The kushanda vhiki muRussia uye munyika

nguva yakawanda sei kuita zvose? The kushanda svondo iri maererano basa bumbiro uye zvinoenderana zvinoverengeka pamusoro. Ndiwo makore mushandi, mamiriro ake kuti utano, uyewo basa chine kuita. Mumwe anokwanisa kuita mabasa avo maawa 11 pazuva, uye vamwe, uye maawa 6 zvakakwana kunzwa kuneta. Chii chakaipa ya ari kushanda vhiki? Edza kunzwisisa.

A Nhoroondo shoma

Pamberi yechimurenga Russia, ari kushanda nguva hainei mutemo. Mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19, kuchinja nguva maawa 14 anonzi chakaipa. Uye vanhu vakashanda nekuti pakange pasina rimwe sarudzo. Zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti zvokudya mhuri. Sununguka kwaipa chete nhengo vakakwirira. Pasi kumanikidzwa vashandi 'kufamba muna 1897, kushanda zuva rakanga pamutemo kupfupiswa kuti maawa 11. Pakupera kwevhiki, vashandi hwomuti vane kodzero yokushanda kwemaawa 10. Vakadzi nevana aishanda maawa asingasviki 8 pazuva. Siya vashandi munhuwo tisingakwanisi. Asi nguva akafadza. Munhu wose aida kupedza nguva yakawanda ari fekitari kuwana mamwe mibayiro. Zvinonzi zvachose rishaye zvakagadzirwa chekuita kushanda nguva.

Pashure October Revolution muna 1917, kufadza vhiki nevhiki nguva vanoshanda wakaiswa pa maawa 48. Muchiitiko chino, vashandi yaisakwana muti kwemaawa anopfuura 8 pazuva. Akariritira rimwe zuva kure uye akabhadhara mazororo. Ya ake zvaitsamira kunzwisisa kwakaita basa.

Muna 1928, boka kuitwa remazuva mashanu kushanda vhiki. Panguva iyoyowo vashandi wechaunga vaiva maawa 7 pazuva. Zvisinei, unyanzvi hwomuzana kwakadaro hakuzogari refu. Muna 1939, Hondo Yenyika II yakatanga. Nokuda omesa mamiriro ezvinhu 1940 aifanira zvakare kuenda nokuda 8-awa rokushanda. The kushanda vhiki mu Russia wakaiswa pa maawa 56. Kuderera vari fekitari raingowanikwa vashandi zviduku chete. Vakashanda maawa pazuva 6, mazuva manomwe pavhiki.

Chii nguva rwekuita vhiki nhasi?

Under ano basa mutemo, mushandi haagoni kupedza maawa anopfuura 40 pavhiki kubasa. Panguva imwe basa nguva rokuzvidavirira kwemaawa 8 pazuva. Standard runoonekwa kuva-zuva shanu kushanda vhiki nemazuva maviri kure. Vamwe vashandirwi 6-zuva kushanda vhiki anogona kuiswa. Zvisinei, muchiitiko ichi, vashandi vanogamuchira zvimwe zvikomborero. Inogona kuwedzerwa kubhadharwa pazororo.

Pfungwa kushanda nguva iri nokudzorwa Article 91 of Labor Code of Russian Federation. Kana mushandirwi anotyora kodzero mushandi, iye vachatambura kurangwa pamutemo. Ya shoma kushanda svondo wakaisirwa Mapato vomuUmambo vanoita mabasa avo basa ngozi. Somuenzaniso, vanhu vari kushanda nemwaranzi kana makemikari, kutakura yose zvebhizimisi maawa 6 pazuva. Kwakaderedza maawa kuti mamwe mapoka navanachiremba uye kuti vadzidzisi.

kushanda vhiki Vachavapo anogona kuiswa chete akumbirwa mushandi. Ose nuances nekambani asati kusaina kuti mabasa kondirakiti. Kana mushandi anobvuma refu kushanda zuva, zviri pamutemo yakanyorwa. Saka, kutaura harungauyi pamusoro mushandirwi.

The yokupedzisira chakanzi kuchengeta zvinyorwa nguva chaizvo aipedza na nomumwe mushandi mumwe. Kuti aite izvi, anenge ose mabhizimisi yakaiswa panzvimbo. Pano nerogi anodzokororwa, iyo yakanyorwa kana murume asvika kubasa, uye kana akasiyira. Mune dzimwe mafekitari emakambani, nzira iyi zvoga. Monitoring rinoitwa tichibatsirwa mazambuko kadhi chaiyo, uye mashoko anouya zvakananga pakombiyuta ari webasa.

