The fuma iri kemisitiri - chii ichi? Properties kuti zvinhu. makirasi zvinhu

Mubvunzo mukuru kuti inoda kuziva mhinduro munhu zvakakodzera kunzwisisa mufananidzo kwenyika - kuti pfuma kwakadaro kemisitiri. Pfungwa iyi akaumba kunyange kuchikoro zera uye anorayira mwana kuti kukudziridzwa mberi. Kusvika kudzidza kemisitiri kunokosha kuwirirana nayo ive hwezuva nezuva sandara, hunobvumira kuona uye iripo kutsanangura siyana urongwa, tsanangudzo, zvivako, etc.

Zvinosuruvarisa nokuda asiri akanaka hurongwa dzidzo, vakawanda vari kurasikirwa zvimwe zvinokosha zvikuru. Pfungwa yokuti 'fuma mu kemisitiri "- munhu worudzii rapakona, vachinyatsoziva Absorção de Água kuti tsanangudzo iyi zvinopa munhu rworudyi kutanga muna nekutambira kukura mumunda rwokuzvarwa nesayenzi.

nezvekugadzirwa pfungwa

Asati kutamira kune pfungwa yamarudzi, zvakafanira kuti uone zvinhu nyaya kemisitiri. Basa - ndiko kuti zvakananga anoongorora kemisitiri yavo mose transformations, mamiriro nezvimwewo. In mukuru kunzwisisa nefuma - zvanzi chinoumba muviri.

Saka, chii chiri fuma iri kemisitiri? Tichafara kuumba kutsunga pedyo kuchinja kubva vakawanda pfungwa evasingatombonamati namakemikari. The fuma - ndiyo imwe mhando kwenyaya, hazvo ane guru kuti kuyerwa. maitiro ichi chinosiyanisa fuma nemamwe marudzi nyaya - munda risina guru (yemagetsi, rinobva, utachiona munda, etc.). Basa, zvinozoita - ndiko chinhu izvo isu zvakasikwa uye zvose tichigara.

Several mamwe maitiro yacho, zvikaonekwa, izvo zviri zvakananga - yatova nyaya kemisitiri. Zvinhu inoumbwa maatomu uye mamorekuru (vamwe ions), uye zvinoreva chero nefuma zvinosanganisira izvi nzira dzakabatana uye fuma.

Simple uye kunzwisisa nyaya

Pashure kugona garo rondedzero anogona zvakaitika ayo kunzwisisa. The zvinhu zvinouya siyana kwevari sangano, kuti zvose nyore uye kunzwisisa (kana kubatana) - iri weboka rokutanga kupinda makirasi zvinhu, kemisitiri ane zvizhinji unozotevera kuparadzana, yakadzama uye zvikuru kunzwisisa. kupatsanura ichi, kusiyana nevamwe vazhinji, ane miganhu zvachose kunotsanangurwa, kubatana nerimwe zvinogona zvakajeka anonzi mumwe mhando vashanduri oga.

Simple fuma iri Chemistry - remubatanidzwa rine maatomu imwe chete chinhu kubva periodic table. Kazhinji, izvi binary mamorekuru, i.e. rinoumbwa nezvimedu zviviri, zvakabatanidzwa nokuda covalent linkages nonpolar - inotungamirwa mukuru unshared Erekitironi peya. Saka, maatomu akafanana namakemikari chinhu zvakafanana electronegativity, kureva, kukwanisa kuramba zvinonyatsorehwa Erekitironi arambe achirema, saka haisi nekambani kuti chero vechikamu pakukurukurirana. Mienzaniso nyore zvinhu (nonmetals) - sehydrogen okisijeni, kuiisa chlorine, ayodhini, fluorine, senitrogen, sarufa, etc. Inoitwa kwemaatomu matatu morekuru rimwe fuma yakadai ozone, uye mumwe - zvose anokudzwa magasi (argon, xenon, nehelium, etc.). In nesimbi (magnesium, calcium, mhangura, etc.) pane yayo kubatana mhando - simbi, kunze nokuda socialization wakasununguka maerekitironi mukati simbi uye paumbwe mamorekuru sezvo kwakadaro hakuna kuchengetwa. Kana fuma nesimbi chinyorwa chine chete chiratidzo makemikari chinhu pasina chinhu maindex.

