Zvaita? Ndezvipi makirasi zvinhu. Musiyano pakati Organic uye inorganic zvinhu

In upenyu takapoteredzwa zvakasiyana miviri uye zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, muna kwakavakirwa nepahwindo, musuo, tafura, rambi, mukombe, mumugwagwa - Car motokari, Asphalt. muviri kana zvinhu rinoumbwa nyaya. Nyaya iyi ichakurukurwa kuti pfuma yakadaro.

Chii kemesitiri?

Izvi sainzi dzinongoitika kuti vanodzidza Organic uye inorganic zvinhu, mamiriro avo, zvivako uye kutendeuka kupinda nemakemikari. Chemistry ndohwaJehovha mumwe dzakafara nzvimbo dzinongoitika sayenzi yave vachidzidza aiita pakati mamorekuru uye maatomu. Rinopa pfungwa zvakajeka chii chiri fuma, uye ari pedyo pedyo chaizvo rwakabatana wefizikisi uye zvipenyu, uye saka rinoreva sayenzi yepanyama.

Kukosha kemisitiri muupenyu hwevanhu

Zvicherwa, zvipenyu, matombo uye mhepo rinoumbwa akasiyana ratios zvakafanana zvinhu. Musiyano mukuru pakati zvinhu zvipenyu nezvisiri zvipenyu hunhu umo mamorekuru aumba kubva zvimwe zvine maatomu akafanana. Critical zvokurarama nazvo zviri biosphere yedu ichava kutenderera kwemakemikari zvinhu.

upenyu hwomunhu hazvibviri pasina maindasitiri zvigadzirwa (zvokudya, mavhitaminzi, mishonga, zvizorwa zvinhu, chakaita zvokugadzirwa fibers, zvokuvakisa, akasiyana-siyana pendi uye varnishes, fertilizer nezvimwe zvizhinji).

Mamorekuru uye maatomu

Chero fuma anoumbwa nezvimedu vashomashoma anonzi mamorekuru (kubva muchiLatin - vakawanda). mamorekuru All ine zvakawanda nemaziso nezvimedu - maatomu, kana kuti, pamusoro cores ayo yakapoteredzwa dzomukati dzokunze maerekitironi achiumba makemikari zvisungo. Maatomu vane imwe uremu, uye saka Zvinoumba nyaya dzose. Main zviri nemamiriro Morekuru kwakawanikwa mukati kutsvakurudza nemakemikari, kuongorora makemikari uye kushandisa muviri nzira. Maatomu ari mamorekuru zvakabatana nemakemikari zvisungo. Nemaziso inoramba iri morekuru kunogona zvose zvakanaka nezvakaipa mhosva.

Pfungwa fuma

Chii chaitika? Fuma iri kuonekwa kuti acho ose mitumbi uye zvinhu zviri dzakapoteredza mamiriro. Chero fuma ine Morekuru uye morekuru, akavapindurawo, vari maatomu. Somuenzaniso, imwe simbi chipikiri richava muviri, uye simbi - fuma. Chero zvinhu vane imwe yakatarwa mumuviri uye namakemikari zvivako.

Unhu Zvokunyama dzinosanganisira unhu kuti kusiyanisa mumwe kubva zvimwe zvinhu. Idzi dzinosanganisira: panyama mamiriro, arambe achirema, solubility, ruvara, kubwinya, tembiricha (Kubika kana utsotso pfungwa), zvemagetsi conductivity.

Chemical Properties - Properties zvinhu sei uye tichiratidza vakazvipfigiramo nemakemikari pezvakaitwa (siyana).

The chinhu ndiko kuzozivisa kemisitiri kuti mumuviri uye namakemikari zvivako zviri pfuma.

dzakasiyana-siyana zvinhu

Pane boka zvinhu kuti Kune nyore uye zvakaoma kunzwisisa. By kungoti zvinosanganisira zvinhu kuti ine maatomu akafanana makemikari maatomu akafanana. Somuenzaniso, mamorekuru ose inert magasi (neon, argon, okisijeni, bromine, ayodhini). K kunzwisisa zvinosanganisira zvinhu zvose izvo dzisingadi nokuda kubatana kwemaatomu siyana (mvura, munyu, carbon dioxide, potassium permanganate, sucrose). Active zvinhu - zvinhu zviri makemikari maitiro inokwanisa kuderedza pamusoro makakatanwa ari wevasungwa pamusoro pemvura.

Organic zvinhu

chikamu ichi zvinosanganisira zvinhu zvose ane sezvamunoita zvinosanganisira kabhoni. An Kusara ndivo carbides, carbon oxides, carbonates uye cyanides uye kabhoni chine magasi.

