Mitumbi notumwe vari inoumbwa chii? Structural zviri mumutumbi chakuvhe

Umambo notumwe rinosanganisira mhando dzakawanda. Lower notumwe ndezvaJehovha tusingaoneki. Ona murume wavo anogona asi kuti chete kuburikidza maikorosikopu kana nokupambarwa zvokudya. Yepamusoro notumwe vane kunzwisisa marongerwo uye guru kukura. Vanogona kukura panyika uye hunde dzacho miti, kuvawana pane kuwana Organic zvinhu. Notumwe muviri kuumbwa mutete, zvakasimba yakabatana mumwe nomumwe hyphae. Ndivo kwemarudzi kuti taishandisa kuunganidza mudengu, achifamba kuburikidza musango.

Yepamusoro notumwe - agaricales

Zvichida munhu wose ane pfungwa yakarurama chii sokunge akangofananawo howa. Munhu wose anoziva apo vanogona kukura uye vanogona kuwanikwa kana. Asi chaizvoizvo hazvisi nyore uye vamiririri umambo notumwe. Vakasiyana mumwe chimiro uye mamiriro. Muviri notumwe hyphae vakaumba plexus. Vakawanda anozivikanwa kwemarudzi vane tsoka uye ngowani, iyo inogona kupendwa namavara siyana. Inenge zvose howa kuti munhu anodya, akataura agaricales hurongwa. boka iri zvinosanganisira mhuka dzakadai howa, mugodhi, howa, chanterelles, howa, chena, volnushki uye saizvozvo. Izvozvi. Saka zvinokosha kudzidza maumbirwo notumwe izvi zvakawanda.

The vakawanda maumbirwo dzakakwirira notumwe

Mushroom muviri akaumba dzakarukwa multinucleated hofori masero - hyphae anoumba plektenhimu. Most pileate Vamiririri pamusoro agaricales inokamukana pachena kunyika yakapoteredza serin'i ngowani uye netsoka. mamiriro kwokunze kwakadaro pane mhando yomumwe afilloforovye uye morels. Zvisinei, kunyange pakati agaricales pane kusaina. Mune dzimwe mhando, nebandauko anogona kuva divi kana zvachose vasipo. Uye muviri Gasteromycetes notumwe vari dzakaumba kuti weboka kwakadaro hakuna dzakaonekwa, uye havana chivharo. Vane tuberous, clavate, munhu idenderedzwa chimiro mufananidzo nyeredzi kana.

Hat anodzivirira ganda, pasi riri paiva pulp. Anogona kuva inopenya ruvara uye kwakanaka. Gumbo kana chigutsa vasiyana substrate. Izvi zvinogona kuva ivhu, munhu mupenyu muti kana mhuka chitunha. Chigutsa, kazhinji gobvu, ayo nechepamusoro zvinosiyana zvichienderana mhando. Rinogona kuva kwakanaka, scaly, velvety.

Yepamusoro notumwe bereka pabonde uye asexually. Ruzhinji siyana spores. The vegetative mutumbi chakuvhe inonzi mycelium. Inoitwa mutete branching hyphae. GIFA - nayo akawedzera shinda kuti ane apical kukura. Varege baffles, Pakadaro, ari mycelium rinoumbwa rimwe multinuclear hofori, zvikuru mapazi masero. Vegetative muviri notumwe angatanga kwete vapfumi ivhu makemikari nyaya, asiwo mudondo wevapenyu nevakafa hunde dzacho, pamusoro stumps, midzi, uye shoma zvikuru pane gwenzi.

The nemamiriro fruiting mumutumbi chakuvhe pileate

Fruiting miviri inonyanya agaricales myagkomyasistye uye manune. Kana iwe havadi, avanotarisira kuora. Nguva upenyu hwavo kwazvo duku. Humwe howa pamwe chitarisiko panyika uye kuti mukunopera okukura anogona kutora maawa mashomanana, dzimwe nguva ndedzoupenyu pezvizuva.