Simple fuma iri kemisitiri, mienzaniso iyo vakapiwa kumusoro, zviri vakasiyana Qualitative Kuronga zvakaoma. Chemicals maatomu dzakasiyana zvinhu zviri aumba kubva maviri kana kupfuura. Kwakadaro zvinhu vane polar covalent Ionic Muitiro unobatanidza mhando kana. Sezvo maatomu siyana dzakasiyana electronegativity, ipapo paumbwe zvinonyatsorehwa Erekitironi vaviri kunoitika wayo kuchinja kurutivi kupfuura electronegative Kufananidzira, iyo inosvitsa zvachose polarization yacho Morekuru. Ionic mhando - ichi chinhu yokunyanyisa yevaviri polar, Erekitironi hangaiwa kana kuchinjwa chose kune rimwe nokusungwa vechikamu ipapo maatomu (kana mapoka) vari dzikwanise ions. muganhu Clear, pane pakati mifananidzo iyi, Ionic chisungo inogona sokureva polar covalent zvikuru. Mienzaniso kunzwisisa yeimwe - mvura, jecha, girazi, munyu, oxides, etc.

zvinhu okunatsiridza

The zvinhu kunzi nyore, Chokwadi, kuva nedzimwe chinhu chiri hwokuzvarwa nahwo kuzvivako. Vamwe zvinhu vanogona kuumba rwakati nyore fuma. Zvisiri pachena zvose sezvo kuroorwa maatomu akafanana, asi quantitative akafanana, mamiriro uye zvivako zvinoshamisa kusiyanisa idzodzo akadaro. Nyaya iyi inonzi allotropes.

Okisijeni, sarufa, carbon nezvimwewo zvinhu vane akawanda allotropic okunatsiridza. Okisijeni - zviri O ₂ uye O _3, carbon inopa mhando ina zvinhu - carbyne, nedhaimani, graphite uye fullerenes morekuru rhombic sarufa, monoclinic nadzurudzo uye epurasitiki. nyaya nyore akadaro ari kemisitiri, mienzaniso izvo hakugumiri pamusoro apa, zviri rinokosha. Kunyanya, fullerenes rakashandiswa unyanzvi sezvo semiconductors, photoresists, yokuvirisa kuti kukura wedhaimondi mafirimu uye zvimwe zvinangwa uye mushonga ari antioxidant simba.

Chii chinoitika kune fuma?

Sekondi rikaitika uye kumativi kuchinja zvinhu. Chemistry anoongorora uye rinotsanangura kwemasayendisiti kuti ndiende Qualitative uye / kana quantitative zvachinja Kuronga kuita mamorekuru. In zvakafanana, interconnected zvinowanzoitika uye utano transformations izvo neshanduko chimiro, ruvara, zvinhu kana mamiriro aggregation inozivikanwa, uye mamwe maitiro.

Chemical mananara - ndiye zvakaitwa siyana Somuenzaniso, yeimwe pamusoro kuzvitsinhanisa, kupanana, kuwedzera, reversible, exothermic, redox, nezvimwewo, zvichienderana nokuchinja mune parameter mhindu. For mumuviri mananara dzinosanganisira: kwemvura, condensation, sublimation, nemukuparadzwa, kuoma nechando, zvemagetsi conductivity, etc. Kazhinji zvine mumwe Somuenzaniso, nemheni panguva dutu - ndiwo muviri chichiitwa, uye kusarudzwa pasi kwayo ozone - makemikari.

mumuviri ehupfumi

The fuma iri kemisitiri - ichi nyaya, izvo zvagara zvinowanika muchimiro zvimwe zvivako chaiko. Pamberi pavo, kusavapo, dhigirii uye kuchinyanya inogona afanotaura, sezvo nefuma haazvibati mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana uye tsanangura dzimwe kwemakemikari zvechadenga yeimwe. Somuenzaniso, mukuru Kubika tembiricha Organic yeimwe, mune riri sehydrogen, uye electronegative heteroatom (senitrogen, okisijeni, etc.) inoratidza kuti nefuma rinoratidza makemikari mhando mukukurukurirana akadai sehydrogen chokuedza. Nemhaka zivo chii zvinhu vane yakanakisisa kukwanisa kuitisa magetsi, waya uye waya joko akaita kubva dzimwe simbi.

