzi mamirire neimwe mhando hove, zvisinei pakukura uye uremu. In subclass iyi upenyu hwevanhu inoita zvemari rinokosha, sezvo vakawanda nhengo dzayo kudyiwa.

Zvinonzi zvakare kutenda hove kuti vaiva mambakwedza yemhindumupindu. Ndivo zvisikwa aigona kurarama pasi mvura, asi vachiri vasina shaya, kamwe chete vagere panyika. Sezvo rudzi vakashanduka, vamwe vakatanga mhuka, vamwe vaiva pasi mvura. Ndicho zvipenyu yose chidzidzo. The Musoro "hove Marine. A nhoroondo pfupi" vaiona. Sayenzi kuti vanodzidza nehove dzegungwa, anonzi "ichthyology". Ngatiendei zvino kuti kudzidza zvisikwa izvi ine zvakawanda nyanzvi pfungwa maonero.

The vakawanda Zano sechivako hove

Pamwe tinogona kutaura kuti muviri hove neimwe iri muzvikamu zvitatu - musoro, mutumbi uye muswe. Musoro inoguma iri dakashwa munharaunda (mu pakutanga kwavo kana magumo - zvichienderana superclass). Hunde mutsetse inoguma ari horo mune vamiririri vose mukirasi iyi zvomugungwa. Muswe chete - zvepakutanga chikamu chomuviri, zvinosanganisira netsvimbo uye zenze.

The muviri chimiro iri zvakasimba hunotsigirwa dzezvakatipoteredza ezvinhu. A hove kuti anogara pakati mvura mbiru (Sarimoni, rehove) ane Avangard chimiro, kanenge - nomuseve. Avo zvisikwa gungwa, iyo kushambira pamusoro pasi, vane flattened chimiro. Izvi zvinosanganisira seflounder, gungwa makava nezvimwe hove, izvo vanomanikidzwa kushambira pakati miti kana matombo. Vanova zvakawanda zvatinogadzira hazvigoni kunyatsotevedzera zvinoita chimiro, vane zvakawanda zvakafanana ne nyoka. Somuenzaniso, mburwa ndiye muridzi elongated simba muviri.

Card hove - ayo zvimbi

Pasina zvimbi hazvibviri kufungidzira nemamiriro rehove. Pictures zvinoitwa mumabhuku vana, iva nechokwadi kuti atiratidze kuti chikamu chomuviri zvomumvura vagari. Chii chavanoita vanomirira?

Nokudaro, zvimbi vari aiwanzopiwa wokushanda uye unpaired. Zvingasanganisira peya thoracal uye abdominal zviri zvakafanana, ichibata uye kufamba synchronously. Unpaired nechinopiwa muswe, kuti dorsal zenze (umwe matatu), uyewo mumagaro uye mafuta, iyo iri pakarepo seri dorsal zenze. By pachavo, ivo zvimbi akaumbwa zvakaoma uye akapfava mwaranzi. Zvinonzi inobva nhamba yemwaranzi rinowanikwa zenze payakavakirwa rinoshandiswa kuziva yakananga mhando hove. Tsamba Latin zenze vakatsunga nzvimbo (A - mumagaro P - thoracal, V - abdominal). Next sezviverengo Roman anoratidza nhamba dzakaoma mwaranzi, uye Arab - nyoro.

kupatsanura hove

Nhasi nhengo hove zvose zvinogona rakakamurwa mhando mbiri - shwashwa uye mapfupa. Boka rokutanga rinosanganisira Vagari gungwa, marangwanda izvo zvinoumbwa shwashwa hukuru siyana kudaro. Izvi hazvirevi kuti akadaro kuva munyoro uye haakwanisi kufamba. Vamiririri Vakawanda superclass shwashwa anoomesa, uye ayo arambe achirema anova kuda kufanana pfupa. chikamu chechipiri - the mhou nehove. Biology sezvo sainzi inoti kuti ichi ndicho superclass yakanga pokutangira yemhindumupindu. hove Crossopterygii yakatotsakatika vaimbova kwaro yemibvunzo iyo ingave yakaitika zvose pano mhuka. Next, tinoita tikanyatsoongorora nemamiriro rehove muviri mumwe zvipenyu izvi.

shwashwa

Pfungwa, nemamiriro ose hove cartilaginous haisi chinhu chinhu chakaoma uye kujairika. Izvi zvinoitika marangwanda, chine munhu zvakaoma chaizvo uye simba shwashwa. Mumwe remubatanidzwa iri akaiswa mushonga wokuuraya karusiyamu munyu, kubatsira shwashwa uye ipapo simba. Horda anochengeta chimiro chayo hwose, zvichinzi zvishoma shoma. Dehenya zvakabatana eshaya, mauri hove marangwanda ane chinokosha chivako. To paro kurerekera zvimbi - muswe, aiwanzopiwa wokushanda abdominal uye muchipfuva. The shaya dziri pamusoro ventral kurutivi marangwanda, uye mumhino maviri pamusoro pawo. Cartilaginous marangwanda uye tsandanyama gadziriro hove kubva kunze akafuka makobvu zviyero, unonzi placoid. It rinoumbwa dentine, ayo ayo sezvamunoita akafanana vanhuwo mazino nyika yose mhuka.

