Kukosha ganda kuti muviri womunhu

Skin ndicho kwakatooma uye chinonyanya voluminous muviri womunhu. kukwanisa kurarama nayo anotamba inokosha basa, asi nekuti muviri chikuru STRUCTURAL maatomu akafanana. Kudzivirira, kuchengetedza kupisa uye mvura nechiyero, izvozvo inotsigira upenyu ezvinhu umo munhu anogara. Uye, chokwadi, handiyo chete kukosha ganda kumuviri. Chine mabasa akawanda, izvo zvinokosha kunzwisisa zvizere. Izvi zvinoda kudzokorora chikuru nemamiriro nedehwe rayo cellular sezvamunoita uye kushanda zvigadziriswe.

Basic muchidimbu mashandiro ganda

Pakati zhinji mashandiro anoita muviri, vazhinji vanogona chete kuzadzikwa aneganda. Kana uchiriona phylogenetic nemaonero, ari pachena mhedziso ndechokuti akasikwa kuti mvura mari mumuviri. Zvakange zvakafanira kuti zvinenge nyuchi munyika. Zvino phylogeny ganda kwayo akazviratidza zvikuru paya pane pachikero uye nezvombo, kwazvo kwazvo navo mukana wokushandiswa kuchinja kwezvakatipoteredza, asi achiri achiita zvinhu mabasa. Pakati pavo:

• mutemo tembiricha muviri;

• unodzivirira (mupingo);

• Yokudzora (vanobatanidzwa mumvura uye electrolyte Exchange);

• mari (ropa anoshanda senzvimbo dhipoziti);

• metabolic uye kwemakemikari anobudiswa;

• Kanotokonya;

• zvirwere;

• excretory.

Yekunwa zvinhu zvinokosha zvikuru, nokuti inotsigira kushanda nenhengo dzawo. Uye ichi ndicho ganda kuti muviri: zviri kukonzera kudyidzana pamwe zvakatipoteredza, asi panguva imwe chete anodzivirira kubva zvinokuvadza zvinokonzerwa. Zvinotora mvura kubva muviri, asi "monitors" kuti tembiricha wayo haana kubviswa kupfuura ivo vanofanira. Mune dzimwe Utachiona, ganda iri mumabasa gasi mukutsinhana, kuridza basa zvimwe chiedza. Muvanhu, basa iri - nokuda kunzwisisa ayo nemamiriro kufema ino - akarasika.

Structural zviri ganda

The yakaoma inodzidzisa "Isu uye nyika" iri "kukosha ganda kuti muviri" (Grade 4) anopa mashoko pamusoro wayo chivako. Zvinhu Tutorial ichi vakatorwa kubva mumabhuku pamusoro histology uye physiology ganda. Vanopa uwane ruzivo nemamiriro chokunze muviri butiro masero zvinobatanidzwa ayo inotungamirwa, uye sei ivo kuita.

The Morphology ganda chinosanganisira matatu akaturikidzana; asi Epiderme e (chapamusoro), kuti dermis (papillary rukoko uye reticular) uye mafuta tishu. The yokupedzisira ndiyo inonyanya zvikuru. Ava vatatu akaturikidzana uye achinje pechifukidziro yedu. Mugore subcutaneous zvinyama hwapedyo adipose rinenge metabolic shanda anoita.

Munguva dermis rakaronga utachiona ganda nharaunda, tsinga uye harinzwi tsinga (receptors). Zvapedzisira vanokwanisa kuziva zvinoitwa nharaunda nako nokudyidzana chaiko. Also riri dermis kuguma zvikamu ziya omumuviri uye bvudzi vakagadzirira pamwe musaga mafuta.

Epiderme e - ndiwo muduku kushingaira chikamu, nokuti chete anoita unodzivirira ushande. Zvisinei, ganda kukuru nokuda muviri, uye nokuda kwake, nokuti pasina kudzivirira muviri munhu pakarepo pachena kuti zvinhu zvizhinji, kusanganisira mumuviri, zvoutachiona uye makemikari zvinhu. Kunyange nyore nefivha, kana pane oscillation yaro kuwanda 10 madhigirii kuti kutiparadza, kana kwete pamberi multi-rukoko yacho Epiderme e.

Basa ganda vari thermoregulation

The chikuru kukosha ganda pakuitika thermoregulation chakaoma. Zvinonzi muviri uyu thermoreceptors kuburikidza zvinogona kuona anofungidzirwa ambient tembiricha. Mashoko aya, murau kwacho kunoitika muna tembiricha muviri. Mumamiriro ezvinhu umo mumuviri svikiro parameters kupfuudza, muviri zvinosanganisira urongwa vangadikitira uye ganda vascular kuwedzera loop. Nokuda kwaizvozvo, zvinonzi dzaserera, uye kuvapo ezvinhu akadaro anova vasununguka.

