Ultrasonic kutarisa kwemajinga akaoma, maitiro uye teknologi yekutonga

Iko kune zvishoma pasina mhizha apo kushivirira hakuiti. Iyo yakawanda yezvivako zvesimbi yakasungirirwa uye yakabatanidzwa pamwechete nenzira yekutakura seams. Ichokwadi kuti unhu hwemhando iyi yemabasa mune ramangwana hunongogumira kwete kungovimbika kwechivakwa chakavakwa, chimiro, mishonga kana chimwe chikwata, asiwo nekuchengeteka kwevanhu vanozobvumirana nenzira idzi. Nokudaro, kuongorora hutano hwakakodzera hwekushanda kwemaitiro akadaro, kuongorora kwekushandiswa kwekushanda kunoshandiswa, nemhaka yekuti zvinogona kuonekwa kuvapo kana kusavapo kwezvikanganiso zvakasiyana pakusangana kwezvinhu zvemidziyo. Nezvenzira iri mberi yekudzora uye ichakurukurwa munyaya yedu.

Nhoroondo yezvinoitika

Ultrasonic flaw detection sezvakadaro yakagadzirwa muma1930s. Kunyange zvakadaro, chimbo chokutanga chaicho chaishanda chakazvarwa muna 1945 chete nekambani Sperry Products. Mumakumi maviri emakumi anotevera, kambani yekugadzira teknolojia yakagamuchirwa munyika yose, uye nhamba yevashandi vemidziyo yakadaro yakawedzera zvinoshamisa.

The ultrasonic flaw detector, mutengo waro unotanga nhasi kubva pa100 000 kusvika ku 130000 zviuru rubles, pakutanga waiva nemagetsi ekudzivirira. Zvigadzirwa zvakadai zvakanga zvakakomba uye zvakakura kurema. Vakashanda chete kubva kuA power power supplies. Asi kare mumakore ema1960, nekuuya kwemasikiritsi emasikiritsi, zvikanganiso zvekukanganisa zvakanyanya kuderedzwa muhukuru uye zvakakwanisa kushanda kubva kumabhatiri, izvo zvakazoita kuti zvigadziriswe kushandiswa kunyange mumunda.

Dzokera muzvakanyorwa zve digital

Mumatangiro ekutanga, zviyero zvakatsanangurwa kushandiswa kwechiratidzo cheanalogog, iyo, yakafanana nedzimwewo maitiro akafanana, aikwanisa kukwakuka panguva yekugadzirisa. Asi kare muna 1984 Kambani yePanametrics yakatanga kutanga kune yekutanga inoshandiswa inonzi digital flaw detector inonzi EPOCH 2002. Kubvira panguva iyoyo, majekiti ejedi akave maturo akakwana kwazvo, zvichiita kuti kuve nekugadzikana kwakakodzera kwekugadzirisa uye zviyero. The ultrasonic flaw detector, ine mutengo wakananga zvichienderana nehutano hwake hwechigadzirwa uye mararamiro emugadziri, akagamuchirawo basa rekunyora deta uye mukana wekutumira kuverengwa kune kombiyuta.

Mamiriro ezvinhu emazuva ano, kufarira kunowedzera kunowanikwa kune zvigadziriro zvinowanikwa zvishoma, izvo zvinoshandisa teknolojia yakaoma yakabva pane zvakawanda-piezoelectric zvinhu zvinogadzira mapurisa anotungamira uye kuumba mifananidzo yakasiyana-siyana yakafanana nekufungidzira kwechiremba ultrasound.

Chikamu chekushandiswa

Nzira yekugadzirisa inoshandiswa inoshandiswa mune chero nzira yekushanda. Kushandiswa kwaro kwakaratidza kuti inogona kunge yakashandiswa zvakaenzana kuedza inenge mhando dzose dzezviputi zvakasungirirwa mukuvaka, izvo zvine denga resimbi yakasvibiswa kupfuura mamita mana. Mukuwedzera, iyo nzira inoshandiswa kushandiswa kuedza kubatanidzwa kwemajini emagetsi emafuta uye emafuta, zvakasiyana-siyana zvemagetsi nemvura. Uye mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, sekugadzirisa kwemahombekombe makuru, akawanikwa semugumisiro wekushongedza electroslag, ultrasonic flaw kugona ndiyo nzira inogamuchirwa yekugadzirisa.

