The jogirafi zviri munyika zviwanikwa (ona tafura)

Subject "Geography pakati zviwanikwa zvenyika" - mumwe nechepakati matambudziko kosi pachikoro geography. Ndedzipi zviwanikwa? Ndezvipi marudzi avo dzinounzwa uye sei vari anoparadzirwa mhiri nyika? Zvinhu zvipi zvakaita nzvimbo yacho munyika zviwanikwa? Verenga nezvazvo munyaya.

Ndezvipi zviwanikwa?

Zvinokosha kunzwisisa kukura upfumi hwenyika uye upfumi munhu nyika nzvimbo yenyika yacho zviwanikwa. Pfungwa iyi inogona kududzirwa nenzira dzakasiyana. Ari Mupfungwa yakazara - ndiyo yose kunzwisisa dzinongoitika zvinhu zvaida munhu. In rakamanikana pfungwa iri zviwanikwa kunoreva wemishonga zvepanyama kwakabva zvinhu, izvo zvinogona kushanda manyuko kuti kugadzirwa.

Zviwanikwa anoshandiswa kwete chete upfumi basa. Pasina ivo, chokwadi, haigoni kuva kuvapo evanhu vakadaro. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha uye kukurumidza zvinetso jogirafi ano ndiyo nzvimbo yenyika yacho zviwanikwa (Grade 10 chesekondari). Kudzidza mubvunzo uyu kwaisanganisira zvose geographers uye nezvoupfumi.

Kupatsanura pakati zviwanikwa pasi

Planet kuti zviwanikwa dzinoiswa maererano siyana zvinodiwa. Saka, govera zvinhu exhaustible uye hariperi, renewable, dzisiri renewable, uyewo aoma renewable. On tarisiro kushandisa zviwanikwa rakakamurwa maindasitiri, zvokurima, simba, zvinotivaraidza uye kushanyirwa uye zvichingodaro. D.

Maererano majini kupatsanura pakati zviwanikwa dzinosanganisira:

• chicherwa;
• nyika;
• mvura;
• foresitiri;
• zvoutachiona (kusanganisira pfuma nyanza);
• simba;
• Climate;
• kuzvivaraidza.

Zviratidzo yemapuraneti kuparadzirwa zviwanikwa

Zvii vakapa jogirafi zvenyika zviwanikwa? Sei vari anoparadzirwa mhiri nyika?

Pakarepo zvinokosha kuziva kuti munyika zviwanikwa anoparadzirwa zvikuru zvisina kukodzera pakati States. Saka, mashoma nyika (dzakadai Russia, ari USA kana Australia), zvisikwa kwakapa-siyana zvicherwa. Vamwe (semuenzaniso, Japan kana Moldova) kuti kugutsikana maviri chete kana zvitatu mhando chicherwa mbishi zvinhu.

Kana bhuku norukosoro, kushandiswa yakapoteredza 70% of munyika zviwanikwa kuWestern Europe, USA, Canada uye Japan, izvo haagari zvinopfuura pfumbamwe muzana vepasi. Uye pano pane boka kusimukira, izvo chakaita kuti inenge 60% yevanhu nyika, bikai 15 chete% yepasi kuti zviwanikwa.

The jogirafi zviri munyika zviwanikwa zviri gogonera, kwete chete panyaya zvicherwa. On dondo, nyika uye mvura pfuma imwe nyika uye makondinendi, zvakare, akasiyana zvikuru kubva mumwe. Saka, vakawanda yakachena mvura panyika iri kusimbiswa muna mazizaya muna Antarctica uye Greenland - pamwe risingamboshandisi vanhu kumatunhu. Panguva iyoyowo, dzakawanda dzomuAfrica dziri kusangana kusachengeteka kukuru kwezvokudya mvura yokunwa.

Sewevhu gogonera jogirafi ari munyika zviwanikwa zviri kumanikidza nyika dzakawanda kugadzirisa dambudziko ravo rokushaya nenzira dzakasiyana. Vamwe vanoita izvozvo tichibatsirwa yezviri mari yose Geological ubanguranyika mabasa, vamwe vari pokushandisa ichangobva simba-rinoponesa zvemichina waanodzikisira zvinhu kudyiwa kwayo kugadzirwa.

