Kemikari, muviri wezvinhu

Kusvika iye zvino, kune mamiriyoni maviri emamiriyoni akasiyana-siyana ezvisikwa zvakasikwa uye munhu akagadzirwa. Zvose zvavo zvakasiyana kwazvo, dzimwe dzadzo dzisingabviri kunobatanidzwa muzvigadzirwa zvehupenyu zvinowanikwa mune zvisikwa zvipenyu. Mishonga inopesana kubva kune imwe muzvinhu zvezvinhu. Unhu uye chimwe chinhu chinotibvumira kuziva ichi kana icho chemakemikari, tichakurukura zvakare.

Chii chakakosha?

Kana tikatsanangura chirevo ichi, saka tinofanira kufananidzira kubatana kwayo nemitumbi. Mushure mezvose, nyaya inofungidzirwa kuti ndiyo chaizvo iyo miviri iyi inosanganisira. Saka, girazi, simbi, sarufa, matanda zvinhu. Mienzaniso inogona kupiwa nekusingaperi. Zviri nyore kunzwisisa zvinotevera: izwi iri pasi pekufungidzira rinoreva zvose zvakasiyana-siyana munyika yenyika dzakasiyana-siyana dzemakemikari, uyewo nyore monatomic particles.

Nokudaro, mvura, doro, acids, alkalis, mapuroteni, makhahydrates, munyu, shuga, jecha, ivhu, dhamondi, gasi nezvimwewo zvose zvinhu. Mienzaniso inobvumira zvakajeka kunzwisisa zvakakosha zveyi pfungwa.

Muviri wenyama chibereko chinosikwa nemasikirwo kana munhu pamusana pemiti yakasiyana-siyana. Semuenzaniso, girazi muviri unoumba girasi, uye pepa inonzi muviri unobatwa cellulose kana huni.

Ichokwadi, dzose mamolekyu dzakasiyana. Chinoenderana nekusiyana kwavo kunonzi maitiro avo - muviri, organoleptic uye makemikari. Ivo vakagadziriswa nenzira dzezvidimbu nzira, iyo imwe nesayenzi ine yega. Izvi zvinogona kuva mashematical, analytical, experimental, instrument instrument, nezvimwe zvakawanda zvakasiyana kwazvo. Semuenzaniso, sayenzi yemakemikari inoshandisa reagent yake yega yega, kana kuti, panzvimbo yayo. Iyo yakasarudzwa pachishandiswa chimiro chema molecule uye kufanotaura kwemakemikari zvinhu. Zvadaro zvinoongororwa zvakaongororwa, zvinosimbiswa uye zvakagadzirirwa muzvidzidzo zvedzidzo.

Urongwa hwezvinhu

Chikonzero chekuparadzanisa makemikari mumapoka chinogona kuiswa zvinhu zvakawanda zvakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, huwandu hwehurumende. Zvose zvingave pane chinhu ichi chemarudzi mana:

• Plasma;
• Gesi;
• Liquid;
• Crystalline substance (yakasimba).

Kana tikatora sechikonzero chechiratidzo che "chikati", ipapo zvinhu zvose zvinogona kugoverwa mu:

• Organic - chikonzero cheketani uye maitiro eakoni nemaatomu ehydrojeni;
• Inorganic - zvose zvakasara.

Pamusoro pezvakanyorwa, izvo zvinoratidza maitiro ezvinhu, zvose ndezvi:

• Zviri nyore - kubva kune rumwe rudzi rweakemikari atomu;
• Complex - zviviri kana kupfuura zvakasiyana siyana zvezvinhu.

Nekudaro, zviri nyore zvakakamurwa kuva zvigadzirwa uye zvisina zvimedu. Zvikwangwani zvine makirasi akawanda: saliti, zvigadziko, acid, oxidhi, esters, hydrocarbons, alcohols, nucleic acids nezvimwewo.

Mhando dzakasiyana dzemakemikari mafomu

Ndezvipi zvinoonekwa, izvo zvinoreva, kuratidzwa kwakajeka kwekubatana? Zvechokwadi, izvi ndezvenzira yezvinhu. Ivo vakasiyana. Zvichienderana nemhando yemashoko ari mukati mavo, ruzivo rwema molecule rwakasiyanawo. Saka, pane zvimwe zvingasarudzwa:

1. Empirical, kana molecule. Inoratidza huwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwezvinhu. Inosanganisira zviratidzo zvezvikamu zvinoshandiswa uye zvinyorwa muzasi yekona yakasara, kuratidza huwandu hweatomu inopa mu molecule. Somuenzaniso, H ₂ O, Na ₂ SO ₄ , AL ₂ (SO ₄ ) ₃ .
2. Electron-graphic. Nzira yakadaro inoratidza nhamba yemagetsi epa valence kune chimwe chinhu chiri muchikamu. Nokudaro, maererano neshanduro iyi, inenge yakakwanika kufanotaura zvimwe zvemakemikari uye zvemuviri zvezvinhu .
3. Muzvigadzirwa zvehupenyu, inowanzo kushandisa zvizere uye zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvemaitiro. Vanoratidza kurongeka kwekusungwa kweatomu mumamolekoro, mukuwedzera, zvinoratidza zvakajeka kuve kwechimwe chinhu kune rimwe boka rezvikamu. Uye izvi zvinotibvumira kuti tinyatsoronga rudzi rwakasiyana rwema molecule uye tigofananidza zvese zvayo maitiro.

