The pemvura chikwata Sero: marongerwo uye mashandiro

The pemvura chikwata Sero zvakasikwa subsystem. It anosarudza muganhu pakati kwokunze kwezvakatipoteredza cytoplasm. Pak anopa mutemo kudyidzana kwavo. We rakatevera funga peculiarities pakati STRUCTURAL-yaishandiswa sangano muchitokisi pamusoro midziyo.

zvinoriumba

Ziva zvinotevera zvinoumba mudziyo pose masero eukaryotic: plasma Kamudzira, nadmembranny uye submemranny zvivako. Chokutanga kumiririrwa mu chimiro namahwindo idenderedzwa maatomu akafanana. Plasmolemma vaiona nomuzongoza pamusoro penyika muchitokisi chimwe. Nadmembranny kunzwisisa (zviri kunzi glycocalyx) - iri yokunze nhengo dzinongoda pamusoro plasma membrane. Inoitwa yenhengo siyana. Zvikurukuru, izvi zvinosanganisira:

1. The carbohydrate mugove glycoproteins uye glycolipids.
2. The Kamudzira peripheral mapurotini.
3. Dzinenge makabhohaidhiretsi.
4. Poluintegralnye uye chinokosha nemapurotini.

Submembranny kunzwisisa riri plasmolemma. Inoitwa yoga rutsigiro-contractile maitiro uye peripheral hyaloplasm.

Zvinhu submembrannogo kunzwisisa

Tichitarisa nemamiriro midziyo sero pamusoro, zvinotora yoga Kutarira peripheral hyaloplasm. Ndiwo kushandiswa cytoplasmic mugove uye yaiva pamusoro plasmolemma. Peripheral hyaloplasm achimiririrwa kusiyaniswa zvikuru heterogeneous mvura fuma. Rine dzakasiyana-siyana yakakwirira uye vakaderera samolecular uremu zvinoumba vari kugadzirisa. Kutaura zvazviri, ndiye munhu microenvironment umo kuerera-chaiyo uye mukuru metabolic pezvakaitwa. Peripheral hyaloplasm zvinopa muzvizhinji pamusoro pemvura mashandiro ari muchina.

Zvetsandanyama nemapfupa contractile hurongwa

Riri mune peripheral hyaloplasm. The anotsigira-contractile hurongwa kusunungurwa:

1. Microfibrils.
2. Skeletal fibrils (zvenguva filament).
3. Microtubules.

Microfibrils vari filamentous hurongwa. Skeletal fibrils vari inoumbwa polymerization vanoverengeka mapuroteni mamorekuru. nhamba yavo uye urefu hunodzorwa urongwa. Vakati kushandura anomalies inomuka cellular mabasa. Okumudzivo kubva plasmalemma microtubules. masvingo avo vari vakaumba tubulins mapurotini.

Marongerwo kushanda muchitokisi pamusoro chikwata

Muviri rinoitwa nokuva senga zvigadziriswe. Sechivako pemvura chikwata sero inoita kubvongodzwa yeimwe kubudikidza nzira dzakawanda. Kunyanya, zvinotevera mhando zvifambiso:

1. Simple diffusion.
2. Pusa senga.
3. Active kufamba.
4. Cytosis (rate Kamudzira ari pasuru).

Kuwedzera zvekufambisa, yakaratidza pemvura zvinhu midziyo yakadai sero, yakadai se:

1. Chipingamupinyi (unogovera).
2. Kanotokonya.
3. Zvitupa.
4. Rinoshanda Sero sangano kuburikidza nedzidzo muzivi, pseudo- uye lamellipodia.

vakasununguka mufambo

Simple diffusion kuburikidza pemvura chikwata sero rinoitwa chete pamberi pamusoro mativi ose Kamudzira magetsi gradient. Kukura kwayo anosarudza kumhanya uye mirayiridzo kufamba. Bilipidny rukoko anogona tisangosiya chero Morekuru hydrophobic. Zvisinei, vakawanda pakugadzira vanoshingaira zvinhu zviri hydrophilic. Saka, rusununguko kufamba kuome.

pusa senga

Izvi rworudzi remubatanidzwa inofamba Anonziwo akwanise diffusion. Zvinonzi zvakare kuitwa kuburikidza pemvura chikwata masero pamberi imwe gradient uye pasina ATP rinodyiwa. Pusa senga riri dzichimhanya kupfuura akasununguka. Mukuita kuwedzera musiyano mumisasa gradient kunouya pfungwa umo kubvongodzwa nokukurumidza anova dzose.