Sporocarp rine chivharo uye makumbo centrally iri. Dzimwe nguva, sezvo akanga ataurwa pamusoro apa, hunde angave asipo. Caps kuuya hukuru siyana, kubva millimeters shoma kune makumi masendimita. Vari kufamba kuburikidza musango, unogona kuona sei kubva pasi makumbo mutete akatunhidzwa akakura howa diki ane ngowani kukura zvishoma munwe ikanyanya. Rwavo anogona kugara rinorema howa hofori. chivharo Its anowedzera kuti masendimita 30, uye gobvu uye zvakaoma hunde. Izvi chaizvo kukura anozvikudza chena chakuvhe uye howa.

The fomu zvakare heti siyana. Govera cushionlike, hemispherical, flattened, bhero serin'i, fanera serin'i, pamwe curved pasi kana kumusoro mucheto. Kazhinji panguva upenyu hupfupi ari chakuvhe anochinja chimiro chivharo kakawanda.

Nemamiriro howa Caps murayiro agaricales

The chivharo sezvo muviri notumwe hyphae vari aumba. Pamusoro zvavo gobvu majasi ari cuticle. Zvinoitawo rine unhani kuti hyphae. basa ravo kudzivirira womukati zvinyama kubva kurasikirwa waizoita. Nokudaro svuura chinonditadzisa kupwa. Inogona kupendwa namavara siyana zvichienderana norudzi chakuvhe uye ayo zera. Mune dzimwe svuura chena, vamwe inopenya orenji, tsvuku kana shava. Zvinogona kuva rakaoma kana, neimwe nzira, akafukidza gobvu madzihwa. pamusoro wayo kumeso uye scaly, velvety kana warty. Mune dzimwe mhando, akadai mafuta, ganda riri nyore kubvisa zvachose. Uye pano pane syroezhek volnushek uye rikawira chete pamupendero. In zhinji mhando, uye hazvisi avabvisa uye zvakasimba chokuita kuti pulp, riri pasi.

Under ganda, saka fruiting muviri chakuvhe aumba pulp - chena jira kuvakwa pamusoro hyphae plexus. Hazvina yakasiyana mune arambe achirema. Nyama haina hayo mune mamwe marudzi, vamwe vakashinga. Zvinogona kuva haungatani kuputsika. Chikamu ichi chakuvhe kwemarudzi ane chairo zvakanaka. Zvinogona kuva dzakanaka kana nutty. Munhuwi nyama dzimwe mhando kunzwa mhiripiri kana shungu, iye chinoitika redechnym uye kunyange Kumubata negariki.

Kazhinji, mhando dzakawanda nyama pasi ganda riri chivharo chiedza ruvara: chena, samafuta, brownish kana greenish. Ndezvipi zviri STRUCTURAL zviri mumuviri chakuvhe muchikamu ichi? Dzimwe panzvimbo pakakuvara ruvara pamusoro nguva yasara chete, nepo vamwe dziberekane kuchinja payakakurudzirwa. kuchinja aya akatsanangura oxidative pezvakaitwa madhayi. Muenzaniso unoshamisa Fani iyi Boletus. Kana kuti akacheka muviri wayo muchero, iyi ndiyo nzvimbo kuti nokukurumidza svibirika. pezvakaitwa Similar kuitika Mokhovikov nemakakuvara.

Mune pulp iri mhuka dzakadai volnushki, mukaka howa nesafuroni, ane hyphae. masvingo avo thickened. Dzinonzi Kurohwa samafuta uye akazadzwa Hauoneki kana mavara mvura - muto.

Hymenium - yakaorera rukoko

Sporocarp akaumba pulp, naro iri zvakananga pasi chivharo rukoko yakaorera - hymenium. Ichi dzinotevedzana nemaziso masero spore-dzichiumbwa - basidia. The yakakura Kuwanda agaricales hymenium yakazaruka nokuda Hymenophore. Ava chaiyo Tabs iri underside ari chivharo.