Nokudaro, zviratidzo zvemakemikari uye zvakanyatsogadziwa mavara emishonga ndiyo chikamu chakakosha chekushanda nezvinhu zvose zvinozivikanwa. Iyi ndiyo nheyo yekudzidzisa kuti mwana wechikoro anodzidza chemistry anofanira kuziva.

Physical properties

Chinhu chakakosha zvikuru chimiro chezvinhu zvezvinhu. Chii chiri pamusoro peboka iri?

1. Sangano rehurumende pasi pemamiriro akasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira mamiriro ezvinhu akadai.
2. Kuchena kwebiya, kunyauka, kusviba, kubuda.
3. Organoleptic maitiro: ruvara, kunhuwa, kuravira.
4. Simba mumvura uye zvimwe zvinokonzera (organic, somuenzaniso).
5. Kuwandisa uye kusvibiswa, kutaridzika.
6. Magetsi uye kutema conductivity, kupisa simba.
7. Electrical permeability.
8. Radioactivity.
9. Kubvisa uye kubuda.
10. Inductance.

Panewo huwandu hwezviratidzo hunokosha kwazvo pane urongwa hwakakwana hunoratidza zvinhu zvezvinhu. Zvisinei, iyo iri pakati penyama uye makemikari. Izvi ndezvi:

• Electrode potential ;
• Rudzi rwekriststal lattice;
• Electronegativity;
• Dambudziko uye brittleness;
• Ductility uye ductility;
• Kuratidzira kana kusagadzikana;
• Zvisikwa zvipenyu kune zvisikwa zvipenyu (zvine uturu, zvinopisa simba, zvinotyisa-zvirema, zvematongerwo enyika, zvakanaka, nezvimwewo).

Kazhinji, zviratidzo izvi zvinotaurwa zvakananga apo makemikari ezvinhu zvezvinhu zvave atoonekwa. Zvisinei, unogona kuzvitsanangura muchikamu chemuviri, icho chisingazove chisina kukanganisa.

Makemikari zvinhu zvezvinhu

Iri boka rinosanganisira zvose zvinogona kuitika zvekubatana kwema molecule ari mubvunzo nemamwe zvinhu zviri nyore uye akaoma. Ichocho ndechokuti, inoshandiswa zvakananga pamakemikari. Kune rumwe rudzi rwekubatana, ivo vakanyatsotaura. Zvisinei, boka revanhu vazhinji rinoratidzika kune boka rose rezvinhu.

Semuenzaniso, vose acid vanogona kuita nesimbi maererano nechinzvimbo chavo mune electrochemical tsvina yesimbi. Uyewo nokuda kwekusarudzwa kwose kwekusagadzikana nea alkalis, kusangana ne insoluble zvigaro zvinoratidza. Zvisinei, kuisa sulfuric uye nitric acids zvakakosha, sezvo zvigadzirwa zvekubatana kwavo nesimbi zvakasiyana kubva kune izvo zvakawanikwa semugumisiro wezvinoitika nevamwe vamiririri vekirasi.

Iko kune maitiro akawanda emakemikari emhando imwe neimwe. Nhamba yavo inotsanangurwa nebasa rekombundi, ndiko kuti, kukwanisa kuita nezvimwe zvikamu. Iko kune zvakanyanya kugadzirisa, pane inenge inert. Ichi ndicho chiratidzo chinonyatsoratidza.

Zvinhu zvakajeka

Izvi zvinosanganisira izvo zvinoumba imwe yemaatomu, asi emhando dzakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, S _8, O _2, O _3, Au, N _2, P _4, CL _2, Ar, nevamwe.

Mikemikari yezvinhu zvisiri nyore yakaderedzwa kusvika pakubatana na:

• Metals;
• Nonmetals;
• Mvura;
• Acids;
• Alkalis uye amphoteric hydroxides;
• Organic compounds;
• Salt;
• Oxides;
• Peroxides uye anhydrides uye mamwe mamolekoro.

Zvakare, zvinofanira kurehwa kuti ichi ndicho chimiro chaicho chezvimwe zviitiko. Nokudaro, chimiro chemakemikari yezvinhu zvisiri nyore zvinofungidzirwa pachavo.