World zviwanikwa (zvicherwa) uye kuparadzirwa kwavo

Zvicherwa - vari dzinongoitika zvinoriumba (zvinhu) ayo anoshandiswa kugadzirwa murume kana kuti vaunze magetsi. Mineral zvinhu zvinokosha kuti upfumi chero nyika. Mune goko yedu rine anenge mazana maviri zvicherwa. 160 vavo vari kushingaira mined murume. Zvichienderana nzira uye kutsanangurwa nokushandisa chicherwa zvinhu zviri rakakamurwa marudzi akawanda:

• mafuta uye simba (akadai mafuta, marasha, peat;)
• mhangura (nickel, tini, nesimbi mhangura , etc.);
• Aggregates (mbishi zvinhu nokuda makemikari indasitiri, simbi, kuvaka, uye zvichingodaro. N.).

Zvichida anokosha chicherwa zvekuvaka nhasi ndiyo mafuta. It anzi "ndarama dema" wake vakanga (uye vari kuramba nanhasi), hondo huru. Kazhinji, mafuta nhema pamwe kuyeuka negasi. kunzvimbo Zvikuru kugadzirwa zvinhu izvi munyika - Western kuSiberia, Alaska, Texas, kuMiddle East, Mexico. Chimwe mafuta zvekuvaka - ndiko kabhoni (dema uye mashava). It inotengwa munyika dzakawanda (dzinopfuura 70).

Mhangura chicherwa zvinhu zvinosanganisira simbi mhangura, nechigadziko uye simbi dzinokosha. Geological deposits zvicherwa izvi kazhinji zvakajeka kwakabatana dzine crystalline ukomba - nheyo miganhu platforms.

Non-esimbi chicherwa mari mafomu akasiyana chaizvo. Somuenzaniso, girenayiti uye asbestos kushandiswa pakuvaka indasitiri, potassium munyu - kweShanduro fetiraiza, carbon - musimba zvenyukireya, etc. muudzame pazasi inoratidza nzvimbo yenyika yacho zviwanikwa ... The tafura zvinosanganisira mazita anokosha uye vakatsvaka-pashure zvicherwa.

Land pfuma yavo jogirafi

Land - chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha pfuma yepasi uye chero nyika munyika. Pasi pfungwa iyi zvinoratidza chikamu panyika inogarwa, kuvakwa uye kurima. World Land Fund - anenge mabhiriyoni 13 hectare. Zvinosanganisira:

• dondo uye kwesha (31%);
• Mafuro uye mafuro (24%);
• nyika arable uye yecocoa (11%);
• nyika inogarwa maguta, migwagwa nedzimwe nhengo (3%);
• isingabereki nyika (anenge 28%).

nyika dzakasiyana vane nyika zvakasiyana. Vamwe vava yakakura penzvimbo shama nyika (Russia, Ukraine), apo vamwe vanonzwa rikwanise kuperevedza vakasununguka nzvimbo (Japan, Denmark). Very vanoiswa richiparadzirwa okurima nyika: anenge 60% of munyika arable nyika nyaya pamusoro Eurasia, nepo muna Australia - 3 chete%.

Water pfuma yavo jogirafi

Mvura - rakajairika uye chinokosha chicherwa zviri munyika. Zviri muupenyu huno hwepasi anozvarwa, uye kuti mvura kunokosha kuti mumwe nomumwe ari zvipenyu. Under mvura pfuma yepasi zvinorevei pamusoro zvose uye pevhu mvura, izvo zvinoshandiswa nevanhu, kana anogona kushandiswa mune ramangwana. Kunyanya dzakakurumbira ndiyo mvura yakachena. Rinoshandiswa mumba, kubasa uye zvokurima zvekutepfenyura. Fresh rwizi kuyerera kunonyanyisa inowira Asia uye Latin America, uye zvishoma - kuAustralia uye Africa. Uye chetatu munyika munyika idambudziko nemvura yakachena iri kunyanya chakasimba.

The kupfuura richengetwe nyika zvenyika reserves mvura yakachena vari Brazil, Russia, Canada, China uye United States. Asi vashanu varombo nyika mvura yakachena iri sezvinotevera: Kuwait, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Yemen uye Jordan.

Forest pfuma yavo jogirafi

Masango zvinowanzotaurwa anonzi "mapapu" nyika yedu. Uye zvikuru zvakarurama. Pashure pezvose, ivo kutamba zvinokosha okunze uye mvura nedziviriro, kuzvivaraidza basa. To dondo zvinhu zvinosanganisira chaiko matanda uyewo zvose zvavo hunoshatisa unhu - unodzivirira, kuzvivaraidza, kuchirapa, etc ...