Hymenophore dzakasiyana mhando howa ane zvakasiyana marongerwo. Somuenzaniso, lisichkovyh ngachipiwe muchimiro pazvirugu gobvu mapazi kuti aburukire negumbo ravo. Uye pano pana Hymenophore blackberries - muchimiro pfava spines, izvo zviri nyore vakaparadzana. In tubular notumwe vakaumba sepombi, uye panguva ndiro ukuwo, nendiro. Hymenophore angava akasununguka (kana asingadi kusvika makumbo) kana adherent (kana zvakasimba fused nawo). Hymenium zvakakodzera kuti kubereka. Kubva spores kuti kutakura, akaumba mutsva vegetative muviri chakuvhe.

fungal spores

The nemamiriro fruiting mutumbi chakuvhe pileate hachina kuoma. spores Its kuva pamusoro masero anobereka zvibereko. All agaricales notumwe vari unicellular. Sezvo muchitokisi chimwe eukaryotic, mune nharo kusiyanisa Kamudzira, cytoplasm, neerekitironi rimwe cellular organelles. Uyewo vakawanda inclusions dzakaonekwa mavari. Kukura nharo - kubva 10 kusvika 25 microns. Naizvozvo, vanogona kuonekwa chete kuburikidza maikorosikopu ari kuwedzera akanaka. In chimiro vari kumativi, denderedzwa, chokurukisa serin'i, zernovidnye uye kunyange nyeredzi serin'i. goko kwavo harwuna zvakasiyana zvichienderana mhando. Mune dzimwe gakava zviri mvere, vamwe chipingamupinyi, dzinoparadza kana warty.

Pandakasunungurwa kupinda kwezvakatipoteredza kusawirirana kazhinji akafanana upfu. Asi masero pachavo vari vaviri Hauoneki uye mavara. Kazhinji pane kusawirirana pakati notumwe tsvuku, mashava, pink chakaita sechitsvuku mashava, muorivhi, nezvishava, orenji uye kunyange dema. Masayendisiti mycologists teererai zvikuru kuti ruvara uye kukura spores. Zviratidzo izvi ndiwo wakatsiga, uye kazhinji kubatsira kuziva mhando notumwe.

The nemamiriro fruiting muviri: Stipe

The pakuonekwa ari fruiting mutumbi chakuvhe anozivikanwa kusvika wose. Gumbo, sezvo chivharo achiumbwa kuti dzine zvakanyatsobatana hyphal filaments. Asi masero aya hofori zvisingapindirani kuti goko kwavo mukobvu uye ane simba zvakanaka. Foot chakuvhe vanoda rutsigiro. Iye anosimudza nayo pamusoro substrate. Hyphae gumbo kwakabatana mwanda izvo yakabatana mumwe nomumwe zvakafanana uye vari kumusoro. Ndizvo zvazvinoita kuti mvura uye zvicherwa yeimwe kubva mycelium kusvika chivharo. Makumbo kusiyanisa mhando mbiri: enderera (hyphae chakatsindirwa pedyo) nemhango (kana kuonekwa nzvimbo pakati hyphae - mlechniki). Asi zvakasikwa pane zvenguva marudzi. makumbo aya vane mbundishire uye kashtanovika. In Miti izvi, rizere rokunze mugove. In pakati gumbo yakazara ine chirambe chakapfava pulp.

Munhu ane pfungwa pane pakuonekwa fruiting mutumbi chakuvhe, anoziva kuti makumbo havasi chete chacho. Vane zvitarisiko siyana uye ukobvu. Somuenzaniso, syroezhek uye gumbo mafuta ari sandarara uye cylindrical. Uye pano patsime-anozivikanwa black chivharo boletus uye Aspen howa nayo anowedzera noruvara kune chawo. A mutsauko zvakare obratnobulavovidnuyu chimiro hemp. Zvakajairika chaizvo pakati agaricales howa. In yakadaro kuoneka rokuwedzera makumbo ari muzasi, izvo dzimwe nguva ichichinja bulbous kuzvimba. chimiro ichi hemp kakawanda chirwere muzvinhu mhando notumwe. Ndiwo maitiro nhunzi agaric, cortinarius, amburera. Howa, izvo mycelium kukura pamusoro pehuni, kazhinji vane tapered gumbo pasi. Inogona rwakatambanudzwa uye kutama muna mycelial tambo, Munotatamura pasi midzi muti kana chigutsa.