Morekuru zvinhu zviri saccharides rinoumbwa nezvinhu zvitatu, uye ndiko kwainyanya simba kuti zvipenyu. Monosaccharide - remubatanidzwa pasina achirapwa crystallization. Oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose) panofanira vaviri, vatatu kana vana mamorekuru kuti monosaccharides. Achiona crystallization. Polysaccharides (glycogen, starch, Araban, xylans) nyama kunaka uye regai mudutu mvura. basa chavainyanya - kujoina, chokuedza uye nokusungwa masero. Kuva boka lipid yeimwe aripo zvipenyu masero ose. Vanotarisa nyore kabhoni nengetani kana residues kuti cyclic mamorekuru. Akakamurwa mafuta (triglycerides uye kusatsigira) uye lipids. Zviri esters zvakaoma. Mafuta acids (stearic, ricin) vari kuwanikwa zvipenyu. Lipids - mafuta-zvakadai zvinokuvadza zvinokosha nokuda maumbirwo kwavo. Zvinoumba zvakajeka vaifarira fibers. By makemikari zviri kushingaira utachiona pezvakaitwa accelerators mapuroteni hunhu. Havazivi dziparare ari siyana uye zvemakemikari catalysts akasiyana avo kuti vanokwanisa kuwedzera maitiro mwero chaiye ezvinhu.

Inorganics

By inorganic zvinhu zvinosanganisira mvura, okisijeni, carbon, rehydrogen, senitrogen, potassium, calcium, yavaibvisa, phosphorus, nesarufa.

Mvura kunokosha solvent uye stabilizer. Ine simba kupisa kukwanisa uye chafariz conductivity. The hwemvura zvakatipoteredza akanakira panowanikwa dzinokosha nemakemikari. It kunoratidzwa pachena uye anongoda husingakwanisi compression.

The mamiriro nevakawanda vakanga vasiri mapuroteni senitrogen yeimwe iripowo. Sarufa ave achishingaira mumabasa okuvaka yavo. Most zvipenyu zvine phosphorus mu chicherwa fomu. Potassium inowanikwa mumasero dziri ions. Zvaanopa simba ari enzayemu mapuroteni mwero. Yavaibvisa ari chikamu ropa uye anoita basa guru yokudzora mvura nengaidzo yose muviri. Iron ari kushingaira zvematongerwo dzinotsanagura afemeruke, photosynthesis uye ari chezvinonhuwira hemoglobin. In vanhu kudya kunouya ose zuva 2 MG mhangura. Kushayiwa kwake kunoratidza kupererwa, kushumba zvirwere uye mwoyo chirwere. Manganese kunokanganisa dzinotsanagura kuvandudzwa mune miti. Zingi unodokwairira carbonic acid. Boron inokanganisa kukura zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana. In kwayo Kusavapo muvhu kufira maruva uye conductive mugero zviri zvirimwa. Molybdenum nokushingaira anoparadza tupukanana uye vakawana paupamhi kukurumbira iri chirimwa.

The inorganic uye makemikari akasiyana zvinhu?

Zvikurukuru simba kwokunze kusiyana pakati pemapoka maviri zvisinei. Musiyano mukuru iri nemamiriro makavigwa inorganic zvinhu zviri dzisiri samolecular chivako, uye Organic - samolecular.

Inorganic zvinhu zviri dzisiri samolecular yakarongeka, saka vari ne mukuru utsotso uye Kubika tembiricha. Havadi dzine kabhoni. Ava zvinosanganisira anokudzwa magasi (neon, argon), nesimbi (calcium, calcium, yavaibvisa), amphoterics (simbi, aruminiyamu), uye nonmetals (nesilicon), hydroxides, binary yeimwe, munyu.

Organic zvinhu samolecular marongerwo. Vane kumbonyanya yakaderera utsotso tembiricha, uye ivo nokukurumidza anoora kana neshungu. Ainyanya rinoumbwa kabhoni. Anosiyiwa: carbides, carbonates, carbon oxides uye cyanides. Carbon kunoita kuti pave kuwanda zvakaoma yeimwe (zvakasikwa dzavo vanopfuura mamiriyoni 10).

Vazhinji vavo ndezvomunhu makirasi chaivo yokuberekwa (makabhohaidhiretsi, mapuroteni, lipids, nucleic acids). yeimwe izvi zvinosanganisira kwaro yakarongeka senitrogen, rehydrogen, okisijeni, phosphorus nesarufa.

Kuti tinzwisise zvinodzidziswa fuma zvinokosha kupa, chii basa nayo pakutibatsira hwedu. Kutaurirana nevamwe zvinhu, anoumba itsva. Pasina kwavari, zvokurarama nazvo zvenyika dzakapoteredza nyika vasingasiyani uye zvisingafungidziriki. zvinhu zvose zviri inoumbwa zvimwe zvinhu, saka ivo basa rinokosha muupenyu hwedu.