The zvakafanana. DNA uye RNA. Okufananidza unhu DNA uye RNA: tafura

Ose muviri kurarama munyika ino haina kufanana nevamwe. Vakasiyana mumwe kwete chete nevanhu. Mhuka nezvinomera rimwe rudzi vane misiyano. Chikonzero ichi ndicho siyana mararamire uye muupenyu kwete chete. The munhu akazvimiririra neimwe muviri twa mariri magene zvinhu.

Anokosha uye zvinofadza mibvunzo pamusoro nucleic acids

kuberekwa neimwe muviri Kunyange asati ine yakatarwa rayo majini kuti anosarudza zvachose zvinhu zvose chacho. Hazvina chete jasi ruvara kana mashizha chimiro, somuenzaniso. The majini vakaisa uye maitiro kukosha. Pashure pezvose, katsi hazvigoni kuberekwa ari BoyzMikaro, gorosi mbeu havazochemberi BAOBAB.

Uye zvose izvi zvakawanda mashoko asangane nucleic acids - DNA uye RNA mamorekuru. kukosha kwavo chinonetsa kuona. Pashure pezvose, havana chete kuramba mashoko muupenyu hwavo hwose, vanobatsira kuti pave tichibatsirwa kwemapurotini, uye kuwedzera, zvinoparadzira kuti runotevera. Vanozviita sei, zvakaoma sei vane chivako DNA uye RNA? Chii vanotarisika akafanana uye chii misayano? Mune izvi zvose tichanzwisisa zvinotevera zvikamu bepa iri.

mashoko zvose isu ichaongorora muzvikamu, kutanga zvinokosha. Chokutanga, tinofanira kuziva kuti nucleic acids dzakadaro, ivo akazarurwa, ipapo kutaura pamusoro nechivako dzavo uye mabasa. Panoperera nyaya tiri kumirira kuenzaniswa tafura RNA uye DNA, kuti izvo unogona kushandisa chero nguva.

Chii chinonzi nucleic asidhi

Nucleic asidhi - vari Organic yeimwe kuva mukuru samolecular uremu, muri Polymers. Muna 1869 vakanga pakutanga kurondedzerwa Fridrihom Misherom - zvipenyu kubva kuSwitzerland. Akazotaura fuma anoumbwa phosphorus uye senitrogen kubva pus mumasero. Vachifunga kuti zviri chete nuclei, musayendisiti akaritumidza nukleina. Asi zvinosara pashure kuparadzana mapuroteni, yakanzi nucleic acid.

monomers ayo nucleotides. chitsama yavo iine acid Morekuru mumwe nomumwe nomumwe mhuka. Nucleotides muri mamorekuru akaumbwa zvikamu zvitatu:

• monosaccharide (pentose), anogona kunge mhando mbiri - ribose uye deoxyribose;
• nitrogenous chawo (mumwe mana);
• phosphoric asidhi vakasara.

Next tikatarisa kusiyana uye zvakafanana DNA uye RNA, netafura pakupera nyaya achaita kupfupikisa nhamba.

Zvakakurukurwa chacho: pentose

Chinhu chokutanga zvakafanana. DNA uye RNA ndechokuti ane monosaccharides. Asi zvakasiyana nerimwe acid. Kureva, zvichienderana nokuti munhu pentose Morekuru, nucleic acid, yakakamurwa nokuda DNA uye RNA. Sechivako DNA iripowo deoxyribose, sapamazuva RNA - ribose. pentose acids Vose inowanikwa chete β-chimiro.

In deoxyribose wechipiri kabhoni atomu (akasarudzwa sezvo 2 ') vasipo okisijeni. Masayendisiti zvinoratidza kuti ayo kusavapo:

• shortens ukama C ₂ uye C _3;
• Chichidzidzisa Morekuru reDNA yakatsiga zvikuru;
• Zvinoita mamiriro kuti chiine chiputiriso DNA iri musimboti.

Tikaenzanisa pezvivako: nitrogenous zvigadziko

Okufananidza unhu DNA uye RNA - hakusi nyore. Asi kusiyana zvinogona kuonekwa kubvira pakutanga. Nitrogenous zvingoro - ndicho chinonyanya kukosha "Dzinovaka" iri mamorekuru edu. Vanotakura magene ruzivo. More chaizvo, kwete nechigadziko, uye avo hurongwa cheni. Ndivo purine uye pyrimidine.

The Zvinoumba DNA uye RNA monomers dzinosiyana kare pamwero: mune deoxyribonucleic asidhi tinogona kusangana adenine, guanine, cytosine uye thymine. Asi pachinzvimbo thymine muna RNA rine uracil.

Izvi zvigadziko zvishanu inokosha (zvikuru), idzowo vakawanda nucleic acids. Asi kunze izvi, pane vamwe. Izvi zvinoitika chaizvo kashoma, vaya nechigadziko zviduku. Ivo vaviri inowanikwa zvose acids - ichi ndechimwe kufanana pakati DNA uye RNA.