Maererano nokuongorora, vanenge 25% munyika kwePasi rinosanganisira masango. Vazhinji vavo inowira vanonzi "kuchamhembe dondo bhandi" ari, izvo zvinosanganisira nyika dzakadai Russia, Canada, USA, Sweden, Finland.

Tafura pazasi inoratidza nyika kuti vatungamiriri maererano dondo kufukidza nenharaunda dzavo:

Biological pfuma panyika

Biological pfuma - zvose chirimwa uye mhuka Utachiona, ayo anoshandiswa murume zvinangwa zvakasiyana-siyana. More ari kudiwa munyika yanhasi zviri floristic kupfuma. Yose, pane vanenge zviuru zvitanhatu mhando anorimwa zvirimwa. Muchiitiko chino, mumwe chete zana vavo rinoparadzirwa munyika yose. Kuwedzera zvirimwa, vanhu nokushingaira kusimudza zvipfuwo kana yehuku, kushandisa utachiona yoga anonyatsovhura mune zvokurima uye indasitiri.

Biological mari renewable mhando. Zvisinei, panguva ino, dzimwe nguva dzinodya dzimwe dzinosiya uye vachirwara-mimba kushandisa vamwe vavo pangozi kutsakatika.

The jogirafi enyika kuti zviwanikwa: zvezvakatipoteredza

Modern hunhu yakasiyana nenhamba zvakakomba zvezvakatipoteredza matambudziko. Active kuchera akavhiyiwa kwete chete kunosvibisa mhepo uye ivhu, asiwo yekudyidzana alters pemvura nyika, kuchinja zvimwe nharaunda mhiri kuzivikanwa.

With chii Mashoko chokuita ano jogirafi zviri munyika zviwanikwa? Kusvibisa, kuparadzwa, kuparadzwa ... Zvinosuwisa kuti ichokwadi. Zviuru hectares masango yekare gore negore haazombotaurwi pachiso redu. Poaching anoparadza kushoma uye pangozi zvemhuka. Heavy Industry zvinosvibisa ivhu nesimbi uye dzimwe ngozi zvinhu.

Zvakakodzera nokukurumidza uye munyika yose kushandura pfungwa maitiro evanhu mune zvakasikwa zvakatipoteredza. Zvikasadaro, ramangwana renyika yebudiriro haazooni hwakanaka chaizvo.

Chiitiko of "upfumi chituko"

"The gangaidzo nezvakawanda" kana "zvekuvaka chituko" - anonzi Fani hwenyika, yakatanga akagadzira muna 1993 by Richard Auty. Musimboti Fani iyi sezvinotevera: dzichiva zvaikosha dzinongoitika zvekuvaka zvakawanda sezvinoita ushe, dzinoratidzwa pasi zvoupfumi kukura. Uyewo "murombo" riri zviwanikwa munyika vawane zvikuru kubudirira mune zvoupfumi.

Mienzaniso achisimbisa kufunga ichi, chaizvoizvo zvikuru munyika ano. Kokutanga pamusoro "zvekuvaka chituko" nyika vakatanga kutaura kare 80 okupedzisira remakore. Vamwe vatsvakurudzi vakatowana kurondwa mabasa ake ichi muitiro.

Nezvoupfumi kuona zvikonzero zvinoverengeka chikuru kuti chiitiko ichi:

• kushaya chido nezviremera kuti tiite runziro uye zvakakodzera kuchinja;
• kukura uori ehurumende midziyo pachishandiswa "mari nyore";
• kwakaderedza makwikwi nevamwe zvoupfumi sectors, izvo vasiri zvikuru "akasungirirwa" kune zviwanikwa.

mhedziso

Mashoko jogirafi enyika kuti zviwanikwa zviri gogonera chaizvo. Izvi zvinoshandawo zvinenge zvose zvipenyu dzavo - zvicherwa, simba, nyika, mvura, dondo.

Vamwe inoti vane guru reserves zvicherwa, asi zvicherwa zvekuvaka zvinogona dzimwe nyika vanenge zvishoma chete zvishoma maonero avo. Zvisinei, rakasiyana Urongwa zviwanikwa hapasi achisimbisa hwepamusoro, zvoupfumi imwe State. Muenzaniso unoshamisa iyi nyika dzakadai Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan nevamwe. Fani iyi Aitondiitira zita rayo mukati upfumi - iri "zvekuvaka chituko".