Mbiriso sechiratidzo erudzi? mbiriso kupararira nzira

Munyaya ino, tichakurukura inonakidza kudaro Micro-zvinenge akadai mbiriso. Zvavakanga kuwanda? On mubvunzo uyu tinofanira kupindura. Uchadzidza chii zvinhu zviri ruminant mbiriso.

Kubereka - ndiye kubereka masero matsva, izvo akafanana kuti mubereki. Mhedzisiro payo, vakawanda zvipenyu chete-celled ndeyokunzwa yevagari saizi. uku zvigare kunonyanya kukonzerwa "ukama" yavo akarikomberedza tsika svikiro. Zvinofanira uvhure kugonesa zvakatipoteredza, izvo waidzora chiito vamwe makemikari.

Masayendisiti akawana kuti makemikari reducers - simba yokuderedza nevasori kuti kusunungurwa svikiro kana kukura kunoitika kunonoka uwandu mbiriso masero. Vanoita pamusoro muchitokisi Kamudzira (nokuti mapuroteni disulfide zvisungo). Kuburikidza goko ichi zvinova permeable kuti risiti yacho inotonhorera svikiro. Izvi zvinoita kuti biosynthesis makemikari, kusanganisira constitutive.

mbiriso kupararira nzira

Enda zvakananga yedu nyaya. "Mbiriso bereka nokuda spores kana kwete?" - mhinduro yomubvunzo uyu zvakawanda. Chokwadi chokuti masero zvipenyu izvi, zvichienderana netsika ezvinhu, vanogona bereka zvepabonde uye vegetatively. Form pakupedzisira akasarudza kuva mumwe boka pakugadzira akazvimirira (i.e. mhuri) kuparadzanise, kuburikidza yotunga uye yotunga, tichipedzisira nokupesana. Pari, akatsanangura mhando ina vegetative Mashoko mbiriso.

Rudzi vegetative kubereka rokutanga

Akacherechedza, Somuenzaniso, genus Saccharomyces (mumhuri Saccharomycetaceae). Panyaya iyi, mashoko icho goko rine masero rwaamai haina akatamisira zvakananga goko itsva mwanasikana masero. In kwokutanga okukura vanowana nayo somugumisiro chokwadi kuti synthesized uye zvishoma nezvishoma rinoungana mujinga itsvo pacharo. Saka mavanga zviri zvinhu curvature mukurusa muchitokisi membrane. Kazhinji ndivo yakabatana mumwe, vari kurongwa nenzira zononoka kana denderedzwa.

Zvisinei, izvi hazvisi yo zvipenyu zvose vari boka unicellular notumwe anonzi "mbiriso". Kufanana dzavo nedzimwe maberekero marudzi? Tinoenda nyaya yedu.

Chechipiri mhando

Inotevera mhando vegetative kupararira kuri kuchengetwa mbiriso genera Hanseniaspora uye Saccharo-mycodes (mhuri Saccharoinycoaaceae). Pakanzi ake - Polár yotunga, nokudaro zvichiumba vakawanda vanga. Muchiitiko chino, itsvo (chii Anowanza mbiriso) achiumbwa somugumisiro miganhu renal vanga, zvakasara kubva rapfuura yotunga, uye partitions pakati pamakamuri kutambanuka.

Wechitatu mhando

Iye ari mhuri mbiriso Schizosaccharomyceta-seae (somuenzaniso, genus Schizosaccharomyces). Cho ichi mhando ndechokuti kukura foni membranes biopolyaren. Mashoko mutsva aumba masero, iri iiswe chakafanana annular outgrowth kubva muchitokisi centre wayo kumagumo achitandadza weboka.

Vegetative kubereka: ndezverudzii chechina

Ndiwo maitiro Endomyces magnusii, cylindrical masero dzavo. Muchiitiko chino, kuburikidza kugovera STRUCTURAL kuchinja vakachengeta yose zvayo deko. Kana pane vakawanda mumapoka, kuti goko rinoumbwa pamahwendefa akawanda, izvo akarongwa zvakafanana uye vakagumisa mune rumen mumwe.

mitosis

vamwe chikamu STRUCTURAL idzodzo neerekitironi cytoplasm rinobva kuna mwanasikana mumasero mubereki munguva micropropagation. Pamberi mumwe Sero nokupesana kana okutodza kuti airidza rimwe panguva uye zvose panguva imwe chete. Izvi zvinoita dzakafanana kuparadzira pakati chikamu uye mubereki sero. In ichi mhando fission zvenyukireya, unonzi mitosis ari kuchengetwa zvachose kuramba nhamba okutodza muchitokisi nezvizvarwa.

Yotunga mai Sero

Takaona kuti itsvo - chinhu anowedzera apo mbiriso vegetatively. Kana tikaongorora izvi munguva, zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti munenge imwe awa mwanasikana sero akaumba chose optimum ezvinhu. Asi munhu iye haagoni kudzokorora nokusingaperi yotunga rikurumidze. Amai Sero pakararama ane avhareji 25-30 yotunga (dzemadzinza mavanga). Chaiita kuti izvi - kuchinja muchitokisi rusvingo mamiriro, iyo chokuita scarring. Ivo kutungamirira zvinoderedza ayo anobatsira pamusoro, izvo kunoderedza muviri uye mapuroteni kugutsikana, DNA, RNA ari mumasero uye zvinotungamirira pakupedzisira kurufu.

Unogona kusarudza imwe nzira, tikacherechedza mubvunzo sei ruchikonzera mbiriso. Kusawirirana uku ndiko. Nzira iyi inodaidzwa pabonde. Ngationgororei izvozvo zvizere.