Kutevedzana of nitrogenous bwezvingoro (uye akagamuchirawo nucleotides) ari DNA cheni rinorondedzera izvo mapuroteni anogona synthesize sero ichi. Izvo mamorekuru vakasikwa panguva kunobva muviri zvinodiwa.

Ngativhurei kuna kwevari sangano nucleic acids. To okufananidza chinoratidza DNA uye RNA unyatsobatsirwa kwakakwana uye chinangwa, tichakurukura maumbirwo nechimwe. Ari DNA mana, uye uwandu kwevari sangano iri RNA zvinoenderana ayo mhando.

Kuwanikwa DNA mamiriro, mamiriro mazano

Utachiona All akakamurwa prokaryotes uye eukaryotes. kupatsanura iyi inobva makirisito kugadzirwa. Avo uye vamwe DNA yakawanikwa muchitokisi iri muchimiro okutodza. Izvi mamiriro chaiwo izvo deoxyribonucleic iine acid Morekuru akasungwa kuna mapurotini. DNA ine nhanho mana sangano.

The chikuru Murongerwo inomiririrwa ngetani nucleotides, kutevedzana uko takanyatsoomerera mumwe Muviri zviri interconnected phosphodiester zvisungo. Huge kufambira mberi mune kudzidza maumbirwo DNA cheni yakasvika Chargaff uye tsvimbo yake. Vakawana kuti nhamba yacho nitrogenous nezvigadziko zviri pasi dzimwe mitemo.

Vakadaidzwa mitemo Chargaff kuti. The rokutanga rinoti izvi kuti uwandu purine bwezvingoro kunge akaenzana uwandu pyrimidine. Zvichava pachena pashure nokuverenga yechipiri maumbirwo DNA. Nemhaka mamiriro ayo anofanira kutonga wechipiri: asi matadza reshiyo A / T uye T / C akaenzana kubatana. Patasvika ndezvechokwadiwo nokuda nucleic acids rechipiri - kuti mumwe zvakafanana. DNA uye RNA. Chete panzvimbo thymine nguva dzose kunokosha uracil wechipiri.

Uyewo, masayendisiti akawanda vakatanga patsanura muDNA siyana kwemarudzi pamusoro hombe wandei chikonzero. Kana kuwanda "A + T" mamwe "D + C", DNA yakadaro inonzi AT-mhando. Kana uri kudaro, tinenge pakubata GC-mhando DNA.

yechipiri mamiriro wokuenzanisira akanga aronga muna 1953 nemasayendisiti Watson uye Crick, uye iye achiri zvakanaka kuzivikanwa. The womuenzaniso iri akamonyoroka kaviri, chine mbiri antiparallel tambo. The chikuru zvechadenga yechipiri mamiriro vari:

• Zvinoumba neimwe DNA beach ndekwokuda chaicho mhando;
• rehydrogen chisungo pakati ngetani, achiumbwa pahwaro complementarity ose nitrogenous pezvingoro;
• polynucleotide ngetani entwine mumwe, achiumba pravozakruchennuyu zononoka, unonzi "Helix";
• residues ose phosphoric asidhi yaiva kunze zononoka nitrogenous zvigadziko - mukati.

Uyezve, denser, zvakasimba

The tertiary maumbirwo DNA - ndiyo superspiralizirovannaya chivako. Kureva, uyezve, kuti Morekuru ngetani maviri vakamonyanisa nemumwe, nokuti zviri nani compactness DNA iri muchikuvadza kunyatsonzwisisa mapurotini - histones. Vari rakakamurwa makirasi mashanu maererano zviri lysine uye arginine.

Ichangobva pamwero DNA - chromosome. Kuti tione sei kunyatsotevera zvakafanira ukapisa murwi mutakuri kuvabereki mashoko, funga zvinotevera: kana Eiffel Tower akaenda kuburikidza zvose zvokukura compaction, uyewo DNA, zvaigona kuiswa mune matchbox.

Okutodza vari voga (chromatids ine rimwe) uye kaviri (rinoumbwa chromatids maviri). Vanopa rakavimbika kuchengetera kuvabereki ruzivo, uye anogona vatendeuke uye rakavhurika kuwana zvinodiwa nzvimbo, kana zvichidikanwa.