mushonga ehupfumi

Kutangwa, kutsvakurudza uye kudzidza zvivako zviri mhiri mari iri paaivatambudza makemikari. The ehupfumi nyaya kubva nemaonero - ndiko zvavave interoperability. Zvimwe zvinhu zviri zvikuru kushingaira mupfungwa iyi, Somuenzaniso, simbi kana chimwe oxidants nezvimwe vanokudzwa (inert) magasi izvo pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu asingaiti kushanda sei. Chemical ehupfumi zvinogona kusashanda kana passivated kana zvakakodzera, dzimwe nguva hazvina chokuita chaiyo matambudziko uye vanoomerwa mune zvimwe zviitiko. Masayendisiti vanopedza maawa akawanda murabhoritari, kubudikidza kutongwa uye kukanganisa, pazvinangwa, uye dzimwe nguva havana kusvika kwavari. By kunosiyana parameters zvemhoteredzo (tembiricha, kumanikidzwa, etc.) kana kushandisa chaiwo yeimwe - catalysts kana FIs - zvinogona kukanganisa makemikari ehupfumi ose zvinhu, uye saka maitiro.

Kupatsanura pakati mishonga

Hwaro classifications zvose kuparadzana kupinda Organic uye inorganic yeimwe. Huru Organic maatomu akafanana - ndiko kabhoni, unobva nemumwe uye hydrogenic, carbon maatomu dzinoumba yeHydrocarbon marangwanda kuti pashure yazara nedzimwe maatomu (okisijeni, senitrogen, phosphorus, sarufa, halogens, nesimbi, uye vamwe), rinogumisa mu zvinogara kana mapazi, achiratidza napo siyana Organic yeimwe. To musi, sainzi anoziva mamiriyoni 20 yakadaro zvinhu. Nepo chicherwa yeimwe chete hafu yemiriyoni.

Nezvenyaya mumwe nomumwe, asi anewo zvakawanda zvakafanana zviri pamwe nemamwe ari zvivako, mamiriro uye akafanana, pamusoro hwaro ichi, pane ari muzvikwata zvisina tsarukano ari makirasi zvinhu. Chemistry ane mukuru azvipire systematization uye sangano, chinhu sainzi chaiwo.

Inorganics

1. Oxides - binary yeimwe pamwe okisijeni:

a) asidhi - kuburikidza kuita nemvura kupiwa asidhi;

b) huru - vaaisangana nemvura kupa hwaro.

2. acid - a fuma zvinosanganisira mumwe kana kupfuura protons uye rehydrogen asidhi vakasara.

3. zvigadziko (alkali) - umbwa mapoka rimwe kana kupfuura hydroxyl uye chakaumbwa atomu:

a) amphoteric hydroxides - kuratidza kuti zvivako uye acids uye zvigadziko.

4. munyu - mugumisiro wacho neutralization maitiro pakati asidhi uye alkali (chawo soluble), ine resimbi atomu rimwe kana kupfuura asidhi residues:

a) asidhi munyu - ane anion vakasara ane iine acid hwepurotoni mu murwiyo, mugumisiro kukwana dissociation of asidhi;

b) dzinokosha munyu - chokuita hydroxyl boka simbi, mugumisiro kukwana dissociation zvitsigiro.

Organic yeimwe

organics zvakasiyana-siyana zvikuru makirasi zvinhu, kwakadaro Vhoriyamu mashoko chinonetsa pakarepo kurangarira. The chikuru ndechokuti kuziva inokosha kupatsanurwa aliphatic uye cyclic yeimwe, carbocyclic uye heterocyclic, zvine uye unsaturated. Uyewo, Mahydrocarbon vane nomukaka dzakawanda umo kuchiiswa Atomu rehydrogen pamusoro halogen, okisijeni, senitrogen, uye zvimwe maatomu, uyewo dzichipfekeka mapoka.

The fuma iri kemisitiri - ndiyo nheyo suschestovanie. Nokuda makemikari kwetunhu murume nhasi ane vakawanda chakagadzirwa nezvinhu kuti kutsiva chaivo, uyewo yaikurumidza kuuraya zvisina kumboitika zvachiri zvakasikwa.