Mana-nesikati vhiki

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinodavira kuti inowanzotorwa workweek haafaniri kupfuudza 4 mazuva. Izvi zvichaita matambudziko akawanda panguva kamwe. Yokutanga uchava zvakawanda mabasa. mafekitari zhinji gadzira chinhu chichiitika. Izvi zvinoreva kuti zvakawanda vanhu vanogona kutora chinzvimbo. Uyewo, zvinoderedza ari kushanda zuva anoyamura zvazvinoita vashandi pachavo. Over kwevhiki nhatu, vachakwanisa kuita zvakakwana kupora uye kutanga kuita mabasa avo. Sezvineiwo akaderedza tsvimbo turnover, kwakaderedza nhamba zvikanganiso zviri mukugadzira. Vakazorora mudonzvo achaita mabasa avo zvakanyanya.

Maawa Weekly kushanda ugare zvakafanana. Ndizvo maawa 40 pavhiki kunogona vakashanda panze uye nokuda 4 mazuva. vashandi vakawanda vanobvumirana. Vakagadzirira kushanda zuva nezuva nokuda 2 kwemaawa zvakawanda kuti zvakawanda goho.

Ko Russia nhasi kuenda vakagadzirira pavhiki mana? Maererano nokutsvakurudza pamusoro zvakagadzirwa zvakadai dzinobvumirana chete 50% vemunyika. Vakawanda vava kushanda vanenge mazuva manomwe pavhiki, kuti awane mubayiro mukuru wokubata kwavo. Kana uine kupedza pamusoro kugadzirwa mazuva 4 chete, mudonzvo uchatanga kutsvaka mamwe manyuko mari. Uyezve, kana kureba kushanda nguva uchaderedzwa pavhiki, yekudyidzana kuwedzera mutengo kugadzirwa zvigadzirwa. Russia saka kure hazvigoni kuenzaniswa nyika dzokuEurope dziri kure mberi mune kukura.

Chii nguva yose kushanda vhiki mune dzimwe nyika?

In kupfuura dzakabudirira, uyewo Russia, ari kushanda vhiki anomhanya kubva Muvhuro kusvika Chishanu. Musi weMugovera neSvondo, munhu wose ane mukana kupedza nguva neshamwari uye nemhuri. Asi vamwe vhiki kuisa vamwe inoti. Saka, somuenzaniso, muIsraeri, rokutanga kushanda zuva riri kuonekwa Svondo. Asi kwakakwana ose basa vashandi neChishanu masikati. Panyaya iyi, mureza workweek ndiyo maawa 43. Panguva fekitari kana muhofisi, vanhu vanopedza maawa 8 pazuva.

Munyika vaMuslim dzakawanda, chikuru zuva kubvisa ndiro Chishanu. Most vokuparidzira inoshanda kubva Mugovera kusvika neChitatu. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, basa iri vaiona China. Panyaya iyi, iyo kwakajairika workweek ndiyo maawa 40.

Zvikuru nesimba-vanoshanda anoonekwa kuti Chinese. Vashandi vanoshanda pano maawa 10 pazuva. In zororo iri kuonekwa munhu Sunday, zororo hazvirevi kupfuudza mazuva 10, uye zvemasikati iri dzinounzwa maminitsi 20. Hazvishamisi, ruzhinji zvesayenzi uye kwesayenzi nokubudirira - pahwaro hwechibayiro Chinese. Kure sezvo vokuJapan. Staff pano kupedza kubasa maawa 50 pavhiki. Japan uyewo akagamuchira shestidnevka.

Zviduku Kureba kushanda vhiki muNetherlands. Vashandi wemahofisi, mafekitari kushanda kwemaawa 6. Panguva iyoyo kuzorora 2 mazuva pavhiki uye vane kodzero akabhadhara ngavabude, ya chiri pakarenda mazuva 30.

Ndezvipi zvimwe zvingaitwa?

Most ichangopfuura, mumwe vakapfuma vanhu munyika, Carlos Slim, akaita aida kuderedza kushanda vhiki mazuva matatu. In maonero ake, vanhu vanogona kushanda shoma zvikuru pane mureza maawa 40 uye vachine nguva dzose. Zvisinei, Carlos anodavira kuti maawa kushanda vanofanira kuva maawa 11 uye pamudyandigere vashandi nani kuenda hapana kwokutanga pane makore 75. Kana tikafunga kuti avhareji upenyu hunotarisirwa mu Russia makore 70, kuti mudyandigere vagari vakawanda havana kuvhenekera.

Pane zvakawanda hypotheses pamusoro kushanda vhiki. Munhu akataura chimwe maonero, kupa zvikonzero zvavo. Funga rakajairika kusarudza.