Sezvo shwashwa fema

The kufema Tsika hove shwashwa superclass anomiririrwa anonyanya Gill slits. Ivo pamusana 5 kusvika 7 nomwe mumuviri. In zvomukati okisijeni riri kuparadzirwa kuburikidza zononoka vharuvhu iyo rinopfuurira pamwe yose muviri rehove. A maitiro chinoratidza zvose shwashwa ndechokuti havana dzinoshambira dundira. Ndokusaka kunge parwendo nguva, kwete kuenda pasi. Zvinokoshawo kuziva kuti muviri hove cartilaginous vagere priori wakawanda mvura ine risingamboshandisi kwazvo munyu pachayo. Masayendisiti anodavira kuti izvi imhaka yokuti zviri muropa superclass zvikuru urea randinogara runonyanya pamusoro senitrogen.

godo

Zvino funga, kungova superclass repfupa sokuti marangwanda rehove, uyewo uzive zvimwe kunoratidzwa vamiririri muchikwata ichi.

Nokudaro, marangwanda anoratidzwa muchimiro musoro, hunde (ivo kuvapo oga, sezvo kusiyana yapfuura nyaya), uyewo aiwanzopiwa wokushanda uye unpaired migumo. Dehenya iri muzvikamu zviviri - uropi uye visceral. Yechipiri rinosanganisira shaya hyoid chematenga, inova huru zvinoumba shaya midziyo. Uyewo zvinowanikwa muna dakashwa chematenga marangwanda hove mapfupa, yakaitirwa kubata Gill midziyo. Kana tsandanyama kwemarudzi hove, vose vane segmental yakarongeka, uye zvemberi vavo - zviri rushaya, zenze uye Gill.

Kufema midziyo mhou zvomugungwa

Zvimwe zvava pachena kuti vose kuti kufema hurongwa ndiye superclass repfupa hove dzinowanzotsigi- rinoumbwa gills. Vari iri Gill pamaberere. Hazvina chinhu chinokosha pakuderedza chikamu hove yakadaro Gill slits. Ivo akafukidzwa musaramba zvakafanana zita, rakaitirwa nechokwadi kuti hove anogona kufema ari kuita chinhu mamiriro (kusiyana cartilaginous). Dzimwe nhengo superclass mapfupa anogona kufema achishandisa ganda. Asi vaya vanorarama chete pazasi mvura pamusoro, uye nokudaro haana zvakadzama pasi, nekusiyana, kunzwisisa mumhepo gills zvavo kubva mumhepo, pane kubva aqueous svikiro.

The nemamiriro gills

Gills - rakasiyana muviri yakanga yakapfuura zvakajairika protoaquatic zvisikwa zvose zvipenyu panyika. It kunoitika gidrosredoy gasi mukutsinhana rikurumidze pakati mumuviri uye iyo unoshanda. Gills hove nguva yedu hazvisi akasiyana zvikuru kubva zviya gills, dzakanga kuri yokutanga vagari redu.

Kazhinji, vari kumiririrwa muchimiro maviri kwamahwendefa akafanana ayo rakapinda achishandisa gobvu chaizvo richikurukura midziyo ropa. An chinokosha pamusoro gills ndiyo coelomic mvura. Kuti chinoita chirongwa gasi mukutsinhana pakati aqueous svikiro uye muviri rehove. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti rondedzero kufema ezvinhu hove kwete chete, uye vazhinji vertebrates uye vertebrates vagere yamakungwa uye nyanza. Asi chii chinokosha pamusoro pachako uri chaiwo kufema hurongwa, zviri muviri hove, verenga mberi.

Varipi gills

The kufema maitiro ehove kunyanya kusimbiswa pahuro. Rakanga ipapo wakaiswa dakashwa Maberere, izvo dzakabatanidzwa pamwe zita chete pamusoro mitumbi gasi exchange. Ivo dzinoturwa muchimiro petals, izvo vakayambuka nawo uye mhepo, uye yakakwirira zvinwiwa inoponesa vari mukati hove neimwe. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo sveta Threaded Gill slits. Zviri kuburikidza pavo okisijeni zvinopinda mumuromo hove kumedza nemvura.

