The kwokunze maumbirwo rehove. External uye munyika nemamiriro hove. Mamiriro Akaita kwokunze maumbirwo hove

Munyaya ino tichakurukura dzomunyika uye kwokunze nemamiriro hove. Uyezve, isu muchidimbu kurondedzera zvinhu shanduka uye kubereka vana zvipenyu izvi. Fish, zvichida - anobudirira zvikuru boka vertebrates. Hakusi chete zvakawanda kupfuura mamwe mapoka, asi ndiyewo mufumi howa: Zvichida vanenge 23 000. ivo The kwokunze nemamiriro hove uye tsika mhuka idzi chaizvo siyana. Vamwe vavo vanogara mugungwa, vamwe - mumvura yakachena; umwe wakachengetwa kudzika kukuru, mumwe - panguva pemvura; vamwe zvokudya murunyararo musi algae, plankton uye invertebrates, nepo vamwe - hasha zvikara, vachirwisa kwete chete mhando dzavo, asi vamwe mhuka nyika.

mweya hove

hove All fema kuburikidza kupomba mvura kuburikidza dzakarukwa zvakanaka mapazi gills pazvirugu dzakawanda iyo vanoumba guru pamusoro inokwanisa rokutora okisijeni nemvura uye kusunungura carbon dioxide. Mvura pumped pachishandiswa kufamba pamuromo uye pharynx, uye mapfupa mhando - operculum, wayo ano okolozhaberny pakatarisana kufamba kweropa iri gills. Somugumisiro, musangano nemvura yakachena, ropa kunowedzerwa pamwe okisijeni uye vasunungurwa carbon dioxide.

Kuumba muviri hove

Hove zvikuru siyana mune chimiro uye kukura. Izvi Chokwadi, kunoratidza kusiyana nzira kuchinja-siyana nzvimbo, izvo chete anogona kuwanikwa zvomumvura uye yakachena mvura. Saka, muviri hove kuti kurarama pakati algae, inogona akafukidzwa maitiro outgrowths kana vane slozhnoraschlenennuyu ruvara. Both mano vari masking zvinangwa, uyewo kukwanisa vamwe hove kushandura ruvara kubatanidza pamwe necheseri. Nokuti vagari nematope mvura dzinoratidzwa pamberi tactile barbels vakakomba muromo, achivabatsira kuti vatsvake zvokudya. The muviri Maumbirwe hove chakaurawa - wakatsetseka streamlined gandiwa ane muromo huru unopinza meno.

Kusiyana, flat seflounder kunonoka uye unganidza nezvavakatapa dzavo pamusoro seafloor. Ndiudze zvimwe pamusoro hove idzi kujairika. All zvikabatanidzwa mu flatfish flatfish yokuzviparadzanisa. The muviri hove idzi chete harikunguruswi kurutivi. The mapfupa dehenya, somuenzaniso, zvakachinja nenzira yakadaro kuti maziso ake akanga ari mumwe chete kurutivi musoro. The mukuru hove VANOONA divi anova shure; zviri zvikuru pigmented, nepo bofu divi iri chena. Dzimwe, kutamira kubva padombo pasi mujecha, ndiEzekieri, ukuwo, kuchinja ruvara.

The shanduka Kugadzirwa siyana hove

The kwokunze nemamiriro hove yakatanga panguva mamiriyoni emakore-shanduka kukura kunonyanyisa nokukurumidza uye agility mumvura. Vazhinji dzinodya dzimwe mhou marudzi - ndezvipi vanoshambira. Vanogona kufamba ari kumhanya kubva kumatanhatu urefu miviri yavo yechipiri uye kuitika mukati kure akaenzana chete muviri mumwe kureba. Shanduka achikwakuka nehove mhou raiva kukura kwavo dzinoshambira dundira. nehove Cartilaginous, uyo marangwanda chinosanganisira shwashwa, vane dzinoshambira dundira, uye naizvozvo nekuputswa, kana hatichamuzivi kushambira. Vabatirane kupa pectoral zvimbi. Asi nehove zhinji cartilaginous vakatamira pamusoro benthic mararamiro. Bone, nemhaka iyo dzinoshambira dundira yakatengwa kugara buoyancy. External maumbirwo hove mhou dzinovabvumira kushandisa pectoral zvimbi akafanana mabhureki kana zvikwasviso kufamba shure. Izvi kunowedzera maneuverability uye anobvumira kuti mukudzidzire kuwedzera nhamba kwezvinhu zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza niches. Locomotor nezvaanogona yemhuka idzi siyana chaizvo, uye izvi zvinoratidzwa dzavo tsandanyama mapurotini. In kutsanya vanoshambira, akafanana Tuna hove kana kusangana yakawedzerwa mutoro, akadai dzichitama Sarimoni, tsandanyama zvikurukuru tsvuku, apo zvishoma nezvishoma akayangarara hove, akadai seflounder, - chena.

zvimbi hove

Zvakakodzera nekutatamura pamusoro zvimbi, achirondedzera kwokunze marongerwo. Fish, sezvamunoziva, kuzvishandisa famba. Zvisinei, kwete chete nokuti iye. Zvimbi mhou nehove vaine mabasa. Nokudaro, dorsal uye nokunobuda netsvina usaregawo inversion rehove. Kazhinji The pectoral zvimbi ndivo mabhureki. Abdominal kudzivisa kukurudzira nechemberi kuguma muviri zvishoma nezvishoma kunyudza hove. Aiwanzopiwa wokushanda zvimbi kubvumira mhuka idzi kubuda, uye dived kuitika. External marongerwo uye kufamba ehove titsigire. Vakarongeka vakasunungura iri caudal zenze. Shark zvimbi ndiwo zvimbi achityaira: yacho dorsal, mumagaro uye muswe kurambidza zvokutsauka kubva kosi. Nokuti Sharks, hapana dzinoshambira dundira, chinokosha kupfuura kushanda muswe uye pectoral zvimbi, Sharks anopa anodiwa buoyancy nokuda kwayo buoyancy.