4:00

Vazhinji vachati kuti kuipa pavhiki nokushanda maawa hazvigoneki 4:00. Hazviiti ounyanzvi hwokugadzira vakawanda. Mutsigiri pfupi mavhiki anotaura munyori nevakawanda zvakanakisisa-kutengesa Timoti Ferris. Munyori anoti kare aifanira kushanda kwemaawa 14 pazuva. Zvisinei, iye akakwanisa asina zvakawanda, uye akanzwa vakasuruvara. Kana vanhu kushanda zvishoma, ayo waivako achava yekudyidzana kwirirei. Izvi imhaka yokuti 80% of yakarongwa Implementation kunoda 20 chete% of iripo nguva. Chinhu nesayenzi nekusimba chokwadi.

Ferris anotenda kuti maronga kunokosha. The mabasa kwazvo zvinofanira kugadziriswa pakutanga, asi yechipiri inogona kuvimbwa kuzobatsira vanamukoti. Kubva ichi tinogona kugumisa kuti 4-awa basa vhiki anogona kuuya vanhu vane mabhizimisi avo uye makawana zvikuru. Nokuti nomushandiwo 4 maawa pavhiki achava duku.

maawa 21

The rutapudzo of kushanda vhiki hafu huchagadzirisa matambudziko akawanda panguva kamwe. Pakutanga yekudyidzana shoma urovha. Ndizvo nzvimbo imwe kuchava maviri chete mabasa. Uyezve, vanhu vachakwanisa zororo zvakawanda, uye naizvozvo, zviri nani kuti mutangezve simba. It hazvo kuchinja unhu basa rinoitwa. Vanhu vazhinji nhasi vanoraramira basa uye haashandi nokuda kwoupenyu. Ndicho isiri kutaura. Zvinoderedza kushanda maawa kuchabatsira kuvandudza mamiriro vashandi, uyewo mwoyo zvoupfumi.

Duration yaiitwa yakapfupikiswa kushanda vhiki anogona haapfuuri maawa 21. How kugova nguva ino, mumwe mushandirwi anosarudza tisingatungamirirwi. The akanyatsokodzera anoonekwa yemazuva matatu kushanda vhiki. Vashandi panguva imwe chete vachafanira kuva panguva fekitari kana muhofisi kubudikidza 7:00. Nokuti 4 mazuva vachakwanisa zvakakwana yakadzorerwa uye namapoka itsva kutanga basa mitoro.

Fungidziro ichiri kubviswa kure tsika. Most mudzimba Makambani havasi vakagadzirira asi kuenda mana-zuva kushanda vhiki. It haabvumiri kuzviita pakutanga zvoupfumi mamiriro ezvinhu. Mushure 7-awa vanoshanda zuva anofanira kuzviita pamwe pakuchengetedza shoma mubayiro zvakatangwa mutemo. Vamwe vashandirwi vachiri kuenda danho iri. Mushure rutapudzo pamusoro nguva kwevhiki kunonatsiridza kunyatsoshanda pemudonzvo. Nokuda ichi zvinokwanisika kuti awedzere mari, saka kuwedzera mari yebasa.

maawa 30

Pakati Kuderera Kukuru muna 1930, zviyo magnate Dzhon Harvi ichiitwa zvishoma chiedzwa. Akasarudza kuderedza mwero maawa basa pavhiki. Vashandi womufekitari akatanga kushanda 6:00 panzvimbo kwakajairika masere. Somugumisiro, mashoko mushandirwi akakwanisa yekudyidzana kuvandudza chokupika uye kuderedza mari zvigadzirwa zvavo. Vashandi vakatanga kushanda ose pazuva 2 maawa mberi, ivo vachava yakawanda akasununguka nguva. Tycoon akaona kuti okupedzisira maawa maviri vanoshanda vari mudukusa inobudirira. Kuderedza urefu nguva kuti vanhu vakapedza nokuda michina, haana kurasa chinhu. Pashure pezvose, vakabhadhara vashandi vatsva haana zvakakodzera.

kuedza kwakadaro zvinoitiswa nhasi. In Sweden, Somuenzaniso, pane imwe fekitari Gothenburg vashandi vakanga vakakamurwa kuva mapoka maviri. Vamwe basa kwemaawa 8 pazuva, apo vamwe - kwemaawa 6. Muchiitiko chino, mapoka maviri tiine chete mubayiro. Maawa Weekly kushanda sei kukwanisa kushanda. A boka revashandi vanoshanda zvishoma, anoratidza migumisiro iri nani. Nyanzvi vanoti kuchinja pabasa nechipimo muchifarira rutapudzo kwekushanda nguva aigona kuuya hurumende anopfuura bhiriyoni emadhora.

