Nevamwe nzira mu zvipenyu. Types nevamwe zvigadziriswe mienzaniso

Hapana angaramba kuti chokwadi yakatipoteredza zvinopindirana uye kwakakwana. Zvisinei kana anotenda vanhu vakamupoteredza asi anoona kwete chete runako uye siyana, asi anowiriranawo kuti umo hapana nzvimbo nenyonganyonga. Kunyanya zvakajeka wakaratidzwa pachena desirability kwenyika zvipenyu. All simba, akaipa, pasina kukwanisa bereka vana utano yakatsvairwa parutivi kubata shanduka zvinhu, pakutanga kwezvose, dzinongoitika vakasarudzwa. Not yokupedzisira basa iri kuridzwa uye pazvinhu zvipenyu sezvo pamuviri zindoga.

Izvi, uyewo mamwe marudzi anodzivirira zvenhengo akamira murindi pamusoro zviratidzo dziva chirimwa, mhuka uye munhu, tinofunga pepa rino.

Kuchinjwa enhaka unhu - huru pfuma Nhau mhenyu

Kubereka - anokosha neurongwa kuvapo pakati Chiitiko pangava upenyu Panyika. Zvisinei padanho sangano rayo, kutangira kubva nyore uye anopera mhuka, fertilization (zvinomera - pollination), zvichiita kuti chidzoke ane musoro, yakaorera vana, kunoitika chete pakati vanhu vechigaro yevagari zvakafanana kwemarudzi. Zviri pachena kuti pane zvakasikwa insulating zvigadziriswe nokudzora pollination kana yomurume.

Zvechokwadi, kwete warambidzwa mukana Muzviitiko mhuka dzirambe dzichiberekana. Zvaitika zvose sezvingatarisirwa uye artificially wakaitwa - murume, asi nguva dzose achaita chero mwana pamwe havachanyatsogoni chinhanho kana chena VaNefirimu. Zvakakwana kuyeuka mbereko mahesera - mwana yaunganidzwa vachiyambuka mbongoro uye hachi. Sezvinogona kuoneka, pane zvimwe masimba izvo zvinogona kunzi sezvo mamwe marudzi nevamwe zvigadziriswe. Tinotsanangura navo zvizere.

Kupatsanura pakati pezvakaitwa inotisvitsa kugadzikana majini mudziva vanhu

In shanduka tsanangudzo, inova chigadzirwa rwakashodoka basa kwesayenzi masayendisiti akadai Charles Darwin, AN Severtsev, G. Spencer, funga nezvezvinotevera, izvo zvakapararira mananara kuti dzinobatsira kutsiga ariko mhando: nzvimbo yomugariro, zvipenyu uye pamuviri voga. Biology Section - hwevanhu genetics, riri mubishi kudzidza kuchinja kuitika majini mudziva munharaunda zvipenyu. Ndivo mugumisiro zvinhu zvakadai samafungu upenyu uye magene vasakukurwa.

Chambotaurwa nezvacho Bazi zvipenyu hwakagara basa anodzivirira zvinhu, zvainanga kuchengetedza Rumhangapanga karyotypes evanhu vemo uye kudzivirira Inter-yevagari michinjikwa. Next, tichawana kubva kworudzii nevamwe mashandiro inonzi zvakatipoteredza, uye chii chiri chavo kukosha kuramba kuramba anoumba majini vemo.

Basa zvezvakatipoteredza ezvinhu pakuchengetedza majini mudziva munharaunda zvipenyu

Somugumisiro phylogeny - nhoroondo kukura kwemarudzi, vanhu vayo, zvinoumba yevagari mupenyu mumiganhu imwe nharaunda, inonzi dzinogarisana. Nemhuka anosangana kwezvakatipoteredza zvinhu, uyewo munharaunda zvimwe zvakawanda kuti kurarama mundima, kureva kuti, nenzvimbo imwe zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza niche. Kuti kuderedza makwikwi pakati nevanhu zvakafanana kwemarudzi, pane vamwe voga zvigadziriswe kuitira Somuenzaniso, musiyano zvinodiwa mapoka maviri pamusoro mhando yezvokudya. Saka, pizi weevil beetles zvinowanisa maviri zvipembenene nzanga: anodya mbeu pizi, mumwe - the bhinzi.

The dzokubereka nguva, nokuti zvokudya zvirimwa vachikura dzinodengenyeka siyana, vanhu vaviri zvipenyu regai kuyambuka mumwe.

Terms wokuberekana wavo kukosha mukuita kutsiga majini vokuparidzira

Zvinhu zvinooneka kuchidzivisa kana kunyange kudzvinyirira zvachose pollination kana yomurume pakati zvinenge ane hurongwa Mapato zvinosanganisira nevamwe zvigadziriswe kuti kudzora riini kubereka vanhu. Somuenzaniso, maruva wemarudzi uswa, inobereka iri estuaries, correlatively chokuita kwekanguva kumira yechirimo mafashamo. Plants kuti kurarama zvakananga pamhenderekedzo uye mafashamu nguva iri refu pasi mvura, maruva paya pane ivavo vakanga pasi pokudzora pfupi-rokuti mafashamo, kana kwete nzizi. For pachena zvikonzero panmixia (muchinjikwa-pollination) pakati miti vaigara munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dziri paMaare, chinoshayikwa, sezvo kuibvisa kuti mukume zvaitika panguva dzakasiyana. Somugumisiro, mifananidzo yakawanda nevanhu vane wemarudzi uswa, zvakasiyana maberekero nguva.