Kurasikirwa anodzivirira cover

tsanangura Achipedzisa zvaidiwa kwokunze nemamiriro hove, uye tinoona kuti kufambira mberi zviri mhuka ano dzinofanira kuzokurukurwa sezvo kurasikirwa kwavo inorema anodzivirira cover. For nezvaizoita zvikara, hove cartilaginous, hapana chikonzero chokudzivirirwa kwakadaro, uye pachinzvimbo ivo zvakagadzira simba kwasharara ganda. In hove mhou yekare goko chikatsiviwa chifukidzo chiedza nonoverlapping anorwisa kudzivirira mhuka, asi haisi ainyara pamusoro kufamba ake.

The womukati maumbirwo hove

Fish kumadziteteguru vertebrates nhaka nomuzvarirwo musana - kupa rutsigiro nokuda tsandanyama sangano. Zvimbi kuramba zvakasimba matanda, zvinosanganisira pfupa, shwashwa kana dzakachinjwa pachikero. ura wake hove mhou chinhu dzinoshambira dundira. Abdominal yeropa anotakura ropa kusvikira Gill arteries. The gills vanodzivirirwa ne Gill butiro. Uropi kunokudziridzwa zvakanaka. Sharks dzinonyanya kutaurwa olfactory girobhu racho. Aiwanzopiwa wokushanda itsvo nhema pasi nomuzongoza, chiropa - shure moyo. Ura mumagaro buri kunoguma riri pamberi genitourinary nguva.

The pfungwa nhengo hove

Nokuti Kufambisa nemafambiro okuvhimisa, tichidzivisa ngozi kana kushamwaridzana mune rongedza (nechinangwa seboka kudzivirira) hove zvaidikwa zvakanaka dzakabudirira pfungwa, yakavimbika achizivisa navo kwezvakatipoteredza. Saka rehove kuziva zvakatapwa kwakasimbiswa munhu namano kunhuhwidza. hove zhinji Chinomufadza aiona, uye vari zvakanaka anokudzwa pemvura yeyero uye mitema mavara.

Zhinji mhando vane nzeve dzakanaka, kushandiswa kuti omumwe kukurukura anonongedzera naye kana zvamakwai. Nhengo rokunzwikwa chikamu labyrinth womukati nzeve mhuka - muviri zvinokosha chaizvo kuti anoyera nzvimbo muviri muchadenga uye chisina kutsetseka kumhanyisa, zvinokosha kuramba takatsiga apo kushambira. The hove dzegungwa uye nzizi vane mumwe rakasiyana muviri - lateral line, iyo anoita nzeve vertebrates, asi varege kuonesesa ruzha, uye dzinokanganisa siyana mumvura, kwakakonzerwa racho.

sideline

muviri ichi anoshumira rudzi kure tactile Kanotokonya. The lateral mutsetse anomhanya kubva musoro nomuswe kumativi maviri muviri rehove. Zviri Urume izere mugero, iyo zvakabatana kunze chichipinda makomba pachikero. Buri ose ndiwo inonyatsoshanda nhengo - neuromasts. It rine gelatinous guru - kupoli - uye mapoka bvudzi masero kutsinga dzinouya, tsinga fibers vanotumwa kuuropi.

pfungwa hove

Mashoko kubva pfungwa nhengo anouya imwe pfungwa nharaunda, ramakagadzwa panewo asingazivi kuti otomatiki kutanga kufema uye cardiac mutinhimira. kunzwa nokudzikama nhengo kuyeuka tsinga kune hindbrain, uye makuru olfactory Mabumba, olfactory, kana chemoreception - pamwe hunoita nhengo nhatu. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti chemoreception inoita basa rinokosha navigation, kudya kunovaka uye kuberekesana. Hove uropi kuti anodzora maitiro avo kupfuura akakwana - ari kutarisana chokuita nemaziso. The cerebellum rinoronga rwokufamba kutsinga dzinouya ruzivo.

Saka, tine rakarondedzera nechinzwano kwokunze nemamiriro hove. In mhedziso, mashoko mashoma pamusoro zvavo kubereka.

How ruchikonzera hove

Rora mhuka idzi nenzira dzakasiyana. Mune dzimwe pane zvemukati muchangosangana; vamwe - zvekunze. Uyezve, pane hermaphrodites pakati hove. Asi chero nzira kubereka, hove dziri yakaorera chaizvo. Somuenzaniso, cod (yaifananidzira pamusoro) imwe nhano buttonhole kuti mazai mamiriyoni 8, kunyange zvazvo vakawanda - chete ezviuru. Juveniles kazhinji nemaziso saizi, nguva yokutanga ine chikamu plankton. Unorema nayo zvinopera isati kunosvika kukura, asi zvikuru kwemarudzi unopona. Masayendisiti anodavira Somuenzaniso, kuti muna Atlantic, pane anenge ¹⁰ December herrings. Sea hove dziri chinokosha tsime mapuroteni vanhu.