Dzokubereka voga: Definition, Anokonzera. Marudzi dzokubereka nevamwe: mienzaniso

At panmiktichnyh Utachiona (zvepabonde rinozvibereka) kutaipa - chine zvipenyu akafanana munyika yose-siyana hunhu zvinogona hybridize norusununguko kuumbika rakaorera vana. Pfungwa kuputira rinoshandiswa akapoteredza microevolution, kana, sezvazvakanyorwa kunzi: - speciation. Dzokubereka voga anotanga chirongwa kuumbwa itsva kwemarudzi uye apedza izvozvo. Asi kwete kwose Fani iyi ichaita kuti chidzoke imwe mhando itsva, sezvo asina kuputira ose inotungamirira kwokupedzisira dissociation dzokubereka vanhu.

Nevamwe zvigadziriswe mhindumupindu

Vanhu mukati rudzi pane mapoka - vanhu. Ndicho nevamwe chairema microevolution kushanda mashoko nokuumbwa dzinowanika, vakasiyana dangwe. Mukati mhando pakati nevanhu yokugara zvinhu zviri vakatsinhanisa panguva kubereka kwacho. Chii anonzi okubereka kugona kwomuviri. Apo, nokuti chero chikonzero, chinjanai ichi pakati nevanhu mukati rudzi ishoma kana zvachose zvisingaiti kutaura kuti pamuviri zindoga. Tsanangudzo iyi shanduka mashandiro ndiko kuva nechokwadi kuti vanhu vane vanhu dzakasiyana havagoni kubereka vana. Nhoroondo chidzoke ane mhando itsva - ngetani rakasiyana-siyana dzokubereka nevamwe, achitsiva kana pindana, zvichiita weboka chavagari kusingarapiki.

Dzokubereka nevamwe: kupatsanura

Pane pfungwa dzakawanda mune kupatsanura kwazvakaita vanhu zvoga. Various nzira vanobviswa sepokuwana chikabviswa chokuvapa kuvhiringidzika nyaya. Ngatitorei sezvikonzero kuti dzokubereka voga sezvo wechigarire akavarambidza panmixia (vakasununguka takayambuka) - iri rokupedzisira danho, rokupedzisira speciation. Vanotsigira maonero uyu voga zvipenyu-ave achizivikanwa shanduka zvipenyu YAKABUDA MU Dobzhansky (1900-1975 gg.) Uye E. Mayr (1904-2005 gg.). Zvigadziriswe pakati dzokubereka nevamwe mu nzira iyi vachapesana muzvikwata zvitatu:

• spatial Kuparadzana (nenzvimbo);
• kwezvakatipoteredza kuputira (kudzivirira zvigadziriswe);
• kwakakodzera dzokubereka mashandiro dzine dokopulyatsioinnye (kuumbika zygotes) uye poslekopulyatsionnye (pairing kunoitika, asi zai iri nembeu kana kwete, kana akafa, kana chena VaNefirimu) zvipingamupinyi.

Kana mashandiro kubudirira panmixia kukamurwa: izere kana kukwana. Muchidimbu, munzvimbo nerimwe boka ichakurukura siyana pamuviri nevamwe. Mienzaniso pokuenzanisira kwavari zvichatibatsira kunzwisisa musimboti ichi kana kuti chimiro.

Spatial voga kuti vanhu zvigadziriswe

voga mashandiro chokuita-siyana kwenzvimbo kuchinja (panowanikwa zvipingamupinyi muchimiro anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri kana rwizi) kana pakugadzirisa nzvimbo huru fomu. Kana zvaipesana Gene kuyerera pakati vakaparadzana nevanhu kunoitika pamuviri zindoga. The zvakanakisisa anozivikanwa Muenzaniso Fani iyi kuumba mhando itsva kwemarudzi kunogona kunzi chitsuwa creepers Galapagos, rwakazokura mumwe mienzaniso Darwin "Origin of Species Achishandisa Natural Selection." Kana muenzaniso rwebhuruu magpie, mumwe vanogara kuti anogara China, uye mumwe - kuSpain.

