Species: zvaraireva, mazita, zviratidzo

Panyika, pane nyaya mhenyu. Nezvazvo, masayendisiti pakarepo kusiyanisa mhuka idzo rakakamurwa. Chero muviri une yayo zviratidzo, mazita uye maitiro. Kunoitawo kuti kune zvakawanda nemhuka anokukonzera.

Kunze chete nevaNefirimu inogona kuwedzerwa iyi. Dzinomirira mumwe zvoutachiona mhando (tsanangudzo cm. Below), hwakakanyiwa nevamwe. Zvisinei, iye kunotouraya aya mashoma, saka muupenyu chaihwo, aingovawo munhu haringanzi atarisana akafanana. Asi zvinofanira kucherechedzwa inonakidza chokwadi: Vamwe subtypes kujairika dzinooneka artificially masayendisiti. Muenzaniso kungava nyurusi (dhongi scion uye hachi) nemanyurusi (muchinjikwa pakati mbongoro uye bhiza).

Pari, pfungwa "rudzi" zvinosanganisira mhuka anopfuura mamiriyoni 1 uye zvinomera, pasingaverengwi avo vasati kudzidza. Gore negore nhamba iyi kunowedzera nokukurumidza sezvo kugara kuvhura kasvisto itsva uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka.

Mhando yacho mhenyu

Saka, chokwadi, mutsa - kuva yakafanana vanhu nokuda basa, maitiro, mukuru maitiro, chitarisiko uye nezvimwe zvivako yakananga kuti chirimwa kana mhuka.

Paumbwe pfungwa vakatanga pedyo XVII remakore. Panguva iyoyo zvakanga nechakare wandei vamiririri zvipenyu zvakakwana. Asi apo pfungwa "rudzi" raishandiswa senzira seboka zita (gorosi, pomuouki, oats, imbwa, gava, rarira, uye Tit t. N.). Kudzidza zvakawanda zvinenge akaonekwa kuitira okuremekedza uye dzidzo akanyatsorongwa. Muna 1735 sokuti basa Linnaeus, rakamwisa chinjei. Pedyo pamwechete Vamiririri vakaunganidzwa mwana, uye yokupedzisira vakanga vakakamurwa kuva mapoka nemapoka. By kuguma XVIII remakore vaitungamirira zvipenyu zvenyika vakatsiva urongwa izvi sezvo inokosha.

Long zvinokwana kwemarudzi masayendisiti avharwa hurongwa. Pakuvamba, pasi apa okuti inoreva kuti hazvibviri tama majini kubva mumwe muviri mumwe (inopiwa kuva zvakasiyana anoita nyaya mhenyu). Kazhinji michinjikwa zvipenyu zvinowanika miti. Izvi zviri nyore bereka, kana chete nokuti pachavo anokwanisa "kutaura" majini pasina kupindira maoko evanhu. Ndokusaka kwemarudzi akapfuma saka zvirimwa.

Zvisinei, nhasi, munewo VaNefirimu zvemhuka, izvo kare ataurwa pamusoro. Vamwe vanokwanisa kubereka vana vavo (semuenzaniso, nhunzvi Leagrove taygonov uye yakaorera). Uye mamwe basa kwakadaro havasi dzinounzwa (chiri nyurusi uye hinny).

shiri

Shiri dzinonzi vertebrates mukirasi, tsika aizoonekawo minhenga. Kare, paiva shiri Moa, flightless vanozvarwa. Zvisinei, havana vagara yakatotsakatika, uye vazukuru vavo vanoonekwa kiivi.

Dzimwe vanokwanisa Zvisinei, vanobhururuka, dzakadai mhou uye PENGUIN vari kunyimwa basa iri.

Rwendo matongo akabvumira kuwana kuti madzitateguru shiri yakananga ndivo dinosaurs. Pane dzidziso, uye kuti zvichida akanga watch mhuka - zvenyika vamiririri chete kurarama ari Mesozoic yaitonga.