Mumamiriro ezvinhu umo tembiricha muviri pazasi rinotsanangura ganda, bhasikoro chando receptors. Ndivo vanenge 5-6 nguva kupfuura kupisa receptors. Ipapo muitiro atanga achidzikisa kupisa kuchinjirwa kuburikidza yakamanikana midziyo uye kuderedza ganda pamusoro (hanzi nyama). Mukuwedzera, pezvakaitwa vari kunowedzera lipid kugaya ari zvinyama unobvumira kugadzirwa mamwe kupisa ushamwari muviri uye kuchengetedza rutsigiro upenyu.

unodzivirira basa

Zvisinei, thermoregulation - ichi hachisi chete chinokosha paganda dzemuviri. Zvakafanana rinokosha dziviriro kwete chete pamusoro kupisa nokutonhora, asiwo zvimwe kwemakemikari, panyama uye utachiona hunhu. The chikuru basa chipingamupinyi (unodzivirira) Zvaiitwa ndohwaJehovha Epiderme e. lipophilic maumbirwo awo ichikutadzisa ari percutaneous chokuendesa zvinhu, vanokwanisa kukurumidza mumvura.

Uyewo paiva epidermal masero anotidzivirira zvemaziso zvikonzero - kupwanya, kuboora, okurwadzisa. The Epiderme e zvakaoma zvikuru kupfuura dermis uye mafuta, uye saka chero migumisiro izvi zvaizokonzera zvakakomba kukuvadza, kwete kana kuti rukoko pamusoro pemvura.

Zvinokoshawo ndezvokuti ndiye kudzivirira ionizing nemwaranzi, zvichida iri-refu chinozunguzirwa svikiro uye vakaderera maitikiro. Kunyanya, ganda dziviriro zvakanaka kubva ultraviolet nemwaranzi, asi haagoni kudzivirira muviri kubva wegamma-ray quanta. Hazvishamisi, sezvo yokupedzisira vanokwanisa kupinda kuburikidza chesamende masvingo. Asi kunyange kuvapo kudzivirira Nyuturoni nemwaranzi kubva Arifa nezvimedu uye ultraviolet nemwaranzi kubva yekudyidzana kunowedzera upenyu murume.

Uye nekuti kwete chete zvinhu wenyama anogona kuuraya muviri wedu, tinofanira kuva kudzivirira utachiona vavengi. Vane saprophytic utachiona, nemavhairasi, notumwe uye protists. Vose zvavo kuburikidza ganda anogona pinda uye nyuchi Ukobvu chete notumwe. Uye chete nokuda matavi dzavo mycelium uye vakapinda magwanza pakati epidermal chikero, vanoswerera mavari. Asi utachiona uye mavhairasi Epiderme e zvakasimba anodzivirira muviri uye ganda kunokosha kuti muviri womunhu anorondedzera muchidimbu zvose kwemasayendisiti kuchinjira kumamiriro dzezvakatipoteredza zvinhu.

Water uye electrolyte murau

ganda Great kunokosha kuti muviri uye mutemo Urume uye electrolyte mwero. Chii zvinoitwa voga kuti yavaibvisa, mvura uye chloride ions mu ziya. Uyewo, mura ichi chinobviswa uye zvimwe zvine chepfu ane acidic hunhu. Izvi zvinoita kunakidza zvingangoitika muviri, izvo dzaserera nokuda warwo zvokunwa.

The omuzvarirwo pamusoro kwemvura kwacho sezvinotevera: kutanga kuburikidza ziya shwanu mvura yabudiswa. Sezvo ganda ziya runopwa, nokudaro kutonhora nayo. In kwemvura uku chinokonzera kurasikirwa kinetic simba mvura mamorekuru. Somugumisiro, ganda tembiricha ipfupi zvishoma. Nenzira, zvipenyu muitiro hakusi zvakabatsirawo kutonhora muviri mumamiriro ezvinhu umo dzakapoteredza inopisa kwezvakatipoteredza (semuenzaniso mu bhati).

Kuiisa ropa basa

The dermis chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru uye kunzwisisa vascular network. Muchiitiko chino, pane vatatu chete: maviri arteries uye mumwe venous. Uyezve, ganda iri rakafara capillaries umo ropa inogona parumananzombe. Izvi zvinobvumira kuti kuchengeta imwe yayo kuti kushushikana kusunungura uye kudzokera muropa kuti gasi mukutsinhana panguva vasiri kuita.

Just midziyo ganda anogona panguva kuunganidza kusvika 15% yose vhoriyamu ropa, iro dzichichinja kuitira kudzivirira sludge uye thrombus inotungamirwa. Kamwe svika humoral chiratidzo kuti arterioles muviri uchida richikura uye vakaiisa huchiitwa nokuda pamusoro-pachikumbaridzo kushushikana, ropa kubva capillaries kunyika systemic riparadzirwe. The muviri somugumisiro ichi kuchaita kuti kutsungirira uye simba. Uye sezvo kakawanda anoponesa upenyu mune chiitiko nengozi, kukosha ganda kuti muviri panyaya iyi nyore kwazvo.