maawa 32

Vatsigiri 4-zuva kushanda vhiki pane chaizvo chaizvo. Panguva iyoyowo, nyanzvi dzinofunga kuti avhareji workweek hakufaniri maawa asingasviki 32. Ndiko, vashandi achapedza panguva mumuchina kana hofisi tafura zvakafanana maawa 8 pazuva. Panguva ino, zvichaita kukwanisa kusarudza kufadza nhamba mabasa. Ichava mazuva matatu pavhiki, izvo unogona kupedza nemhuri uye neshamwari. Kusvika panguva US 36% of makambani kushanda chaizvo musimboti ichi. Chishanu runoonekwa sechinhu zuva kure, uyewo Mugovera kana Svondo.

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvakawedzera negoho zvinokwanisika uye kuwedzera mazuva kure. Kufadza pavhiki kushanda maawa kungava maawa 33. Tsvimbo achange achipedza maawa 11 panzvimbo nebasa zvikuru. Asi kurega havana 50 kana 60 makore, uye 70-75 mu. Maererano masayendisiti, purogiramu iyi achabvumira vanhu kuti vazorore zvakawanda uye yekudyidzana kumutsa zvipenyu zvinodiwa.

A akasiyana maonero

Vamwe vashandirwi Uchaona kuti kunyange 2 mazuva kure - zviri zvakanyanya. Kuti abudirire zvinogoneka kune vaya vanoshanda nesimba chete. ongororo dzakaratidza kuti pamusoro neSvondo vanhu vari kushingaira kukurukurirana munzanga network, kurukurai nhau. Nguva ino inogona kupedzerwa zvikuru pundutso. Nhasi zvinonzi sechinhu chakaipa kushanda vhiki mu Russia mumaawa 48. Musi weSvondo, vanhu vakawanda vanogona kudzorera simba kutanga zvakare vachishingairira vabatsirwe munzanga.

Kubva yezvokurapa nemaonero ane 6-zuva kushanda vhiki richiri inokanganisa vashandi vose uye boka rose. Ko workaholics kakawanda yakawedzera chisingaperi zvirwere. Recycling, vari panjodzi basa chokuita kukuvara. Studies kunge inoitwa, izvo akatsinhira kuti refu ari kushanda vhiki inokanganisa pamusoro vashandi. Vanhu vanoshanda maawa anopfuura 50, vane mashoko duku zvikuru uye havagoni zvakanaka vataure zvavanofunga. Chii chakaipa nguva dzose kushanda vhiki? Zvakaratidza kuti Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri vanopedza nokuda Implementation ayo chikuru mabasa haasi maawa anopfuura 40.

Ndinofanira kushanda mazuva manomwe pavhiki?

Nhasi, hapana nyika munyika mune 7-zuva kushanda vhiki. Zvisinei, vagari vakawanda muRussia vachine nguva kushanda mazuva pavhiki, agere nzvimbo shomanana nomwe. Hours basa pavhiki rakawedzera vaya vanosarudza kutanga mabhizimisi avo. Unofanira kuramba kugara kusvika zvevakomana, kudzora mari uye zveminda. Zvisinei, vakawanda vemabhizimisi vanhu havana kupedza maawa 8 muhofisi ose zuva. Vanogona kuitisa zvebhizimisi uye mumba muoti.

Shanda chimuko zuva nezuva kunoita kuti kuchinja basa. Somuenzaniso, 5 Mazuva pavhiki unogona yaungapedzera kushanda muhofisi, uye pakupera kwevhiki kuwana chinhu nokuda mweya, izvo zvichaita uyewo vaunze mari. Zvikuru kuri unhu kuzororo. Kana isu vanokwanisa kuumba kurara usiku yakazara uye zororo masikati maawa zviviri, zvinokwanisika kuti kuverenga uri 7-zuva kushanda vhiki. Asi nzira iyi hazvingaiti munhu achakwanisa kushanda kwenguva refu. Basa kubva Muvhuro kusvika Chishanu kunosanganisira epamba basa remitemo. The kushanda vhiki haasi maawa anopfuura 40. Basa kana kwete, mumwe nomumwe anozvisarudzira.

Vandudza negoho anokundikana vashandirwi vakakwanisa sanganisa inokosha nokubatira mudonzvo kudzidzira uye ezvokutengeserana zviitiko. Monotonous basa nokukurumidza unonetesa. Kana mushandi ari kutambira nemanzwiro akanaka muhofisi kana fekitari, zvichava kukwanisa kuita mabasa avo zvinobudirira.