A inokosha chaizvo ndechokuti, kana tichienzanisa kukura muviri vazhinji zvomumvura kwemarudzi, gills yavo yakakwirira zvikuru kwavari. Panyaya iyi, mumiviri yavo vane dambudziko pamwechete osmolarity ropa plasma. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, hove dziri nguva dzose kunwa mvura gungwa uye kusunungura icho kuburikidza dakashwa slits, nokudaro kuwedzera siyana metabolic kwendangariro. It ane zvishoma unaku pane ropa, nekuti nokukurumidza uye zvakanyanya rinopa gills uye dzimwe nhengo dzomukati pamwe oxygen.

The chaizvo urongwa kufema

Kana hove chete akaberekwa, anofema anenge zvose muviri wake. tsinga yakazara mumwe nomumwe muviri wayo kusanganisira yokunze goko, nekuti okisijeni, riri mvura mugungwa chinopinda mumuviri zvachose. Nokufamba kwenguva, mumwe nomumwe kwakadaro kachitanga dakashwa kufema, sezvo vakawanda pajira riya rwengarava ropa vakapakata gills uye zvose pedyo zvomukati. Pano ndipo mafaro inotanga. Muitiro chinofema hove neimwe zvinoenderana ayo anatomical features, nokuti ichthyology inogona rakakamurwa mhando mbiri - basa uye pusa kufema. Kana basa zvose zvakajeka (hove iri kufema "anowanzoita", kunhonga okisijeni iri gills uye kubata nayo somurume), kuti pusa tiri kuedza kunzwisisa zvizere.

Pusa kufema uye kubva izvo zviri

Izvi mhando kufema kuri inoitika chete mukuru-kukurumidza vagere yamakungwa uye nyanza. Sezvatambotaura kumusoro, rehove, uyewo nedzimwe nhengo superclass of shwashwa haagoni kuva nguva refu vasina kutamira, sezvo ivo havana dzinoshambira dundira. Kuti pane chimwe chikonzero - kureva, ndiko pusa mweya. Kana hove swims panguva kumhanya, izvozvo rinovhura muromo, uye kuti kwaita mvura inopinda. Achisvika tracheas uye gills, anosiiwa nemvura okisijeni, uye rinopa mashoko zvomumvura muviri skorohodnymi aivamo. Ndokusaka kwenguva refu nguva kwokusava kutamira hove kudzivirira pachake kufema, pasina kupedza chero nesimba uye simba. Pakupedzisira, tinoona kuti vakadaro mukuru-nokukurumidza vagari mvura munyu vari kunyanya Sharks uye zvose nhengo pingviini.

The chikuru tsandanyama dzomuviri hove

Ko nyore chaizvo nemamiriro mwoyo izvo tinoona munhoroondo mukirasi iyi mhuka hove,, asiri kumhuka. Saka muviri ichi vane mukamuri kaviri. Rinomiririrwa nomumwe pombi mukuru, izvo zvinosanganisira makamuri maviri - the atrium uye ventricle. Fishy mwoyo pumps venous ropa chete. Pfungwa, mashoko kweropa gadziriro rakapihwa mhando zvomugungwa chinhu namahwindo hurongwa. Ropa circulates kuburikidza kapilyarchiki gills, uye ipapo asunungurwa mumidziyo, uye ipapo zvakare diverge kupinda capillaries zvidiki, izvo kare inopiwa nevamwe nhengo dzomukati. Zvadaro "apedza" ropa inounganidzwa ari mutsinga (vane hove mbiri - hepatic uye cardiac), umo anoenda zvakananga mwoyo.

mhedziso

Kuti yakaguma yedu mupfupi zvipenyu chidzidzo. hove Subject akava zvinonakidza chaizvo, inonakidza uye nyore. Muviri mashoko ose zvomugungwa kunokosha zvikuru chidzidzo, sezvazvakanyorwa vaidavira kuti vakanga vagere vokutanga yedu, mumwe nomumwe wavo - ichi ipfungwa kuti shanduka. Uyezve, kudzidza marongerwo uye kushanda muviri hove iri nyore zvikuru kupfuura vamwe. Uye kukura izvi mvura vanogara Stoch rakanyatsojeka zvinogamuchirika kuti uwane review, uye panguva imwecheteyo zvose hurongwa uye dzidzo zviri nyore uye nyore, kunyange vana chikoro.