Saka, chii chiri howa muviri agaricales murayiro? gumbo ichi, itakurwe nawo pamusoro substrate uye chivharo pazasi gakava rikamuka. Dzimwe mhando howa, akadai achibhururuka agaric, pashure paumbwe pasi kwekanguva akazadza whitish unhani. Inonzi "pabutiro zvachose". Sezvo muchero mutumbi chakuvhe kukura zvidimbu ayo arambe ari bhoneti kunhivi uye kwakavakirwa hemp chaizvo meshkopodobnoe inotungamirwa - Volvo. Mune dzimwe notumwe, zviri pachena, vamwe - adherent uye sokunge thickening kana rollers. Uyewo anoramba "zvifukidziro zvakafanana" vari mabhandi nedzinde pamusoro chakuvhe. Ndivo kuoneka zhinji mhando, kunyanya mukutanga padanho kukura. Kazhinji, vechidiki howa mabhandi KAVHA zvichiitika Hymenophore.

Kusiyana mamiriro blewits

Parts muviri ari chakuvhe akasiyana akasiyana mhuka. Fruiting zvitunha vamwe havasi akafanana maumbirwo pamusoro apa. Pakati agaricales howa vari kunze. Uye kunongova wandei. Asi chete mitsetse uye morels akafanana howa agaricales. Zvavo fruiting miviri vanewo kupesana pachena pakati chivharo uye hunde. Hat vane dzine uye negomba. Maumbirwe Its kazhinji conical. The pemvura haasi mvere, asi, ribbed. In morel chivharo mugari chimiro. It yakafukidzwa sinuous pazvirugu nyore palpable. Kusiyana agaricales howa, morels mu Sporiferous rukoko unongoda pamusoro chivharo pamusoro. Iye chinomiririrwa "zvikwama" kana askami. mudziyo ichi, izvo yakaumbwa uye akaunganidza kukakavadzana. Kuwanikwa zvikamu howa kwemiviri zvakadaro, Asuka, zvakajairika kuti zvose marsupials notumwe. Gumbo uye pods muna morel riri pamhango, ayo pamusoro riri kumeso uye kunyange, nechepasi - anyatsoona thickening pamusoro tuberous.

Vamiriri mumwe murayiro - afilloforovye howa kunge shlyapochnye fruiting miviri ane simba gumbo. boka iri zvinosanganisira chanterelles uye blackberries. Dzavo ngowani rezinistoy kana zvishoma Woody marongerwo. A muenzaniso unoshamisa - kubva chikomboredzo notumwe, izvo zvinosanganisirwa mune hurongwa. Kazhinji, afilloforovye risingaori notumwe, sezvo rinowanikwa mune agaricales nomuviri wavo dzine. Vakati akaoma unooma.

Uyewo kusiyana zvishoma muna chivako neevakawanda mhando howa pileate hurongwa clavariaceae. muviri fruiting wavo ane tsvimbo-chimiro kana nekorari. It rwunokwanisa yakafukidzwa hymenium. Panyaya iyi, kuti chinokosha murayiro uyu kushaya Hymenophore.

Uyewo kujairika marongerwo uye kuti Gasteromycetes. boka iri unowanzonzi howa muviri tuber. In mhando Kuva ichi kuti fomu kunogona siyana chaizvo: idenderedzwa, nyeredzi-zvakaumbwa, zai serin'i, peya serin'i uye gnezdovidnoy. saizi ravo nani guru. Vamwe notumwe kuti arayire tinosvika dhayamita pamusoro masendimita 30 Cherechedza muenzaniso Gasteromycetes -. Chinhu hofori puffball.