Nokuda kupatsanura pakati zvinenge zviri rakakamurwa dzomusango. Mumwe nemumwe matanho aya rakakamurwa mhuka. Shiri dzakasiyana nedzimwe nhengo kuvapo mhenyu nyaya mudanga unhani edentulous kuvhiringidzwa chaizvo nokuda kurema marangwanda (asi simba zvakakwana), 4-mukamuri mwoyo uye t. D.

vanhu

Vazhinji vanodavira kuti murume ndiye soro pavaipfuura shanduka mhuka. Zvisinei, mamwe masayendisiti, kutungamirira siyana zvinhu ndeyenhema nokusatya ichi. Neanthropines ndezvaJehovha mukirasi mhuka, uye kuti hurongwa primates.

Man somunhu rudzi anokwanisa anewo simba kukanganisa zvakatipoteredza. Zvisinei, kusiyana chikuru mumiririri mhuka munyika imwe, zvishoma dzakasimukira, ndiyo pamberi simba nenjere. Pamusana kwaari, akawana mhinduro dzemibvunzo yakawanda. Asi pfungwa kukura mhando rakanyatsojeka rwakaoma. In zvachose mamiriyoni 1,5 akapfuura, vanhu lifespan aiva nemakore anenge 20, asi vagari haana pfuura 500 zviuru.

umboo

Chero maitiro ane rudzi kunotanga mharidzo uchapupu nhengo imwe yakatarwa vanhu. Kune vanoverengeka izvi zvinodiwa:

• Morphological. Kunoitawo kuti kusiyanisa mumwe marudzi kubva neimwe, kufungisisa chete nechitarisiko chavo.
• Vasiri uye nemakemikari. Nemhaka iyi chokuratidza masayendisiti kugoverana siyana zvemakemikari zvivako uye mashandiro anoita vanhu.
• Geographic. Sign kunoratidza uko chinogona kutakura munhu kana mumwe chimiro, uyewo chaipo umo kuparadzirwa uye vemunyika panguva.
• Environmental. chokuratidza Izvi zvinoita kudzidza pamusoro kuedza kugadzirisa pasi, uyewo kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro kuti nzvimbo dzokugara mhando ndiyo yakakodzera kuti zvimwe zvinenge.
• Pamuviri. Anotaura nezve anonzi pamuviri zindoga. Tiri kutaura zvinhu kuchidzivisa kuchinjwa majini kunyange kufanana nevanhu.

Zviratidzo izvi ndiwo zvakafanana uye zvinokosha. Asi kunze pavo pane vamwe: ari chromosome bvunzo, uye zvichingodaro ..

Mumwe mhando ane mumwe nemagene hurongwa, izvo zvinozoita rakavharwa. Izvi zvinoratidza kutadza zvakasikwa kuberekesana pakati nhengo vanhu zvakasiyana.

Nokuti kuti chero mhuka (mienzaniso anopiwa munyaya) anoenderana okunze uye nezvimwewo, vanhu imwe nzvimbo wakaiswa vanoiswa. Vakabatana mune vemo.

Forms tiri rakakamurwa subspecies. Recent vakabatanidzwa mukuru nzvimbo kana dzezvakatipoteredza zvinhu.

Nzira kutaipa: morphological

Species dzinowanikwa features, airatidzwa chitarisiko. It morphological chinhu kunoita kuti batanidza kuva chete neboka neblizkorodstvennyh vanhu. Munhu wese, kunyange mwana muduku anogona kusiyanisa katsi kubva imbwa, zvakawanda mukuru - imbwa kubva gava, asi gava pakati gava pasina ruzivo zvakakodzera uchava zvakaoma kuparadzana.

Zvisinei, kuti morphological zvinodiwa hakusi nguva dzose, zviri zvakakwana gona. Munyika mune mhando yakanyanya yakafanana mumwe. Kana matambudziko akadaro, masayendisiti vakaunganidza zano uye wakanyatsotevera zvaisanganisira kuongorora dzichitaurwa vamiririri. Anongopinda howa haisi zvakajairika chaizvo, asi ivo vachiri ikoko, uye vanofanira kusiyaniswa. Nekuti zvimwe mhirizhonga achauya.