Kwemakemikari anobudiswa uye metabolic shanda

Subcutaneous mafuta - mafuta okuchengetera nenyere. Last vapera zvishoma kupa negadziriro yeparutivi simba zvinodiwa. Imhaka yokuti mafuta rinenge anotorwa muviri rekupedzisira Iyewo, saka kuderedza uremu saka zvakaoma. Zvisinei, zvino, zvinokosha kuti ganda kwevanhu - kwete chinhu chikuru. Zvikuru kukosha kwemakemikari anobudiswa basa, kureva murau nenzara uye mukaguta.

Adipose zvinyama zviri subcutaneous zvinyama simba shwanu anokwanisa kwokusunungura zvinhu inodzora mukaguta. Uye kunzwa nzara, "akadaro" padanho shuga muropa. Kamwe rikawira, pane nzara. Sezvo saturation nayo hwakaipa nokuda mahormone kubva adipose zvinyama, iro "taurira" kuti zvokudya rirege kupedzwa zvakawanda.

Kanotokonya kushanda ganda

Kukurukura nyaya "Kukosha ganda kuti muviri" (zvidzidzo 4th chikoro giredhi izvozvo), hazvibviri kusateerera Kanotokonya ishande. It - chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha, nokuti kunoita kuti vawane ruzivo pamusoro kwezvakatipoteredza. Leather kuburikidza receptors anosarudza kudziya svikiro, kuti arambe achirema vamwe zvinhu, mwando, pose unaku nezvimwe morphological parameters.

Kunyange marwadzo receptors iri paganda kuti inotidzivirira kubva kuwana chikuru kukuvara. Uye kuti kurwadziwa ndiye "Gwaro" utano hwevanhu.

Excretory kushanda ganda

The ganda nokuda pamberi ziya mumasero anokwanisa excrete metabolic zvigadzirwa. Kazhinji, izvi yakakwirira samolecular uremu lipophilic zvinhu kana hydrophilic mamorekuru diki ane asidhi kuita. Chokutanga ndivo mapuroteni uye mafuta kuti zvinodiwa chokubata vhudzi, mu girobhu racho iro chinozarura mutsinga dzinofamba nemukaka sebaceous mumasero.

The fuma wechipiri (yakaderera samolecular uremu) kuwa pano zvakananga kubva ropa uye dziri nechepamusoro mushure. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti excretory kushanda ganda zviri pachena chirwere chakafanana gout. With kukura ropa rake yekudyidzana yakawanda uric acid, inova goho pashure kuburikidza ganda dziri crystals.

Mumwe muenzaniso uri zvinosuruvarisa kukwana. Rinobatanidzwa achiedza excretion kuti bile acids vari chiropa parenchymal maronda. Asi zvakadaro, ganda iri zvikuru zvikuru upenyu nhengo, nekuti zvinobatsira waidzora kupanana chepfu uye ngozi zvinhu. Uye ichi ndicho chimwe chezvinhu upenyu-rutsigiro zvigadziriswe.

masoja basa

Bvumiranai zvikuru nokuda ganda womunhu muviri. Pictures chokuita akabatana se yokufananidzira zvinhu kuratidza chii kunzwisisa maumbirwo edu ane yokunze pabutiro. Zvakaoma kufungidzira, asi ikoko kuitika zvirwere mhinduro zvinokosha kudzivirira muviri wose. Uye kwete kuchengetedza pamusoro zvokunze vavengi uye zvinhu, kubva utachiona vakapinda zvemukati kwezvakatipoteredza. Uye basa iri rakatangwa pachishandiswa neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages uye lymphocytes.

Uyewo chipo paganda Langerhans masero uye basophils. Ivo waidzora vemo unodzivirira zvirwere mhinduro uye vanobatanidzwa mune antigen mharidzo yeplasma masero. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti masoja kushanda ganda riri yairevererwa uye mumwe mashandiro inokosha inofanira sechinoitika metabolic. chifukidzo yedu dzokunze nzvimbo kwetunhu kunokosha kuti kukura masoja emuviri uye marangwanda yevanhu provitamin D.

Mune ramangwana, ichava padanho Mabatirwo itsvo uye kuchazviita kwayo ushande. Zvisinei, nzvimbo yaro inotungamirwa ndiyo ganda. Pano, achifuridzirwa ultraviolet chiedza, shoma ganda achiri vachinyatsoongorora ichipfuura pacharo, anoberekwa fuma iyi. Uye kukosha kwayo kuti kukura guru marangwanda. A basa nokuti ganda yose muviri kunyange zvakawanda kwazvo.