The vegetative mutumbi chakuvhe

Vegetative muviri notumwe mycelium kuvadaidza (kana mycelia) riri pasi kana, somuenzaniso, vemiti. Inoitwa filaments yakaisvonaka chaizvo - hyphae ane ukobvu neeSultan kubva 1.5 10 mm. Zvikuru mapazi hyphae. Mycelium hwapedyo sezvo substrate, uye pamusoro wayo pechiso. mycelium urefu ari inotonhorera ivhu, akadai dondo nemarara ungasvika? km 30 paminiti 1 giremu.

Saka vegetative mutumbi notumwe chinoumbwa refu hyphae. Vanokura chete pamusoro, kureva apical. anonakidza nemamiriro mycelium. Mycelium dzakawanda marudzi vasiri cellular. Ari kunyimwa intercellular partitions uye mumwe muchitokisi hofori. Hachisi chimwe chinhu, asi vakawanda nuclei. Asi mycelium kungava cellular. Panyaya iyi, pasi maikorosikopu partitions raiparadzanisa mumwe muchitokisi kubva mumwe, zviri pachena zvinoonekwa.

Kukura vegetative mumutumbi chakuvhe

Saka vegetative mutumbi chakuvhe inonzi mycelium. Achipinda akanyorova substrate, mupfumi mune makemikari nyaya, spores imere pileate notumwe. Imhaka yokuti kuva shinda refu mycelium. Vanokura zvishoma nezvishoma. Chete kuunganidza munhu zvakakwana mari zvinovaka muviri kuti makemikari uye chicherwa zvinhu, zviri mycelium siyana pamusoro pemvura kwemiviri muchero, yatinoti howa. zvokuvamba dzavo chaizvo kuonekwa rokutanga romwedzi kwechirimo. Asi pakupedzisira vanova chete pakatanga mamiriro zvakanaka okunze. Kazhinji, yakawanda howa mulast mwedzi chirimo uye in autumn, kana mvura yasvika.

Power pileate marudzi asingauyi sokuti pezvakaitwa ari algae uye zvinomera. Havagoni pachavo synthesize makemikari nyaya zvavanoda. Masero aya havana chlorophyll. Vanoda vakagadzirira muviri. Sezvo vegetative mutumbi chakuvhe hyphae akapa ipapo pave Absorção de Água mvura kubva substrate pamwe yakanyauka chicherwa yeimwe. Naizvozvo blewits vanosarudza manyowa-mupfumi dondo nevhu. Zvishoma kacho, vanokurira munzvimbo Mafuro uye steppes. Vazhinji makemikari nyaya vanoda howa akatorwa kubva kumidzi miti. Naizvozvo, kazhinji kukura pedyo napedyo navo.

Somuenzaniso, mafeni vose vakanyarara kunovhima zvinozivikanwa kuti howa chena vanogona nguva dzose kuwana mamwe birches, pemiouki uye nemisipiresi. Asi chinonaka howa kuti kuwanikwa nemipaini mumasango. Boletus achikura Birch masango uye Aspen - muna Aspen. iri nyore ichi akatsanangura chokwadi chokuti notumwe kumisa ukama hwepedyo nemiti. Kazhinji, zvinobatsira zvose marudzi. Kana dzine mapazi mycelium monyorora kumativi chirimwa midzi, uye iye anoedza andodzitora. Asi izvi hazvina kukuvadza muti. The ndechokuti, vari riri mukati masero, mycelium kubva ivhu drains the mvura uye, chokwadi, ayo yakanyauka chicherwa yeimwe. Panguva iyoyo vakanga kuchikutadzisa mudzi mumasero, uye naizvozvo, vanoshumira zvokudya nehuni. Saka, vashoma mycelium anoita basa pamudzi vhudzi. Izvi zvinonyanya kubatsira midzi vakura. Pashure pezvose, havana bvudzi. Chokwadi symbiosis pamusoro notumwe anobatsira kudaro? Ivo kubva miti anobatsira Organic yeimwe zvavanoda zvokudya. kana chete zvakakwana vavo pamusoro pemvura substrate kukura fruiting zvitunha notumwe pileate.