The ukoshi nokuda kwevanhu marangwanda. Features marangwanda

Zvetsandanyama nemapfupa hurongwa anoita mumuviri kuchikosha basa. misha iyi muviri muchadenga uye kuramba chimiro chayo, kudzivirira zvomukati kubva zvokuimba zvakakanganisika uye kuramba navo panzvimbo. The ukoshi nokuti munhu marangwanda kuri guru. Ndicho nheyo kunze iyo rutsigiro uye sangano hazvibviri.

Biology: kuti marangwanda ayo mamiriro uye zvinhu

Hwaro zvetsandanyama nemapfupa ezvinhu ari seti mapfupa - marangwanda. Muvanhu, inoitwa anoverengeka zvikamu zvinoti: dehenya, mutumbi, muchiuno uye kusazvibata nemakumbo. The mamiriro yenhengo dzavo nokuda wehunyambiri urongwa muviri ari muchadenga. Ngationgororei navo zvizere.

Nzira dzekufambisa pfupa kubatanidza

Zvichienderana mabasa anoitwa mapfupa chokuita nenzira dzakasiyana. A wakaiswa chokuita anonzi musono. Nenzira iyi, zvakabatanidzwa zvose mapfupa dehenya. A achangoberekwa parietal mapfupa ari yeDehenya rinoumbwa shwashwa, izvo pakupedzisira ne pfupa. Izvi zvakakodzera kuti ave nechokwadi kuti panguva yokuberekwa fetus kuti vapfuure yakamanikana zvakakwana nhengo dzokubereka turakiti. Nokuda maumbirwo ichi, kuti dehenya anokwanisa kuchinja chiyero chayo.

Achibatsirwa Semi-mhanya remubatanidzwa pamwechete namafupa nomuzongoza. Pakati pavo cartilaginous rukoko vanokwanisa compression uye kukakavadzana. Naizvozvo, musana famba ishoma. mamiriro akadaro ine zvakwakanakira: kuti shwashwa dzinopomhodza anorovera panguva pakarepo kufamba.

Mobile dzakabatana anonzi mapfupa majoini. Main marangwanda chinokosha kuti munhu kuitira kuti injini basa. Izvi basa wavanotipa. vagari nechimwe chine misoro miviri, akafukidza shwashwa. Kunze mamiriro ichi zvatowedzera kudzivirirwa mekamudzira aka, kuti zviri kurerekera nemarunda uye tsandanyama. Unosimbisawo rinokosha mhango Urume kuti zvinoderedza kukweshera kwacho.

Kugokora vagari anokwanisa kuenda chete muna rimwe divi, ibvi - maviri. Ichi ndicho chiratidzo, chiri hwaro kupatsanura yavo. Zvichienderana nokuwanda zvataurwa inofamba Munokudzwa mumwe -, vaviri -,-akabatana matatu majoini. Muenzaniso yokupedzisira ndiyo hudyu.

dehenya

The marangwanda musoro inomiririrwa yakamisirwa kubatana mapfupa. Uye chete rezasi rushaya anokwanisa kufamba, saka isu ukuparadze zvokudya uye nehurukuro.

Chimwe marangwanda kuti munhu - dziviriro. The mapfupa dehenya kudzivirira uropi kukuvara.

Chikamu ichi evanhu marangwanda rine zvikamu zviviri: chiso uye pfungwa. Ivowo, ine mapatya uye mapfupa chete. Somuenzaniso, chikuru zvinoumba ari chiso nharaunda dziri malar uye maxillary. Yose zvayo, uwandu ane mapfupa 15. chikamu Brain yeDehenya kuburikidza buri seri nomuzongoza kunofambidzana chiteshi. Somugumisiro, zvinova zvinoita anatomic ukama uropi uye musana, ndicho chinodiwa kuti zvakakodzera kushanda Neural murau dzemuviri.

mutumbi marangwanda

Iye anomiririrwa musana uye rumbabvu keji. mutumbi marangwanda kunoshanda nheyo kuti ayo vakakoshesa bhandi nokusazvibata nemakumbo.

Mumwe vertebra ine muviri uye zvinoshandiswa, asi rokutanga pavo. Inonzi "Atlas" rinoumbwa nyore kuti arcs maviri. Kwaari mumapako adzo vakakoshesa epistrophe - wechipiri pamusara. mamiriro Izvi zvinoita majana musoro yevanhu. Yose zvayo, chikamu ichi marangwanda chinosanganisira 33-34 vertebrae, pova mugero ari mhango unova musana.

Sechivako pechipfuva zvakazara unoruramisa zita rayo. Inochengetedza zvomukati kubva nehana uye deformation. It rine sandara pfupa kubva sternum, 12 majoko yembabvu, izvo vasiyana thoracal nomuzongoza.

mabhandi marangwanda

Sei kupfeka bhandi? Kuti achengete mbatya. Saka mhinduro dzose. Saizvozvowo, muzvidimbu bhanhire, iyo inopa chinokosha kukosha marangwanda. Man hazvigoni kumbofungidzira pasina sangano. Mabhandi vari makamuisa pfupa pfupa vakasununguka nemakumbo.

Upper - the clavicle uye scapula. Pakazosvika mabhandi vaikudzwa yayo zvinosanganisira pelvic uye sacral pfupa. Polusustav chimiro chokutanga, akadana munhu pubic symphysis. The sacrum ine 5 mapfupa fused imwe.

Upper nemakumbo vakasununguka

Rinoumbwa 3 zvikamu: fudzi, honokono uye chiningoningo. Vari zvakabatana flexibly kuumbika majoini. To chipande wakasimba humerus. Honokono inoumbwa mapfupa vaviri ulna uye nharaunda. The mumakwenzi, akavapindurawo, Munokudzwa chiningoningo, Piast uye phalanges.

Rezasi vakasununguka nemakumbo

Muchikamu ichi yoga femur, tibia uye rutsoka. Chimiro chavo zvakafanana rokumusoro migumo. Pakazosvika chiuno kwakunoitwa iri femur - wakarebesa mumuviri womunhu. The drumstick ine makuru uye vashoma tibia. A vanorega - of tarsal, metatarsal uye phalanges.

Marangwanda uye bipedalism

Chii chinokosha kuti marangwanda wemunhu uye upenyu hwake, takawana kunze. Asi pane chimwe chinokosha. Zvose zviri yevanhu marangwanda pamwe chinjikira panzvimbo yacho muchadenga.

Table "marangwanda Human uye zvinhu zvayo mamiriro nokuda bipedalism" pachena anoratidza izvi.

The kuderera pamberi chikamu yeDehenya Rinobatanidzwa kuwedzera Vhoriyamu muuropi wemunhu. kukura kwaro sei matauriro uye pfungwa kukura.

Anthropology - kudzidza dzevanhu mavambo, anoti kuti pamusana shanduka kwendangariro. Mumwe kutyaira zvikonzero - dzinongoitika vakasarudzwa. Chaizvoizvo Its iri yokuti somugumisiro yokupona vanhu, kukwanisa kugadzira nyore maturusi uye kushanda navo. Izvi zvinogoneka chete kana hunokosha nemamiriro bhurasho. Thorax mhuka akaputsa. Kufamba makumbo maviri zvinenge akadaro akaoma.

Saka, vanhu marangwanda ane ose zvinhu zvinodikanwa kuti pryahozhdeniya, ichipa anogona kuchinja nzvimbo wacho nhengo uye muviri wose ari muchadenga.