The shanduka kunoita kuputira

Population genetics akagadza chokwadi kuti wakaratidza kusakwanisa kwevanhu Gene Exchange kwacho pakati zvinenge zviri marudzi akasiyana kana munharaunda kunotungamirira chokwadi chokuti genotypes evanhu kuitika mhando dzakasiyana zvachose kuti kuno-, uye anochinja kakawanda panowanikwa sezvo chikuru uye recessive alleles. Izvi zvinotungamirira kuti majini madziva vanhu vakawanda vakasiyana mumwe. musiyano uyu achava nehanya, pakutanga kwezvose, siyana kuchinjira kumamiriro abiotic dzezvakatipoteredza zvinhu. On chii rinokuyeuchidza vanovimba?

Nzwisisika Migumisiro rakasiyana-siyana kuputira

Kwakavakirwa interconnected nezvakatipoteredza uye hwokubereka nevamwe zvigadziriswe. Biology, zvikurukuru ayo chikamu - dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka, rinotaura kukanganisa kwavo kuratidzwa ichi yose muitiro, kuti kusiyana uku kunoita, kureva siyana unhu uye zvivako zviri zvipenyu. It chiri pamwoyo microevolution - kwacho inotisvitsa paumbwe wokutanga Sub-marudzi, uye ipapo, uye mhando itsva zvakasikwa.

nzvimbo nevamwe sei

In bhotani, uye zvidzidzo zvemhuka, masayendisiti ari kubhadhara vafungisise zvinhu kuti kuderedza zvinenge kuti Zero mukana rusununguko kuyambuka pakati vanhu zvakafanana kwemarudzi. Akamuka zita kwavanogara nevamwe. Zvakaitika kuti unopinza Kuchinja Nzvimbo iri hazvo anoteverwa chidzoke nezvipingamupinyi kuti kukonzera anokosha kusiyana pakati zvinenge.

Ivo rondedzera, kunyanya nguva ichaitika gamete kuibvisa nguva yomurume kana pollination. All izvi zvinhu dzinogona kubatanidzwa mune imwe izwi - pamuviri zindoga. Migumisiro kuti kuvapo vemo inotungamirira?

Zviratidzo siyana

Masayendisiti akawana kuti vanhu vane zvipenyu vane genomes yakafanana pakutanga, pamusoro nguva yokuva hombe yakashatiswa mumufambiro unhu nokuda Kutsakatika sezvo rimwe zvokudya, uye zvingangoguma vakasununguka kuyambuka. Sezvisingakundiki zvipingamupinyi mumuviri muchimiro mitswe zviri makondinendi, kukwidza gomo neeSultan, nzizi teura yoga nenzanga yevanhu nepedyo. Zviri seizvi hwapedyo mhuka. Mienzaniso hereinafter inoratidza nenzvimbo voga sezvo inokosha mashandiro kuti speciation. Nokudaro, boka Australian marsupial mhuka pashure kuparadzana wayo kubva kondinendi wekare Gondwana, kunokosha anatomical uye vasiri kusiyana kubva mhuka ano European kuti yakabuda mushure glaciation Great.

Charles Darwin pamusoro zvigadziriswe pakati speciation

Nyika-mbiri musiki dzidziso dzinongoitika selection, kuti Chirungu zvakasikwa Charles Darwin, akaita akazivisa kutyaira mauto-shanduka, zvichiita kuti chidzoke idzva makirasi, varayirwa uye mhuri zvipenyu. Uyewo nemabasa musayendisiti rakarondedzera nenzvimbo uye zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza voga zvigadziriswe. Mienzaniso kuratidzwa izvi, iye akaunganidza kubva zvakawanika akaita panguva yake yakakurumbira rwendo munyika. Darwin akaona uye sketched mhando akasiyana finches vanogara Galapagos Islands. Shiri vaiva misiyano zvinoshamisa chimiro muromo, mutumbi saizi, zvokudya zvokudya zvakasiyana.

Kana akayambuka pamwe chete vanhu isu vakafirwa kukwanisa kuumba rakaorera mwana zvachose. Maererano nevaongorori, guru madaro pakati muzvitsuwa uye kusiyana kasvisto dzavo uye fauna of kwakaita kuti paumbwe subspecies anoverengeka, ipapo rakavapo kupinda yoga mhuka. Takurukura humwe mutsetse yemhindumupindu, zvichiita kuti paumbwe itsva Odha yose ichifamba huripo iye zvino mhuka umo. Mienzaniso dzatakurukura kumusoro, vanoratidza basa rinokosha spatial zvigadziriswe kudzivisa mikana Michinjikwa pakati akasiyana nevanhu vane zvipenyu pakupedzisira inotungamirira chimiro itsva enderana dzakabatana.