vatakuri

Transport kuburikidza penyika midziyo muchitokisi inopiwa chaiwo mamorekuru. With vectors idzi wevasungwa gradient yakakura mamorekuru ari hydrophilic mhando (amino acids, kunyanya). Pamusoro midziyo eukaryotic masero zvinosanganisira vectors zvakasiyana-siyana pusa ions: K +, Na +, Ca +, Cl-, HCO3-. Izvi mamorekuru chaiwo vanoonekwa ne kumusoro selectivity kuti zvifambiswe zvinhu. Uyezve, chinokosha ndechokuti kwavo kukuru kufamba nokukurumidza. Zvingaita kusvika 104 kana kupfuura mamorekuru por wechipiri.

rinoita senga

It kunoratidzwa nokuita zvinhu pamusoro gradient. Mamorekuru zvifambiswe kubva munzvimbo yakaderera pfungwa iri zvikamu yepamusorosoro. sangano kwakadaro kunoda imwe mari ATP. To dzika basa chokufambisa kupinda sechivako pemvura mhuka sero midziyo inosanganisira chaiwo vectors. Vari kunzi "pombi" kana "pombi". Vakawanda vectors izvi zvinosiyana ATPase basa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti vanokwanisa kuputsa adenosine triphosphate uye dzokubvisa simba nokuda remapazi ayo. Active senga runoita kusikwa Ion gradients.

cytosis

nzira iri kushandiswa kutama tudonhwe akasiyana zvinhu kana hombe mamorekuru. Panguva cytosis zvifambiswe maatomu akafanana zviri takapoteredzwa Kamudzira vesicle. Kana sangano iri keji, ipapo inonzi endocytosis. Saizvozvowo, negwara inonzi exocytosis. Mune dzimwe masero okunze napo. Izvi mhando pakufamba inonzi transcytosis kana diatsiozom.

cytolemma

Sechivako muchitokisi pamusoro midziyo rinosanganisira yeplasma Kamudzira yakaumbwa kunyanya lipids uye mapuroteni ari nhamba anenge 1: 1. Rokutanga "Sandwich muenzaniso" ari chinhu yakanga wakatangwa muna 1935 Sezvavakaita dzidziso, hwaro plasmolemma Anoumba lipid mamorekuru akarongwa akaturikidzana zviviri (rukoko bilipidny). Vakatendeuka miswe yawo (hydrophobic nharaunda) kuti mumwe, uye kunze uye mukati - the hydrophilic misoro. hukawanika aya zvinenge zvakazara marongera bilipidnogo mapuroteni mamorekuru. muenzaniso uyu kwave nekusimbiswa 50s ultrastructural zveBhaibheri anonyadzisira remakore inoitwa kushandisa Erekitironi maikorosikopu. Zvave kunyanya kuwanikwa kuti pose chikwata unotora munhu-rukoko matatu mhuka sero membrane. ukobvu wayo 7.5-11 nm. Hazvina avhareji chiedza varipo uye vaviri rima peripheral rukoko. Wokutanga rinoenderana hydrophobic kunharaunda lipid mamorekuru. migove Dark uyewo, vanomiririra paasingazonyuri akaturikidzana mapuroteni uye hydrophilic musoro.

dzimwe pfungwa

A siyana Erekitironi-roga kudzidza, kuitwa mukupera okuma50 - mangwanani 60-ies. Ivo akanongedza yose sezvakaita musangano ane-rukoko matatu membrane. Izvi zvinoratidzwa dzidziso J. Robertson. Zvichakadai, pakazopera pakati 60s. Ini vaunganidza yakawanda chokwadi kuti vasina akatsanangura tichitarisa aripo "sangweji muenzaniso". Izvi zvakasimbisa pave zvirongwa zvitsva, yaisanganisira muenzaniso kwakavakirwa kuvapo hydrophobic-hydrophilic bhainda mapuroteni uye lipid mamorekuru. Pakati mumwe wavo aiva dzidziso "lipoprotein dhende." Maererano nayo, raiumbwa Kamudzira mapuroteni vaivapo marudzi maviri: chinokosha uye peripheral. Recent akasungwa electrostatic aiita polar misoro pamusoro lipid mamorekuru. Zvisinei, havana vanoumba chinoramba rukoko. A rinokosha pakugadzirwa Kamudzira ndohwavo globular mapurotini. Vanonyudzwa mairi pamwe aitaura poluintegralnymi. Kufambira mapuroteni izvi rinoitwa munyika mvura chokutambudzika lipid. Izvi zvinoita lability, uye dynamism wenyika Kamudzira yose hurongwa. Pari, muenzaniso uyu kuonekwa rakajairika.

