The Kuvapo kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana - ndiko microevolution

Pfungwa yemhindumupindu sezvo chichiitwa kukura zvose zvipenyu zvose panyika, kunzwisisa upenyu siyana uye chitarisiko chawo itsva siyana nhasi iri zvinowanzoshandiswa akakurumbira mabhuku uye mune zvenhau. Nokufungidzira pamusoro shanduka uye microevolution, kushandisa izwi iri populist siyana dilutes kukosha kwayo, kuunza kuteerera muitiro inokosha. Chii Micro-shanduka mune zvipenyu, ayo chimiro uye kuguma mugumisiro - Ndivo mibvunzo akafukidza munyaya ino.

Evolution sezvo pazvinhu zvipenyu

Shanduka dzidziso rinozivisa mhando mbiri zvimiso - macroevolution uye microevolution - sezvo zvigadziriswe pakukura upenyu panyika. Kupatsanura uye conditionally kwakavakirwa saizi taxonomic dzakabatana, iyo inosvitsa-shanduka kufamba. Macroevolution zvinoreva paumbwe taxa guru (genus, mhuri, mukirasi, uye zvichingodaro) kwenguva refu kwenguva. Mubayiro microevolution - nokuumbwa itsva Odha rakadzika taxonomic chikwata. Naizvozvo microevolution ari zvimwe inonzi speciation, nokuumbwa dzinowanika pakati yepakutanga vava dzokubereka zindoga uye kuparadzana ari oga taxon.

mifananidzo budiriro

All mitemo-shanduka sezvo speciation mu macrotaxa nomunyika chete kuitika uye zvakafanana nemitemo sezvo ari hweBazi yemhindumupindu - vanhu. Chii microevolution, nyore nezvakaitika muenzaniso dzidzo ukama, phylogenetically pedyo mhando mukati chete genus. Somuenzaniso, muna kweArctic, musha matatu kufanana marudzi chezvidhindo - zvisimbiso Witt, mbada uye Ross kunama. Kunze muduku zvokunze kusawirirana, zvavo vari zvakasiyana, vakatungamirira kuti paumbwe chokuita asi zvakasiyana mhuka.

mhando microevolution

Speciation, iyo inotungamirira dzokubereka neskreschivaemosti sezvo yokupedzisira Danho woga boka shanduka mukati rudzi, ane nzira dzakawanda. Maererano mhando kuputira mashandiro akataura wandei siyana. By microevolution dzinosanganisira:

• Geographic speciation.
• Speciation kwezvinhu zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza kupatsanurwa vanhu.
• Speciation ne zvakakodzera dzokubereka voga (dokopulyatsionnoy uye poslekopulyatsionnoy).

Chii microevolution nenzvimbo uye zvipenyu?

Panyaya iyi, kufunga voga mashandiro panmictic (zvepabonde rinozvibereka) mapoka zvipenyu, kana maonero matsva achiumbwa pasi pokudzora enzvimbo kana zvakatipoteredza zvinhu. Geographical voga pakati vanhu kunoonekwa sechinhu chinoita kwenzvimbo kuchinja kukonzera pfupi kana zvakakwana voga kuti nevanhu zvakafanana kwemarudzi. Muenzaniso yokufananidzira - paumbwe chitsuwa marudzi. Uye vakawanda, zvichida, aizivikanwa ichi akapoteredza - nayo Galapagos bindweed, tsananguro uye kudzidza kaienda Charles Darwin kuti dzidziso yake kwakabva marudzi. Muenzaniso uri microevolution sezvo zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza speciation akatotanga yapiwa - peArctic zvisimbiso. Kana zvisimbiso kwezvakatipoteredza chinhu chaiva voga pakati zvokudya. Asi kwezvakatipoteredza chinhu zvakare zvakatosiyana pakati maberekero nemwaka, akasiyana zvipenyu marudzi mukati rudzi, uye zvichingodaro.

Dokopulyatsionnaya muchimiro voga sezvo rudzi microevolution

Kana chisingabviri rusununguko kuyambuka vanhu semubairo toga, pamwe kushaya dzidzo zygote (mudumbu) muviri, vanoti dokopulyativnoy zindoga. Its siyana:

• Insulation, anomuka nokuda hunhu dzepabonde (ethological). Muenzaniso - kunyatsotevera Tropical datya, uye timbre yakasiyana rudzi specificity kuberekesana nokuimba.
• The voga kukonzerwa siyana Zvivako copulative uye nhengo dzokubereka nadzo. Example - siyana mhando orkideat vane chaiyo nemamiriro ruva, runovabvumira pollinate chete mumwe mhando hummingbird.

The voga yakakonzerwa mismatch pamusoro gametes. Mienzaniso chete kuedza hunhu njanji, mashandiro ichi kwakaoma.

Poslekopulyatsionnaya kuputira somunhu mashandiro kuti speciation

Muchiitiko ichi zvinoreva kuti zygote aumbwa. Chii Micro-shanduka, muchiitiko ichi, ratidza zvinotevera siyana kuti vabudirire zvizere dzokubereka voga kuti vanhu mukati rudzi:

• Non-chinhanho kubva zygote pakutanga zvokukura ontogeny.
• Kufa mwana kana vaduku vanhu kuti vasvike pamuviri zera.
• The kusabereka pamusoro VaNefirimu.

The zvipenyu mashandiro nzira iyi zindoga yakaoma uye inobatanidzwa cytological, nemakemikari uye humoral zvinhu.

Micro-shanduka sechinhu chinongoitika yekuwana uzere dzokubereka voga hwemapoka mukati chete kwemarudzi kunotungamirira nokuumbwa itsva mhando kunze mubereki siyana zvinenge. Asi iri dzidziso. Kwete ose voga chavagari kuchaita kuti dzokubereka zindoga uye kwete ose dzokubereka voga kuchaita kuti paumbwe itsva siyana. Chii chiri dzidziso yemhindumupindu - ndiko kuti microevolution kunotanga kuputira uye zvakare inoguma.