Zvinhu zvakaoma

Iri boka rinosanganisira makemikisi akadaro, mamolekemu ayo anogadzirwa nemaviri kana kupfuura akawanda akasiyana-siyana emakemikari. Nhamba yeumwe neumwe wavo inogona kunge yakasiyana. Nokunzwisisa, heano mimwe mienzaniso shoma shoma:

• H ₃ PO ₄ ;
• K ₃ [Fe (CN) ₆ ];
• Cu (OH) ₂ ;
• LiF;
• AL ₂ O ₃ nevamwe.

Sezvo vose vari vezvikwata zvakasiyana zvezvinhu, hazvibviri kusarudza huwandu hwemagetsi nemakemikari kune vose. Izvi ndezvimwe zvinhu, zvakasiyana uye munhu mumwe nomumwe pane imwe nyaya.

Inorganic substances

Nokuti nhasi pane kune zviuru zvinopfuura mazana mashanu. Izvo zvose zviri nyore uye zvakaoma. Pakazara, pane zvikamu zvakasiyana- siyana zvidzidzo zvemakemikari asingaenzaniswi izvo zvinomirira zvese zvakasiyana.

1. Zvinhu zviri nyore zvinhu zvesimbi.
2. Oxides.
3. Zvinhu zvakajeka hazvisi zvesirivha.
4. Yakanaka kana inert gases.
5. Peroxides.
6. Anhydrides.
7. Dzakachena hydrogen makemikari.
8. Hydrides.
9. Munyu.
10. Acids.
11. Grounds.
12. Amphoteric connections.

Chero mumiririri wega rimwe remakirasi ane zvigadziro zvake zve physico-makemikari zvinhu zvinoita kuti zvikwanisike kusiyanisa pakati pemamwe mapurisa uye kuti azvione.

Properties of organic substances

Organic ibasa remakemikari rinobatana nekudzidza kwemakemikari kunze kwemasanganiswa ezvinyorwa uye maitiro avo. Pamwoyo yezvakagadzirirwa zvinokonzera carbon atom, inogona kuwirirana kune zvivako zvakasiyana-siyana:

• Mutsara uye mabhaketani emaketani;
• Cycles;
• Anonta zvindori;
• Heterocycles.

Zvisikwa zvipenyu zvinoumbwa nemakemikisi akadaro, nokuti hwaro hwehupenyu hune mapuroteni, mafuta uye makhahydrates. Vose zvavo vamiririri vezvinhu zvakasikwa. Nokudaro, zvinhu zvavo zvakakosha. Zvisinei, chero zvakadaro, pasinei nokuti mamolekemu inobatanidzwa sei, icharamba ichitaridzwa nedzimwe sangano re physico-chemicals, izvo zvatatotaura kare.

Chii chinonzi chipenyu?

Chinhu chinorarama ndicho chinhu chinobva kune izvo zvipenyu zvose zvepasi redu zvakanyorwa. Ndiko kuti, zvipenyu izvo zvinoumba hupenyu mazviri:

• Mabhakitiriya uye mavairasi;
• Protozoa;
• Zvirimwa;
• Animals;
• Mushroom;
• Vanhu.

Sezvo chikamu chikuru chemakemikari muhutano hwehupenyu huri hupenyu, ndeavo vanogona kuverengerwa neboka rehupenyu huripo. Zvisinei, kwete vose. Vaya chete vasina izvo kuvepo kwevamiririri vehupenyu hupenyu husingaiti. Aya ndiwo mapuroteni, nucleic acids, mahomoni, mavitamini, mafuta, makhahydrates, amino acids nezvimwe. Izwi rokuti "nhau mhenyu" yakatangwa naVernadsky, muvambi wenheyo ye biosphere yenyika.

Nzvimbo dzezvinhu zvipenyu:

• Kuwana simba rine mikana yekuchinja kwayo;
• Kuzvidzora;
• Kutenderera kwekuzvidira;
• Kusiyana kwemarudzi;
• Kusiyana kwakasiyana-siyana.

Mvere uye metallic zvinhu

Mheremhere inoreva mishonga yose ine rumwe rutivi rwehutano hwepatial lattice. Kune mishonga ine atomiki, molecular kana metallic crystal lattice. Zvichienderana nemhando, zvinhu zve crystalline zvinhu zvakare zvakasiyana . Zvimwe zvinokonzerwa nemakemikari ane chimiro chekristin chakanaka kana chakakoshwa-marinha yakasiyana-siyana.

Panewo zvinhu zvisiri nyore zvine hurongwa hwakafanana, somuenzaniso, diamond kana graphite, mabwe anokosha uye masiprecious, minerals, matombo. Zvinhu zvakanyanya zvavari:

• Kuoma;
• Fragility;
• Avhareji mapeji anonyunguduka uye anodhira.

Zvisinei, sekugara, chimiro chega chega hachikwanisi kukodzera munhu wose.

Metallic properties yezvinhu zvakaratidzwa nesimbi, zvinyorwa zvavo. Kwavari, unogona kusarudza sarudzo dzakafanana:

• Ductility uye ductility;
• Kudhirira kwepamusoro, kunyorera;
• Electri uye thermal conductivity;
• Metallic sheen.