Types RNA STRUCTURAL zvinhu

Kunze chokwadi kuti chero RNA akasiyana DNA yawo zvikuru mamiriro (pasina thymine, kuvapo uracil), masangano anotevera ndiwo akasiyana siyana:

1. Transport RNA (tRNA) ndiro morekuru chete-nezano. Kuti aite basa yavo kutakura amino acids kune nzvimbo mapuroteni usage, rine mamiriro kujairika yechipiri. Inonzi "apila shizha". Mumwe loop nayo anoita kwayo basa, asi chinonyanya kukosha ndivo acceptor hunde (nayo rakanamatira ive amino acid) uye anticodon (izvo zvinofanira uwirirane codon pamusoro mutumwa RNA). The tertiary maumbirwo tRNA akadzidza zvishoma, nokuti zviri nyore chaizvo kuziva morekuru pasina nokuputsa yakakwirira nenhanho sangano. Asi vamwe mashoko masayendisiti ikoko. Somuenzaniso, muna mbiriso kuchinjirwa RNA riri muchimiro tsamba L.
2. Messenger RNA (uyewo vachinzi ruzivo) anoita mashandiro mashoko kuchinjirwa kubva DNA kusvika nzvimbo mapuroteni usage. Anoudza chii mapuroteni mhando achapedzisira kufamba pairi ribosome kwetunhu. mamiriro ayo chikuru - chimwe-nezano Morekuru. Secondary Chimiro ndiyo yakaoma zvikuru, zvakakodzera nemazvo kuona pakutanga puroteni usage. mRNA akaumba muchimiro nembambo, izvo riri mativi zvikamu kutanga uye kuguma kubudiswa puroteni.
3. Ribosomal RNA huri ribosomes. organelles aya akaumbwa subunits maviri, rimwe nerimwe riri panzvimbo rRNA. Izvi asidhi nucleic anosarudza kuti placement dzose ribosomal mapuroteni uye dzichipfekeka nzvimbo organelle ichi. RRNA chepuraimari mamiriro inomiririrwa nucleotide kutevedzana sezvo muzvirevo mushanduro acid. Zvinozivikanwa kuti kwokupedzisira chikuva achiisa rRNA kuberekesana magumo zvikamu cheni rimwe. Paumbwe petioles izvi mberi zvinoita kuti compaction yose mamiriro.

DNA mabasa

Deoxyribonucleic asidhi anoita somunhu dzigare mairi yokugara mashoko. Zviri wayo nucleotide kutevedzana "zvakavanzika" mapuroteni zvose mumuviri wedu. The DNA Vakachengeta kwete chete, asiwo anodzivirirwa zvakanaka. Uye kunyange kana kukanganisa kunoitika apo kukopa, zvichava kugadziriswa. Saka, zvose masero zvinhu zviri kuramba uye kunosvika vana.

Kuti ibudise mashoko nevazukuru, DNA ane kukwanisa nekaviri. Izvi zvinonzi kuberekana. Okufananidza tafura RNA uye DNA uchatiudza kuti mumwe asidhi nucleic asingakwanisi kuita izvozvo. Asi ane mamwe mabasa akawanda.

RNA mabasa

Mumwe mufananidzo RNA anoita mabasa ayo:

1. Kutamisirwa ribonucleic asidhi kunopa amino iine acid hurukuro kune ribosomes, apo mapurotini zvinoitwa. tRNA anounza kwete chete chivakwa zvinhu, zviri munyaya kuziva codon. Uye kubva basa rake kunoenderana sei puroteni ichavakwa nemazvo.
2. Messenger RNA inoti mashoko kubva DNA uye anotamisa nayo nzvimbo mapuroteni usage. Ikoko iye wanamatira kuti ribosome uye dzokwenyu murayiro amino acids vari puroteni.
3. Ribosomal RNA rinopa kuvimbika organelle mamiriro, anoita kushanda vose dzichipfekeka nzvimbo.

Ndiyo imwe zvakafanana. DNA uye RNA: vose hanya mashoko majini akatakurwa sero.

Kuenzanisa DNA uye RNA

Kuronga zvose mashoko ari pamusoro apa, tinogona uzvinyore yose tafura.

Saka, isu akataura muchidimbu pamusoro chii zvakafanana kuti DNA uye RNA. Tafura richava chinhu chinokosha kushandisa kuongororwa kana chiyeuchidzo nyore.

Mukuwedzera takadzidza kwokutanga patafura vamwe chokwadi. Somuenzaniso, mano DNA kaviri chinodiwa kuti masero nokupesana kugadzirisa masero vose vakapiwa majini zvinhu zvawo. Nepo RNA doubling hapana njere. Kana uchida mumwe sero Morekuru, izvozvo synthesizes ayo DNA template.

Zvinoitwa DNA uye RNA kugamuchira pfupi, asi isu Makafukidza zvose zvaidiwa marongerwo uye basa. anonakidza rokushandura rikurumidze - kubatana kwetunhu mapuroteni. Pashure muchizadzwa Kuziva zviri pachena sei hombe basa iri reDare RNA muchitokisi muupenyu. A Chirongwa doubling DNA inonakidza chaizvo. Kuti chete ndiyo iri kubvambura pamusoro miviri akamonyoroka uye kuverenga rimwe nucleotide!

Dzidza zvinhu zvitsva mazuva ose. Kunyanya kana zviri zvitsva zviri kuitika musero rose romuviri wako.