Chisarudzo chekupedzisira chekuti chikamu kana kuti chekudhonza mutsara chakakodzerwa nekushanda chinotorwa zvichibva pamatatu ekutanga zviratidzo (zvidzitiro) - matongero, maitiro, maitiro akadai.

Muzhinji, ultrasonic kuedza ndiyo nzira inonyanya kubereka kubva pakuona kwechifananidzo maumbirwo muhutano hwekudzidza mubato (tsanangudzo).

Zvinokonzera zvakakosha

Iyo inotsanangurwa nzira yekushandiswa kwe ultrasound yakanaka nokuti ine senheji yakakwirira kwazvo uye yakavimbika yezviratidzo mukugadzirisa kwekuona kwekukanganisa nenzira yekuputsanya, kudhura kwakaderera uye kuchengeteka kwakanyanya panguva yekushandiswa mukuenzanisa nemakirasi ekare ekuongorora kwemafirimu. Kusvika iye zvino, kuongorora kwekushandiswa kwemajinga akaiswa pasi kwakashandiswa muna 70-80% yezviitiko zvekuongorora.

Ultrasonic transducers

Pasina kushandiswa kwezvigadzirwa izvi, kwete-kuparadza ultrasonic kuedza hakungambofungi. Devices vanoshumira pakuumbwa kwekunakidzwa, pamwe chete nekugamuchira kugadziriswa kwe ultrasound.

Mapoka acho akasiyana uye anosarudzwa maererano ne:

• Nzira yekuita nechinangwa chekuongorora.
• Nzira yekubatanidza piezoelements kumudokero kagetsi yemuchina wekukanganisa pachayo uye kubudiswa kwe electrode maererano ne piezoelectric element.
• Mhemberero dzinofadza nekuremekedza kumusoro.
• Nhamba ye piezoelements (one-, two-, multi-element).
• Iwawo hupamhi hwebhandi rekushandiswa kwemaferensi (narrowband - bhenji pasi peyero octave, broadband - bandwidth inodarika imwe octave).

Akayera unhu hwezviremera

Munyika yekombiki yekombiki nemabhizimusi, GOST inotora zvose. Ultrasonic inspection (GOST 14782-86) munyaya iyi haisiwo zvimwe. Mutemo unotarisa kuti kukanganisa kunotariswa nemitemo inotevera:

• Equivalent defect area.
• Kukura kwechiratidzo chechiratidzo, icho chakatarirwa kufungidzira kure kure nechirema.
• Iyo mitsarairi yepfumi pakudonhorera.
• Kumamiriro ehutano.
• Icho chikonzero chinoparadzana pakati pematambudziko.
• Nhamba yezvikanganiso pane yakasarudzwa kureba weld kana kubatana.

Kushanda kwechikanganiso chechina

Kuedza kusingakuvadzi, iyo inonzi ultrasonic, ine maitiro ayo ezvokushandisa, iyo inotaura kuti iyo huru yakaenzaniswa parameter ndiyo echo amplitude yakawanikwa zvakananga kubva pachirema. Kusiyanisa echoes kubva mukukwirira kwema amplitude, izvo zvinodanwa kukanganwa kwehutano hwekunzwisisa kunogadziriswa. Izvo, zvakare, yakagadziridzwa uchishandisa mushambadziro wenzanga sampuli (SOP).

Kutanga kwekushanda kwejena detector kunosangana nekugadzirisa kwayo. Nokuda kweizvi, kushushikana kwekuramba kunogadzirirwa. Mushure meizvi, panguva yekuedzwa kwechikwata ichi, chirevo chinogamuchirwa chinofananidzirwa nechechiremera chinowanikwa nechinangwa chekuregererwa. Muchiitiko icho chiyero chema amplitude chinodarika chiyero chekuramba, nyanzvi dzinoona kuti kukanganisa kwakadaro hakugamuchirwi. Zvadaro musara kana chigadzirwa zvinorambwa uye zvinotumirwa kuzodzokorora.