Cytogenetic uye samolecular-utachiona zviratidzo

Nokuti tsanangudzo chokuratidza ichi zvakafanira kuyeuka chikoro zvipenyu kosi. Mudzidzisi anotsanangura kuti mumiririri nomumwe ane rudzi ane dzakananga vanochengeta okutodza, yainzi karyotype. Related vanhu vane imwe yakarongeka, basa, nhamba, saizi zvivako chine magene. Zviri nemhaka chikamu ichi zvinogona kupatsanurwa kubva mumwe nokuda anonzi vomumhuri mhuka.

On voles muenzaniso anogona kuratidza kuti uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. vakasiyana mumwe. Zvakafanana mune 46 okutodza mune Eastern European uye Kyrgyz - 54 (zvinosiyana munyika nemamiriro STRUCTURAL chikwata) muna Transcaspian - 52.

Zvisinei, kunyange muchiitiko ichi, pane kunze. The zvinorondedzerwa Nzira haasi kunyanya yakarurama nguva dzose. Somuenzaniso, katsi yekare yakanga anawo karyotype, kunyange vaiva akasiyana marudzi.

pamuviri nevamwe

chikonzero Izvi zvinoratidza kuvapo imwe namahwindo nemagene hurongwa. chokuratidza ichi anofanira kunzwisiswa nemazvo. Vamiririri imwe mhando kubva vanhu siyana vanokwanisa hybridize nevanhu kubva neimwe uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa.. Nokuda kwaizvozvi Gene dzokai kuva akasiyana zvachose nzvimbo yokugara.

Dzokubereka voga kunoitika uyewo nokuda akasiyana Zvivako sikarudzi, hukuru uye mavara. Izvi zvinoshandawo kwete chete kune mhuka asiwo zvinomera. Zvakakosha kutarisa bhotani - "mutorwa" vakaramba mukume ruva stigmas uye kwete vakanzwisisa.

mazita kwemarudzi

All mazita zvipenyu zviri aumba pasi mukuru Zano uye, sezvo mutemo, zvakanyorwa Latin. Kuitira kusimbisa vamwe vamiririri, wakatorwa zvakajairika zita genus, chaiyo epithet uye ipapo pazviri.

Somuenzaniso vanogona kutaurwa Petasites fragrans kana Petasites fominii. Sezvinogona kuoneka, shoko rekutanga nguva dzose akanyorwa ane tsamba guru, uye wechipiri - kubva chinjikira. zita The Russian mutauro anoshandura se "Petasites fragrans" uye "butterbur Fomina," ukuwo.

The variability kwemarudzi

Chero mhando aigona magene chinja. It chingatsvakwa zvose wose kwevanhu uye kuva munhu. Kusiyanisa yokugara kushanduka uye nadzurudzo. Wokutanga uderedze kuchinja kwemajini uye okutodza, nokudaro kuchinja mureza karyotype hwemhuka. hazvibviri kugadzirisa nyaya iyi, uye muviri anogara naye nguva dzose. Nadzurudzo variability hazvirevi kukanganisa vana yemberi, sezvo haina chokuita kwemajini uye chromosome yakatarwa. Dambudziko rinowanikwa pasi pokudzora zvimwe zvinhu. Zvinofanira kubvisa pavo achangopera kuchinja kuchapera.

Genetic kuchinja uye nadzurudzo

Mumwe variability rakakamurwa marudzi anoverengeka. Nokuti masero matambudziko kuri mumashoko pezvakaitwa dzakadaro: kunotouraya uye magene akakura.

Nokuti nadzurudzo - mwero ari kuita. Pasi zvakaitwa izvi inomirira ambient ezvinhu pamusoro genotype, apo pane kuchinja-siyana ari karyotype. Kuri kuti muviri achaita zvinoenderana nayo, hazvina dambudziko huvepo harimuki.