lipids

Key mumuviri uye namakemikari zvechadenga Kamudzira wokutanga anopiwa, zvinhu kuratidzwa - phospholipids rinoumbwa nonpolar (hydrophobic) muswe uye polar (hydrophilic) musoro. Vakawanda vavo vanoonekwa phosphoglycerides uye sphingolipids. Recent chainyanya kuruvazhe monolayer. Vane kubatana kuti oligosaccharide ngetani. Nokuti kuti zvinobatanidza Voda mhiri rokunze chikamu plasmolemma, izvozvo anowana chinhu asymmetrical chimiro. Glycolipids basa rinokosha mune Implementation ari mudziyo pamusoro Kanotokonya chaitika. Sechikamu vakawanda Kamudzira ndiyewo remafuta akawandisa (remafuta akawandisa) - munhu steroid lipid. nhamba yake yakasiyana, inotorerwa pakutsvaga mvura membrane. The zvakawanda remafuta akawandisa, saka zviri kumusoro. mvura pamwero inobvawo pane nhamba unsaturated uye zvine mafuta asidhi residues. The zvakawanda wavo, saka zviri kumusoro. Liquid sei nebasa makemikari ari membrane.

mapuroteni

Lipids vakatsunga ainyanya chipingamupinyi ehupfumi. Mapuroteni, kusiyana, inobatsira kuti Implementation kiyi mashandiro ari muchitokisi. Kunyanya, aidzora zvekufambisa pamusoro yeimwe, muviri murau, kugamuchirwa uye zvichingodaro. Protein mamorekuru anoparadzirwa munyika lipid bilayer yaMosesi. Vanogona kuzununguswa muna menyika. Bato iri inotongwa, sokuti, sero pacharo. The senga mashandiro zvinobatanidzwa microfilaments. Vari vasiyana wacho chinokosha mapurotini. The Kamudzira zvinhu zvakasiyana zvichienderana nzvimbo yako pachinhu bilipidnomu rukoko. Mapuroteni vanogona peripheral uye chinokosha. Chokutanga rukoko iri vemunyika. Vane tenuous chokuita Kamudzira pamusoro. Chinokosha mapuroteni vanonyudzwa chose mairi. Vane simba chisungo pamwe lipids uye akaparadzaniswa Kamudzira pasina kukuvadza bilipidnogo rukoko. Mapuroteni kuti kupinda napo, yainzi transmembrane. Kusakarongeka pakati puroteni uye lipid mamorekuru dzakasiyana hunhu kunopa plasmalemma hachichinji.

glycocalyx

Lipoproteins vane divi ngetani. The oligosaccharide mamorekuru anogona kusungira kuti lipids uye glycolipids chimiro. Dzavo carbohydrate mugove pamwe chete kufanana kurerekera Cell pamusoro glycoproteins akaipa mutariri uye zvinoumba musimboti glycocalyx. Akauya aine unzenza paiva mwero Erekitironi arambe achirema. Glycocalyx kufukidza rwokunze chikamu plasmolemma. carbohydrate migove Its zviite kuziva pedyo masero uye zvinhu therebetween, uye rinewo namira kubatana nazvo. The glycocalyx varipowo gitosovmestimosti uye kemikari receptors, makemikari.

Mukuwedzera

Kamudzira receptors Anonyanyowanika kumiririrwa glycoproteins. Vane kukwanisa kumisa kutaurirana ane zvikuru chaizvo ligands. Receptors varipo vari Kamudzira, mukuwedzera, anogona waidzora kufamba mamwe mamorekuru kupinda muchitokisi permeability kuti yeplasma membrane. Vanokwanisa kutendeutsa anonongedzera kubva nharaunda munzvimbo dzakawanda, kunyorerana zvinhu zviri extracellular chizvaro uye cytoskeleton. Vamwe vaongorori vanodavira kuti Kuronga glycocalyx anosanganisirawo poluintegralnye mapuroteni mamorekuru. nzvimbo dzavo chadzo dziri munzvimbo pemvura sero nadmembrannoy midziyo.