Kukanganisa kunowanzoonekwa kune nzvimbo yakashambiswa ndeye: kwete kupindira, kusapinda mukati, kupera, porosity, slag inclusions. Izvozvi hazvisi izvo zvinogadzirisa kuona nekukanganisa kushandiswa uchishandisa ultrasound.

Ultrasound tsvakurudzo dzakasarudzwa

Nokufamba kwenguva, chirongwa chekugadzirisa chave chichigamuchira nzira dzinoverengeka dzakavimbika dzekudzidza mashizha ekudhonza. Ultrasound control inopa nhamba yakakura yezvasarudzo zvekuita acoustic yezvivako zvesimbi mubvunzo, asi zvakanyanya kufarirwa ndezvi:

• Echo method.
• Shadow.
• Mirror-Shadow Method.
• Echo-mirror.
• The delta method.

Method nhamba imwe

Kazhinji kazhinji mumabhizimusi nekutakura kwezvitima, echo-pulse method inoshandiswa. Ndiko kumubatsira kuti zvinopfuura 90% zvezviremera zvose zvinowanikwa, izvo zvinokwanisika nekuda kwekunyora uye kuongororwa kwemashoko ose anotaridzirwa kubva paupamhi hwechirema.

Mukati mavo, iyi nzira inobva pakunzwika kwechigadzirwa chesimbi kuburikidza nekuputika kwekudzidzira kwekudzidzira kunoteverwa nekunyora kwavo.

Kubatsirwa kwemuitiro ndeyekuti:

- mukana wekusabvumirana kune unilateral kune chigadzirwa;

- kunyanya kunzwisiswa kwekukanganisa mukati;

- kunyatsoruramisa zvakanyanya pakugadzirisa nhaurirano yenhepfenyuro yakaonekwa.

Zvisinei, kune zvakashata, kusanganisira:

- kuderera kusagadzikana kupindira kubva pasi kuratidza;

- kuvimba kwakasimba kwechiratidzo chimiro panzvimbo yechirwere.

Iyo yakatsanangurwa defectoscopy inoreva kutumirwa kwemashini anonzi ultrasonic kune chigadzirwa. Kugamuchirwa kwechiratidzo chekupindura kunowanikwa naye kana nechekutsvaga kwechipiri. Muchiitiko ichi, chiratidzo chacho chinogona kuratidzika zvose zvakananga kubva kune zvakashata, uye kubva kune zvakatarisana nechomukati, chibereko (seam).

The Shadow Method

Inobva pakutsanangurwa kwakajeka kwehukuru hwema ultrasonic vibrations inoparadzirwa kubva ku emitter kusvika kune inogamuchira. Kana chiitiko ichi chichiderera, chinoratidza chirema. Muchiitiko ichi, hukuru hukuru hwechiremera pachako, hudiki hukuru hwechiratidzo chinogamuchirwa neaigamuchira. Kuti uwane ruzivo rwakavimbika, emitter uye mutevedzeri anofanira kunge ari coaxially kumativi akatarisana echinhu chiri pasi pekudzidza. Kukanganisa kwekombiyuta iyi kunogona kuonekwa sekunonoka kwekuenzanisa nekuenzanisa nzira ye echo uye kunetseka kwekutungamira PES (piezoelectric transducers) maererano nepakati pemiti yemutungamiri. Zvisinei, kune zvakakosha, izvo zvinosanganisira kukwirira kusapindira, kuderera kuduku kwechiratidzo chekukura panzvimbo yechiremera, uye kusavapo kwenzvimbo yakafa.

Mirror-Shadow Method

Izvi zvinowanzogadziriswa kutarisa zvinowanzoshandiswa kugadzirisa mazamu akachengetwa emagariro ekusimbisa. Chiratidzo chikuru chekuti chiremera chacho chinoonekwa, ndiko kuderera kwechiratidzo chekukura, iyo inoratidzwa kubva kune imwe nzvimbo yakatarisana (kazhinji inonzi pasi). Kubudirira kukuru kwemuitiro inzira yakajeka yekucherechedza zvikanganiso zvakasiyana-siyana, kubviswa kweiyo ndiyo midzi yevhu. Uyewo, iyo nzira inoratidzirwa nekukwanisa kwekubatana kwemailateral kumusana kana chikamu.