Environmental voga zvigadziriswe

Zvinokonzera dzokubereka voga iri mhando chokuita musiyano nevanhu pamusoro maberekero mamiriro rimwe rudzi mhenyu symmetrically, riri munzvimbo iyoyo. Somuenzaniso, maberekero kana maruva mwaka regai -enderana. Musi California pamhenderekedzo symmetrically pane mhando mbiri womupaini miti: imwe mhando mukume kugeza muna February, uye mumwe - muna April. Pamwaka zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza voga yava yavo kubereka. MUENZANISO dzokubereka nevamwe, asi zvakaitika nokuda yakasiyana zvadzinofura Databases inoratidza mhando nhatu Antarctic zvisimbiso kwakaitika kubvira mumwe tateguru phylogenetic. Seal Veddelya anodya hove chete, gungwa ingwe - PENGUIN uye zvisimbiso, uye Ross chisimbiso - cephalopods.

Dokopulyatsionnye siyana dzokubereka nevamwe

Zvokuimba voga - pasina Nemhaka pairing anokonzerwa siyana nemamiriro nhengo dzokubereka nadzo kana copulative. Somuenzaniso, marudzi akasiyana-siyana somuzivi dzakasiyana ruva chimiro uye vari mukume nedzimwe nyuchi. Chete kuwirirana pakati orkideat uye Tsodzo. Interspecies kuberekesana nhunzi Drosophila inotungamirira kukuvara kana rufu naye.

Ethological voga - kwete pairing nokuda kusiyana dzepabonde (mu kudanana, kuimba, kutamba, luminescence kana mapheromone musiyano). Somuenzaniso, kufanana mhando fireflies panguva nokukurumidza hadzi iyo boka richitora mazamu dzakasiyana kuvheneka (zvakasiyana-siyana kakawanda uye nguva). Uyewo, anogona kutaurwa imomo iyi, mhando-chaizvo nziyo shiri uye matatya. Uye kuberekesana tsika shiri vanoziva zvose.

Gametic voga - kushaiwa nekuita ose gametes kana gamete rufu. Nokuvapo kwakadai kuputira hunoratidzwa experimentally. Somuenzaniso, marudzi maviri gungwa urchins vane zvokunze muchangosangana akayambuka nhaka kwezvinhu American uye Denis Brachet. Egg iri nourume asi embryo akafa tanga gastrulation.

Poslekopulyatsionnye siyana dzokubereka nevamwe

Izvi zvinoreva asiri chinhanho kubva zai uye rufu kachangobva kunambwa muna tanga ontogeny. Kana rufu mwana (kana vanhu) kusvika kurara pakunamata. Very pedyo pfungwa gametic nevamwe.

The kusabereka yemhuka chemasanganiswa

Vazhinji mhuka vakapunyuka interspecific VaNefirimu vari chena, kureva asingakwanisi kubereka mwana. Kunze kungava semisterile VaNefirimu. The mashandiro kuti chiitiko ichi rakanyatsojeka yakaoma, inobva Gene, chromosome kana cytological zvikonzero. Pano vanongova mienzaniso interspecific VaNefirimu, izvo anozivikanwa zvose.

Spachiana wembongoro uye hachi - nyurusi. Ndiye ihuru kupfuura mbongoro uye duku pane bhiza, mukuwedzera, ane mhuka nyore. Hybrids kufanana subspecies imbwa uye mhumhi (volkosob, poluvolk) zvakagadzira flair uye kutsungirira pane kwakajairika imbwa. Vazhinji akwariyamu hove - vakaberekwa siyana (mavara Aulonocara). Vane akanaka, yakakura kupfuura vabereki siyana, asi kana ukatenga vanofanira kutaridzwa Nezvekwakabva hove, zvimwe iwe haanganonoki mwana. Munhu wose anoziva kuti mbeu anorimwa zvirimwa (madomasi, wemagaka), kwakaratidzwa ane F-1, - a chemasanganiswa fomu. Zvibereko zvinomera izvi dzakasara mbeu.