Sexual kwadzinoita kubereka

Mbiriso chokuwanziridza kunoitika sezvo zvounzenza kana vegetatively kumiririra semaonero iyi maonero yakawanda mubereko. Masayendisiti akawanda kudzidza maitiro zvigare izvi. Vakawana kuti zvounzenza nzira iri chokuita kumera kuti spores, zviri asci kana zvikwama (dzinonzi ascospores) mumasero vegetative. Sezvo mbiriso bereka kubudikidza spores? Ngatimbotaurei zvazviri.

Izvi achabatsirwa weboka musimboti kuburikidza meiosis. Kana culturing mbiriso chinhu unopinza achichinja kubva zvakazara svikiro murombo mune zvinovaka muviri, pamberi mwando yakakwana uye nouchapupu kuunganidza kuchengeterwa zvinhu muchitokisi uye kuwana okisijeni kunoitika sporulation. Zvichibva pauri ascospores husingakwanisi yaivhuvhuta zvezvakatipoteredza ezvinhu (nokuomesa, mukuru tembiricha), asi ivo vari zvishoma thermally kugadzikana kupfuura kwemabhakitiriya spores. Ascospores kufa panguva tembiricha anenge 60 ° C, nepo kwemabhakitiriya spores angakudzivisai tembiricha yakakwirira - kufashaira mvura uye kunyange yepamusoro.

Ascospores vari akaumba kazhinji zvichikonzerwa pabonde Fusion 2 mbiriso masero uye haizopereri weboka musimboti nourume. Vanogona kubva imwe mana, dzimwe nguva masere chete ascus. Kana mamiriro ezvinhu vegetative kukura vari zvakanaka, ari spores imere pamusoro manyoro tsika unosvikirwa, uye ipapo masero kuzodzosera itsvo.

The kutenderera mbiriso upenyu

In mbiriso, upenyu kutenderera Rinobatanidzwa rakatumbuka spore uye vegetative kupararira ne zvakasiyana urefu diploid uye haploid maitikiro. Mbiriso Saccharomyces, umo kuchinja gaplo- uye diplofaz, mapoka mapoka maviri: gomotallichnye uye heterothallic.

heterothallic utachiona

Heterothallic utachiona vari yakatsiga haploid uye diploid danho. Panyaya iyi, iyo diploid masero vanokwanisa muwande vegetatively nokusingaperi, uye anozodzidza sporulation pasi nematambudziko ezvinhu. Somugumisiro, akaumba haploid spore asci, nerimwe raiva rimwe 2-kuberekesana mhando. Saka yomurume rinoitwa chete kana musangano 2 ascospores kana masero akasiyana haploid utachiona, zvichiguma nokuumbwa zygote, uye diplofaza rakadzorerwa.

Gomotallichnye utachiona

Gomotallichnye utachiona kubva heterothallic zvisingapindirani kuti vane yakagadzikana diplofaza. Kuparadzaniswa kumbira haploid spores vakaumba diploid marongerwo. Nemamwe mashoko, ari vana chaivo rimwe spore kunoitika samodiploidizatsiya (Fusion kuti masero haploid) nokuti kuti spores inogona kwakabatana chero mubatanidzwa kana ekuvarera masero rwaamai haploid kubva ayo maruva.

Uye ipapo gomotallichnyh mbiriso kuberekesana mhando. AF Rusnak akadzidza mbiriso marudzi SACCH. vini, izvo zvinoshandiswa winemaking. Akataura ariko izvi guru yakatarwa vemarudzi. Aongorora payo, mutsvakurudzi akagumisa kuti hunhu hwavo vakawanda gomotallichna.

Kunyange zvakadaro, vamwe mbiriso haploid hurumende kwenguva refu anogona zvichiberekana vegetatively. Somuenzaniso Chizosaccharomyces uye Zygosaccharomyces. masero Haploid kuti sporulation batanidza, pova diploid zygote. Zvadaro tichibatsirwa meiosis inokamura uye kunoita kuti tibvunze kuti vana kana masere haploid spores. Ivo imere, uye pashure penguva yakati kutanga kuwanda mune haploid ezvinhu asexually.

Positive pfungwa sporulation

Kudzidza tupukanana tusingaoneki, akadai mbiriso (sezvo ivo kuparadzira), vaongorori akacherechedza kuti muviri uye zvinonyatsorehwa basa zvigare kufambira panguva sporulation. Ichi chendangariro kupona kwavo vanoshorwa kuti vegetative kupararira ezvinhu. Naizvozvo, sporulation, iro rinobatanidza chirongwa kuchengetedza kwemarudzi uye maberekero, inofanira kukurukurwa sezvinoitwa danho kukura mbiriso zvipenyu.

Results of kudzidza B. Pazoni

B. Pazoni akadzidza sei mbiriso achiwedzera. Vakanga vakawana zvabuda chinonakidza sei kunyatsoshanda uye upenyu basa izvi tusingaoneki danho dzepabonde kubereka. Culture waini mbiriso, izvo akapfuura ane mberi sporulation uye spore kumera muitiro diploidization, kupfuura kumhanya chinovira mhanga tsika kuti nzendo idzi dzisingagamuchirwi akapfuura. In miedzo kuitwa poluproizvodstvennyh ezvinhu, paiva kuderera chinovira nguva kubva pamazuva 35 kusvika 21-31.

Saka, akaita ukasangana inonakidza kudaro Micro-zvinenge akadai mbiriso. Zvavakanga kuwandisa, ikozvino munoziva. Tinovimba here kuyeuka zvinhu zviri huru nzira mbiri. Yeasts bereka kubudikidza spores uye yotunga. Mumwe nemumwe Nzira idzi rinoitwa mune zvimwe zvinhu, uye mumwe nomumwe wavo ane pachake zvachiri.