Echo mirror method

Nzira yakanakisisa yekuona zvikanganiso zvakatowanikwa. Cheki inoitwa pamwe nekubatsirwa kwePETs mbiri, iyo inofamba mberi kwepamusoro pedo necheriri kune rumwe rutivi rwayo. Panguva imwecheteyo, kufamba kwavo kunogadzirwa nenzira yekugadzirisa chiratidzo kubva kune imwe PET yakabudiswa kubva kune imwe PEP imwe yePEP uye inoratidza kaviri kubva pachirema chiripo.

Kubudirira kukuru kweyo nzira ndeyokuti inogona kushandiswa kuongororwa maitiro ekuremara anopfuura 3 mm uye iyo inoparadzanisa zviyero zvinopfuura 10 mumwendo wakananga. Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha ndechokuti kushandisa PEP nekunzwisisika kumwechete. Iyi shanduro ye ultrasound inoshandiswa kushingaira kuedza michina yakareba-yakagadzirwa uye kushivirira kwayo.

The delta method

Uku kuongorora kukuru kwewelds kunoshandisa simba rekugadziriswa zvakare rinobudiswa nechirema. Mhepo inoputika, iyo inowira pachiremera, inoratidzwa muchikamu chechionioni, chinenge chichinjwa kuva murefu wenguva yakareba, uye zvakare inodzokorora mhepo yakasiyana-siyana. Somugumisiro, mafungu anonzi PEP anovharwa. Kusagadzikana kwemuitiro kunogona kuonekwa sekutsvaira kwechigadziro, pane kunetseka kwakanyanya kwekujekesa zviratidzo zvakagamuchirwa panguva yekudzivirira kwezvipfundo zvakasvibiswa zvehupamhi kusvika kusvika mamita gumi nemashanu.

Kubatsirwa kwe ultrasound uye kugadzirisa kwekushanda kwayo

Kuongororwa kwemasangano akaiswa pasi nemubatsiro wepamusoro-purogiramu inzwi, chaizvoizvo, kuedza kusingakuvadzi, nokuti nzira yakadaro haikwanise kukanganisa chero chikamu chekutsvakurudzwa kwechigadzirwa, asi panguva imwechete pane kunyatsoziva kuti kuvepo kwekukanganisa. Uyewo, kunyatsotarisirwa kunofanira kubhadharwa kumadhura akaderera emabasa uye kukwirira kwavo kwekushandiswa. Zvinokoshawo kuti nzira yacho yakachengeteka yehutano hwevanhu. Zvose zvidzidzo zvesimbi uye welds zvakagadzirwa ne ultrasound zvinowanikwa mukati me 0.5 MHz kusvika 10 MHz. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, zvinokwanisika kuita basa uchishandisa mazai e ultrasonic ane nguva yakawanda ye 20 MHz.

Kuongororwa kwekubatanidza kwewadhiro nenzira ye ultrasound inofanira kuendeswa nehuwandu hwakawanda hwekugadzirira, zvakadai sekuchenesa muedzo weld kana kuti pamusoro, kushandisa zvinoshandiswa kushandiswa mvura (chinangwa chinonzi gels, glycerin, injini yemafuta) munzvimbo inodzorwa. Zvose izvi zvinoitwa kuti zvive nechokwadi chekuchengetedzwa kwakasimba kwekushandira, izvo zvinozopa mufananidzo wakafanira pane chigadzirwa.

Kusakwanisa kushandisa nekuvhiringidza

Kudyiswa kweStysound haina zvachose kusinganzwisisi kuedza kuongororwa kwemapuranga akaiswa serosi ane sarudzo yakaoma-yakajeka (somuenzaniso, simbi yakakoswa kana suture inoshandiswa nehupamhi hwemamilimita makumi matanhatu). Uye zvose nokuti mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro kune kupararira kwakakwana zvakakwana uye zvakasimba kucheneswa kwe ultrasound.

Uyewo hazvibviri kujekesa zvakazara chiremera chinowanikwa (tungsten kuiswa, slag inclusion, nezvimwewo).